Invasion
Invasion Description
1st Record: South Africa/Langebaan Lagoon; Knysna Lagoon (1963, Robinson et al. 2005; , Mead et al. 2011b)
Geographic Extent
Luderitz/Namibia/Atlantic Ocean (Reid 1996); Saldanha/South Africa/Langebaan Lagoon (1963, Robinson et al., 2005); South Africa/Berg River Estuary (1969, Mead et al. 2011b) The European periwinkle Littorina saxatilis had a limited distribution within Langebaan Lagoon and supported a total population of 2.4 million individuals." (Robinson et al. 2005)
Vectors
| Level | Vector |
|---|---|
| Alternate | Dry Ballast |
| Alternate | Oyster Accidental |
Regional Impacts
References
Mead, A.; Carlton, J. T.; Griffiths, C. L. Rius, M. (2011b) Introduced and cryptogenic marine and estuarine species of South Africa, Journal of Natural History 39-40: 2463-2524Reid, David G. (1996) <missing title>, Ray Society, London. Pp. <missing location>
Robinson, T. B.; Griffiths, C. L.; Kruger, N. (2004) Distribution and status of marine invasive species in and bordering the West Coast National Park., Koedoe 47: 79-87
Robinson, T. B.; Griffiths, C. L.; McQuaid, C. D.; Rius, M. (2005) Marine alien species of South Africa-- status and impacts, African Journal of Marine Science 27(1): 297-306