Invasion
Invasion Description
1st Record: Le Havre/France/English Channel (1861, Carlton and Mann 1996)
Geographic Extent
Le Havre/France/English Channel (1861, Carlton and Mann 1996); Ile Vaast-la-Hogue, Normandy/France/English Channel (1861, Carlton and Mann 1996); Essex, Suffolk, Kent/England/English Channel (1871, Utting and Spencer 1992; Carlton and Mann 1996); Wales/Menai Straits (1896, Utting and Spencer 1992; Carlton and Mann 1996); Counties of Louth and Dublin/Irish Sea (1939, Carlton and Mann 1996); Oostende/Netherlands/North Sea (1939, Carlton and Mann 1996); Denmark/North Sea (1880s-1930s, Ruesink et al. 2005); Ireland (pre-1939, Carlton and Mann 1996)
Vectors
| Level | Vector |
|---|---|
| Probable | Oyster-Intentional |
Regional Impacts
| Ecological Impact | Parasite/Predator Vector | |
| While C. virginica has not become established in northern European waters, Eastern Oyster introductions have been a probable/possible vector for many fouling organisms and predators including Streblospio benedicti, slippershells (Crepidula fornicata), Atlantic Oyster Drill (Urosalpinx cinerea), and tunicates (Molgula manhattensis) (Eno et al. 1997; Reise et al. 1999; Wolff and Reise 2002). | ||
References
Carlton, James T.; Mann, Roger (1996) Transfers and world-wide introductions., In: Kennedy, V. S., Newell, R. I. E., Eble, A. F.(Eds.) The Eastern Oyster. , College Park. Pp. 691-706Eno, N. Clare; Clark, Robin A.; Sanderson, William G. (1997) <missing title>, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. Pp. <missing location>
Reise, K.; Gollasch, S.; Wolff, W.J. (1999) Introduced marine species of the North Sea coasts., Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 52: 219-234
Ruesink, Jennifer L. and 6 authors (2005) Introduction of non-native oysters: Ecosystem effects and restoration implications., Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 36: 643-689
Utting, S. D.; Spencer, B. E. (1992) Introductions of marine Bivalvia Mollusca into the United Kingdom, International Council for Exploration of the Marine Science Symposium 194: 84-91
Wolff, Wim J. (1999) Exotic invaders of the meso-oligohaline zone of estuaries in the Netherlands: why are there so many?, Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 52: 393-400