Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1905
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1905
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record: 2005

General Invasion History:

Amathia verticillata is an erect, soft-bodied bryozoan, first described from the Mediterranean Sea (Naples, Italy) and now widespread in tropical, subtropical, and warm-temperate waters around the world (Winston 1977; Gordon and Mawatari 1992) We consider it cryptogenic in the tropical-subtropical Atlantic from North Carolina and Bermuda to Santos, Brazil, (Osburn 1914; Marcus 1937; Osburn 1940; Maturo 1958; Winston 1982, but see Farrapeira, 2011) and the coast of west Africa (Senegal and Gana, Cook 1968), Pacific coast of Central America (Soule et al. 1980, cited by Carlton and Cohen 1995), Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal waters of India (Robertson 1921, cited by Cohen and Carlton 1995); Karande (1968, cited by Winston 1977; Rao and Ganapati 1978), and southern China, in the South China Sea (Huang 2001). 
 
The origin of this bryozoan is unknown, but it is a documented invader in California (1905, Cohen and Carlton 1995), Hawaii (before 1921, Carlton and Eldredge 2007), New Zealand (Gordon and Mawatari 1992), Australia (before 1975, Keough and Ross 1999), Japan (early 1900s, Asakura 1992); South Korea (Je et al. 1988), the Azores (2008, Amat and Tempera 2009), Madeira (Wirtz and Canning-Clode 2009), and the Canary Islands (2010, Canning-Clode et al. 2013; Minchin 2012), and Taiwan (Minchin et al. 2016). Its larval period is brief (Hyman 1959), so that fouling and ballast water (as fragments of adult colonies or attached to bits of flotsam) are likely vectors for its introduction. A recent review documents the probable introduction of this bryozoan to the Mediterranean Sea, where it was first discovered in the early 19th century but is largely restricted to harbors and marinas (Marchini et al. 2015). Galil and Gevli (2014) argued for a Caribbean origin of A. verticillata, because of its strong association with corals, rocks, and seagrasses there, and the presence of a specialized nudibranch predator there (Okenia zoobotryon).

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

Robertson (1905, cited by Cohen and Carlton 1995) observed dense growths of Amathia verticillata in San Diego Bay, where it is still abundant in eelgrass beds (Williams 2007). It is found in Mazatlan, Mexico (Alvarez-Leon and Banta 1984), and the Gulf of California (in 1958, Soule 1963). The pattern of its spread along the California coast is unknown, because most of the records in smaller harbors and bays are quite recent. It was found in Mission Bay, La Jolla, and Newport Bay by 1963 (Soule 1963), and Los Angeles Harbor 'in recent years' (Soule et al. 1980, cited by Cohen and Carlton 1995). In 1993, it appeared in Redwood Creek, South San Francisco Bay (Cohen and Carlton 1995), but has not been seen since (James T. Carlton, personal communication 2013). In a 2001 survey, it was found in small harbors in southern California, including Oceanside Harbor, Channel Islands Harbor, and Avalon Harbor, on Catalina Island (Fairey et al. 2002).

Invasion History on the East Coast:

Amathia verticillata was collected in the Dry Tortugas, Florida, as early as 1908 (Osburn 1914), although it was earlier collected in Bermuda in 1876 (Maturo and Schopf, 1968). It has been treated as native, from North Carolina to Venezuela, by most writers (Osburn 1914; Osburn 1940; Weiss 1948; Maturo 1957; Winston 1982; Pederson and Peterson 2002). However, Carlton and Ruckelshaus (1997) and Gossett et al. (2004) list it as an introduction to Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. We consider it cryptogenic here. A colony found in 2005 at the restoration shipyard of Mystic Seaport, Connecticut, on Long Island Sound (James T. Carlton, personal communication), was an introduction by boat fouling. It was collected in the Mystic River again in 2010 (James T. Carlton, personal communication). It was collected in the Mystic River again in 2010 (James T. Carlton, personal communication). Additional occurrences have been seen from 2014 to 2016, from Wachapreague and Kiptopeake, Virginia and from New Bedford, Massachusetts. Establishment of this warm-water bryozoan in Long Island Sound is unlikely until further warming occurs.

Invasion History in Hawaii:

Robertson (1921) reported having received specimens of A. verticillata from Honolulu Harbor (Robertson 1921, cited by Carlton and Eldredge 2009). It was present in Pearl Harbor by 1921, and in Kaneohe Bay by 1939 (Carlton and Eldredge, 2009), and is also known from Maui (Coles et al. 2004). Recent reports have A. verticillata rapidly becoming abundant at Palmyra Island in the Line Islands, about 2000 km south of Hawaii (Knapp et al. 2011). 

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

Amathia verticillata is a recent introduction in the Indian Ocean, the South China Sea, and Japan, appearing in the early 1900s, and first collected in Tokyo Bay in 1963 (Asakura 1992; Jebakumar et al. 2017). This bryozoan was newly recorded on the south coast of South Korea, where it became a pest fouling cultured pearl oysters (Je et al. 1988). However, Otani (2006) lists it as a cryptogenic species in Japan. It was first collected in Auckland Harbor, New Zealand about 1960 and has since been found in several harbors on the North Island (Gordon and Mawatari 1992).  Amathia verticillata was collected in New South Wales before 1975 (Russ and Wake 1975, cited by Keough and Ross 1999) and in South and Western Australia before 1982 (Bock 1982, cited by Keough and Ross 1999; Huisman et al. 2008). 
 
Amathia verticillata was first reported from Europe in Cadiz, Spain, in 1807, and described from Naples in 1822 Marchini et al. (2015) has described this species as 'pseudo-indigenous', probably introduced very early, but still largely confined to harbors and marinas, and preferring artificial substrates (Marchini et al. 2015). Early Mediterranean records, from west to east include Malaga, Spain, 1823, Algiers, Algeria 1848, Livorno, Italy 1848, Naples, Italy 1822 and Alexandria, Egypt 1828 (Marchini et al. 2015). Locally in the Mediterranean, A. verticillata rapidly colonize marinas, and provide habitat for other introduced species (Marchini et al. 2015). A. verticillata is a recent invader in the Azores, where it appeared in marinas in 2008 on three of the islands (Amat and Tempera 2009), and Madeira, where it was first collected in May of 2009 (Wirtz and Canning-Clode 2009). 
 
In the Eastern Pacific, Amathia verticillata was first collected in Los Frailes Bay in the Gulf of California in 1958,), Baja California and at Mazatlán, Sinaloa (Soule 1963). This bryozoan was collected further south in Oaxaca in 2017 and 2018 (Humara-Gil, et al. 2019). It was first reported from the Pacific coast of South America in 2014, in the Salinas Yacht Club, Ecuador (Priscilla Martinez, personal communication, February 2015, cited by McCann et al. 2015).


Description

Amathia verticillata is an erect, un-calcified bryozoan, with colonies made of irregularly thick transparent, branching or triple-quadruple branching stolons with zooids attached. Colonies can resemble ‘stringy, gelatinous noodles or sauerkraut up to 2 m long’ (Gordon and Mawatari 1992). The zooids are ovoid, about 380 X 580 µm in size, and occur in clusters on either side of the thick transparent stolon. The polypides have eight tentacles and large gizzards. The zooids brood whitish embryos (description from Winston 1982; Gordon and Mawatari 1992; Vieira et al. 2014). Colonies vary greatly in size, 400–700 mm in Brazil (Farrapeira et al. 2010) to 2200 mm (Amat et al. 2011). 

Recent molecular work has confirmed that Amathia verticillata is a single global species (Nascimento et al. 2021). A recent genetic analysis of the family Vesiculariidae supports a synonymy of the genera Amathia, Bowerbankia, and Zoobotryon (Waeschenbach et al. 2015). 

 


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Bryozoa
Class:   Gymnolaemata
Order:   Ctenostomata
Suborder:   Carnosa
Superfamily:   Vesicularioidea
Family:   Vesiculariidae
Genus:   Amathia
Species:   verticillata

Synonyms

Amathia goodei (Verrill, 1901)
Hydra verticillata (Della Chaije, 1828)
Zoobotryon pellucidus (Ehrenberg, 1839)
Amathia verticillata (Waeschenbach et al., 2015)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Ecology

General:

Life History- Amathia verticillata is an erect, uncalcified bryozoan, composed of many individual zooids. The zooids feed by extending the ciliated tentacles of the lophophore as a funnel, creating a current, and driving food particles into their mouths. The food is guided along the tentacles and through the pharynx by the cilia. Larger food particles can be moved or captured by flicking or contracting the tentacles. The zooids are hermaphroditic, and produce large yolky eggs, which hatch into lecithotrophic larvae, which are planktonic for short periods (less than 1 day). Larvae settle on a substrate and metamorphose into the first zooid of a colony, an ancestrula (Barnes 1983). 
 
Ecology- This bryozoan is found on wood, rock, vegetation (including eelgrass and mangroves), shells, and man-made structures, including vessel hulls (Winston 1982; Gordon and Mawatari 1992; Minchin 2012). In an investigation of chemical compounds affecting feeding on A. verticillata, a Brazilian population had alkaloids that deterred feeding, while Florida populations had variable resistance to feeding. Dos Santos et al. (2017) suggest that the success of this bryozoan is due to factors other than toxicity. 

Food:

Phytoplankton

Trophic Status:

Suspension Feeder

SusFed

Habitats

General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatRockyNone
General HabitatGrass BedNone
General HabitatCoarse Woody DebrisNone
General HabitatOyster ReefNone
General HabitatCanalsNone
General HabitatMangrovesNone
General HabitatVessel HullNone
Salinity RangeMesohaline5-18 PSU
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone

Life History


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Salinity (‰)15Nair et al. 1992
Maximum Salinity (‰)40Field salinity (Shark Bay, Western Australia) (Wyatt et al. 2005)
Minimum Length (mm)100Colony length, Azores (Amat et al. 2009, on marina floats)
Maximum Height (mm)2,200Colony length, Azores (Amat et al. 2009, on marina floats)
Broad Temperature RangeNoneWarm temperate-Tropical
Broad Salinity RangeNoneMesohaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

Economic Impacts

Shipping/Boating- Amathia verticillata is known from ship fouling (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 1952) and is reported to cause fouling problems to boats and marinas in southern California (Johnson et al. 2006).

Fisheries- Amathia verticillata causes major problems by clogging shrimp-fishing gear in Galveston Bay, Texas (Gossett et al. 2004). It was reported as a pest species fouling cultured pearl oysters, Pinctada fuca, on the south coast of Korea (Je et al. 1988).

Ecological Impacts

Habitat Change- Amathia verticillata grows epiphytically on the leaves of eelgrass (Zostera marina), killing plants in San Diego Bay, which creates gaps in the seagrass canopy, leaving bare patches of sediment available for colonization by other algal species (Williams 2007).


Regional Impacts

NEP-VIPt. Conception to Southern Baja CaliforniaEconomic ImpactShipping/Boating
Amathia verticillata is reported to cause fouling problems to boats and marinas in southern California (Johnson et al. 2006).
NEP-VIPt. Conception to Southern Baja CaliforniaEcological ImpactCompetition
Amathia verticillata grows epiphytically on the leaves of eelgrass (Zostera marina) in San Diego Bay, killing them (Williams 2007).
NEP-VIPt. Conception to Southern Baja CaliforniaEcological ImpactHabitat Change
Amathia verticillata kills eelgrass plants in San Diego Bay, creating gaps in the seagrass canopy and bare patches of sediment, which are then colonized by adult plants (Williams 2007).
P020San Diego BayEcological ImpactCompetition
Amathia verticillata grows epiphytically on the leaves of eelgrass (Zostera marina) in San Diego Bay, killing them (Williams 2007).
P020San Diego BayEcological ImpactHabitat Change
Amathia verticillata kills eelgrass plants in San Diego Bay, creating gaps in the seagrass canopy and bare patches of sediment, which are then colonized by adult plants (Williams 2007).
CACaliforniaEcological ImpactCompetition
Amathia verticillata grows epiphytically on the leaves of eelgrass (Zostera marina) in San Diego Bay, killing them (Williams 2007).
CACaliforniaEcological ImpactHabitat Change
Amathia verticillata kills eelgrass plants in San Diego Bay, creating gaps in the seagrass canopy and bare patches of sediment, which are then colonized by adult plants (Williams 2007).

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
P062 _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) 2001 Non-native Established
P058 _CDA_P058 (San Pedro Channel Islands) 2001 Non-native Established
P023 _CDA_P023 (San Louis Rey-Escondido) 2001 Non-native Established
P090 San Francisco Bay 1993 Non-native Established
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 1980 Non-native Established
P050 San Pedro Bay 1980 Non-native Established
P030 Mission Bay 1963 Non-native Established
P022 _CDA_P022 (San Diego) 1963 Non-native Established
P040 Newport Bay 1959 Non-native Established
P020 San Diego Bay 1905 Non-native Established
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California 1905 Non-native Established

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
697232 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Kelco Dock Non-native 32.6927 -117.1470
697339 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-24 New Site (Blue Awnings) Non-native 33.7224 -118.0561
697422 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Newport Bay Harbor Entrance Non-native 33.5974 -117.8798
697515 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-25 Northern Corner of Harbor Non-native 33.9830 -118.4465
697659 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-15 East of Bridge Non-native 33.4591 -117.6992
697740 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-24 Yellow Condos Non-native 33.7283 -118.0602
697768 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 San Diego Bay Commercial Fishing Fleet Non-native 32.7109 -117.1739
697770 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-09 San Diego Bay Commercial Fishing Fleet Non-native 32.7109 -117.1739
697808 Cohen et al. 2002 2000 2000-08-24 Watchorn Basin Non-native 33.7203 -118.2764
697860 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Ski Islands Marina Non-native 32.7939 -117.2232
697867 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Ski Islands Marina Non-native 32.7939 -117.2232
698112 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Hilton Resort Dock Non-native 32.7788 -117.2127
698119 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Hilton Resort Dock Non-native 32.7788 -117.2127
698534 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Glorietta Bay Non-native 32.6796 -117.1740
698673 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-03 Marine Terminal (Paco) Non-native 32.6584 -117.1191
698677 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Marine Terminal (Paco) Non-native 32.6584 -117.1191
698714 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-25 Private Dock Non-native 34.1798 -119.2297
698780 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Navy - 28th St. Non-native 32.6836 -117.1311
698840 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-13 Guest Dock Non-native 33.2091 -117.3947
698967 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Dana Inn Marina Non-native 32.7671 -117.2362
698970 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Dana Inn Marina Non-native 32.7671 -117.2362
699150 Cohen et al. 2002 2000 2000-08-30 Rainbow Lagoon Non-native 33.7631 -118.1914
699157 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-10 Channel Islands Harbor Epifaunal 02 Non-native 34.1811 -119.2319
699182 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Oceanside Epifaunal 01 Non-native 33.2118 -117.3951
699274 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Oakland Inner Harbor - Shipping cranes Non-native 37.7947 -122.3095
699588 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-16 Long Beach Epifaunal 02 Non-native 33.7477 -118.1975
699643 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-12 Pier 45 Non-native 37.8111 -122.4196
699694 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-25 Vessel Assist Dock Non-native 33.9783 -118.4569
699729 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Seaforth Non-native 32.7621 -117.2365
699732 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Seaforth Non-native 32.7621 -117.2365
699806 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 Coronado Wharf Non-native 32.6992 -117.1684
700023 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-12 Cruise Ship Pier Non-native 37.8085 -122.4060
700110 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Middle Harbor Yacht Slip Non-native 33.2106 -117.3960
700197 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-25 Marina del Rey Harbor Entrance Non-native 33.9702 -118.4496
700249 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-12 Huntington Harbour Epifaunal 04 Non-native 33.7278 -118.0787
700380 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-15 Dana Point Harbor Mouth Slip Non-native 33.4594 -117.6941
700401 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-24 Near Huntington Launch Ramp Non-native 33.7279 -118.0786
700547 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-10 Channel Islands Harbor Epifaunal 05 Non-native 34.1739 -119.2236
700648 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Santa Barbara Cove Non-native 32.7774 -117.2484
700684 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-24 Private Beach Non-native 33.7175 -118.0659
700984 A. Sewell, pers. comm. 1995, in Cohen and Carlton 1995 1995 Mission Bay Non-native 32.7791 -117.2288
701397 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-13 Oceanside Commercial Fishing Dock Non-native 33.2057 -117.3897
701398 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Oceanside Commercial Fishing Dock Non-native 33.2057 -117.3897
702049 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-11 Los Angeles Epifaunal 04 Non-native 33.7655 -118.2529
702115 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Switzer Creek (Dole) Non-native 32.7017 -117.1585
702203 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Chula Vista Marina Non-native 32.6225 -117.1023
702481 Robertson 1905 1905 San Diego Bay Non-native 32.6717 -117.1439
702482 A. Sewell, pers. comm. 1995, in Cohen and Carlton 1995 1995 San Diego Bay Non-native 32.6717 -117.1439
702880 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-25 NW Corner of Harbor Non-native 33.9830 -118.4564
703073 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-03 San Diego Bay Cruise Ship Terminal Non-native 32.7168 -117.1759
703154 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-12 Huntington Harbour Epifaunal 02 Non-native 33.7175 -118.0658
703347 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-27 Coronado Cays Non-native 32.6274 -117.1329
703451 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Back Bay Marina Non-native 33.6194 -117.8933
703499 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-13 North Corner of Harbor Non-native 33.2122 -117.3954
703537 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Balboa Coves Non-native 33.6213 -117.9364
703760 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Balboa North Channel Non-native 33.6097 -117.8957
704210 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Lido Peninsula Non-native 33.6082 -117.9195
704233 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-24 Pump-A-Head Dock Non-native 33.7026 -118.0542
704351 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-21 Super Mexico Pier Non-native 33.7708 -118.2113
704379 Cohen et al. 2002 2000 2000-08-24 Newmarks Yacht Harbor Non-native 33.7644 -118.2497
704447 K. Wasson pers. comm., cited in Cohen and Carlton 1995 1993 Redwood Creek Non-native 37.5066 -122.2147
704648 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Navy - Carrier Base Non-native 32.7062 -117.1886
717023 Soule 1963 1959 Newport Harbor Non-native 33.6092 -117.9067
717025 Soule 1963 1963 La Jolla Non-native 32.8479 -117.2776
717026 Soule 1963 1963 Mission Bay Non-native 32.7791 -117.2288
758036 Bullivant 1968 1965 Newport Harbor Non-native 33.6092 -117.9067
758037 de Rivera et al. 2005 2003 Dana Marina, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7675 -117.2365
758038 de Rivera et al. 2005 2003 Seaforth Marina, Mission Bay Non-native 32.7630 -117.2373
758039 de Rivera et al. 2005 2003 Chula Vista Marina, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.6244 -117.1038
758040 de Rivera et al. 2005 2003 Sunroad Marina, San Diego Bay Non-native 32.7263 -117.1922
767418 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-19 SeaWorld Marina, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.7676 -117.2314
767451 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-29 Mission Bay Yacht Club, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.7778 -117.2485
767471 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-08-04 Bahia Resort Marina, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.7731 -117.2478
767489 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-31 Campland on the Bay, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.7936 -117.2234
767501 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-08-01 Hyatt Resort Marina, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.7634 -117.2397
767518 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-08-03 Mission Bay Sport Center, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.7857 -117.2495
767534 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-30 Hilton Resort Docks, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.7791 -117.2128
767547 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-08-02 The Dana Marina, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.7671 -117.2363
767674 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-17 Naval Station San Diego, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.6867 -117.1333
767690 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-24 NAB ACU-1 Docks, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.6786 -117.1615
767714 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-21 Cabrillo Isle Marina, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.7272 -117.1995
767727 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-22 Coronado Cays Marina, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.6257 -117.1309
767740 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-18 NAB Fiddlers Cove, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.6524 -117.1486
767755 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-26 Pier 32 Marina, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.6516 -117.1077
767770 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-20 Chula Vista Marina, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.6252 -117.1036
767780 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-28 Marriott Marquis and Marina, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.7059 -117.1655
768557 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-07-24 Alamitos Bay Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7487 -118.1136
768916 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-07-29 Pacific Yacht Landing, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7654 -118.2514
769085 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-07-27 Peter's Landing Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7256 -118.0758
769314 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-06 Shoreline Public Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7586 -118.1856
769322 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-06 Shoreline Public Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7586 -118.1856
769340 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-06 Shoreline Public Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7586 -118.1856
769366 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-06 Shoreline Public Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7586 -118.1856
769378 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-06 Shoreline Public Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7586 -118.1856
769384 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-10 Alamitos Bay Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7494 -118.1154
769392 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-10 Alamitos Bay Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7494 -118.1154
769404 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-10 Alamitos Bay Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7494 -118.1154
769415 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-10 Alamitos Bay Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7494 -118.1154
769424 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-10 Alamitos Bay Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7494 -118.1154
769433 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-10 Alamitos Bay Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7494 -118.1154
769444 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-10 Alamitos Bay Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7494 -118.1154
769487 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-12 Pacific Yacht Landing, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7654 -118.2514
769497 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-12 Pacific Yacht Landing, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7654 -118.2514
769505 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-12 Pacific Yacht Landing, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7654 -118.2514
769528 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-12 Pacific Yacht Landing, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7654 -118.2514
769559 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-12 Pacific Yacht Landing, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7654 -118.2514
769569 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-07 Peter's Landing Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7252 -118.0766
769584 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-07 Peter's Landing Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7252 -118.0766
769594 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-07 Peter's Landing Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7252 -118.0766
769605 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-07 Peter's Landing Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7252 -118.0766
769614 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-07 Peter's Landing Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7252 -118.0766
769627 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-07 Peter's Landing Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7252 -118.0766
769638 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-07 Peter's Landing Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7252 -118.0766
769656 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-07 Peter's Landing Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7252 -118.0766
769771 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-13 Cabrillo Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7219 -118.2779
769824 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-13 Cabrillo Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7219 -118.2779
769856 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-09 Port of LB Pier D, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7595 -118.2174
769938 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-08 Port of LB Matson, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7729 -118.2178
769944 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-08 Port of LB Matson, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7729 -118.2178
769956 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-08 Port of LB Matson, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7729 -118.2178
769962 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-08 Port of LB Matson, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7729 -118.2178
769979 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-08 Port of LB Matson, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7729 -118.2178
769998 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-08 Port of LB Matson, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.7729 -118.2178
770258 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-03 Balboa Bay Resort, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6147 -117.9138
770272 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-03 Balboa Bay Resort, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6147 -117.9138
770287 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-03 Balboa Bay Resort, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6147 -117.9138
770298 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-03 Balboa Bay Resort, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6147 -117.9138
770310 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-03 Balboa Bay Resort, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6147 -117.9138
770321 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-07 Balboa Yacht Basin A & B, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6103 -117.8949
770336 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-07 Balboa Yacht Basin A & B, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6103 -117.8949
770349 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-07 Balboa Yacht Basin A & B, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6103 -117.8949
770362 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-07 Balboa Yacht Basin A & B, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6103 -117.8949
770372 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-07 Balboa Yacht Basin A & B, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6103 -117.8949
770383 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-07 Balboa Yacht Basin D & E, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6102 -117.8967
770393 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-07 Balboa Yacht Basin D & E, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6102 -117.8967
770406 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-07 Balboa Yacht Basin D & E, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6102 -117.8967
770434 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-06 Harbor Patrol Public Dock, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6023 -117.8835
770442 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-06 Harbor Patrol Public Dock, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6023 -117.8835
770453 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-06 Harbor Patrol Public Dock, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6023 -117.8835
770463 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-06 Harbor Patrol Public Dock, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6023 -117.8835
770471 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-06 Harbor Patrol Public Dock, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6023 -117.8835
770486 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-05 Harbor Tower Marina, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6203 -117.9279
770495 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-05 Harbor Tower Marina, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6203 -117.9279
770512 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-05 Harbor Tower Marina, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6203 -117.9279
770523 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-04 Hill's Boat Service, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6026 -117.8984
770560 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-04 Hill's Boat Service, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6026 -117.8984
770571 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-04 Hill's Boat Service, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6026 -117.8984
770583 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-04 Marina Park, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6085 -117.9222
770603 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-04 Marina Park, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6085 -117.9222
770613 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-04 Marina Park, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6085 -117.9222
770634 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-15 Newport Dunes, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6193 -117.8959
770646 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-15 Newport Dunes, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6193 -117.8959
770655 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-15 Newport Dunes, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6193 -117.8959
770664 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-15 Newport Dunes, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6193 -117.8959
770675 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-15 Newport Dunes, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6193 -117.8959
770690 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-03 Rhine Wharf Public Pier, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6148 -117.9266
770697 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-03 Rhine Wharf Public Pier, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6148 -117.9266
770706 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-03 Rhine Wharf Public Pier, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6148 -117.9266
770715 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-03 Rhine Wharf Public Pier, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6148 -117.9266
770722 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-03 Rhine Wharf Public Pier, Newport Bay, California, USA Non-native 33.6148 -117.9266
776305 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-12 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7662 -122.2656
776306 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-12 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7662 -122.2656
776307 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-12 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7662 -122.2656
776308 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-12 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7662 -122.2656
776309 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-18 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7835 -122.2630
776310 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-18 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7835 -122.2630
776311 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-18 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7835 -122.2630
776312 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-18 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7835 -122.2630
776313 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-18 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7835 -122.2630
776314 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-18 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7835 -122.2630
776315 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-18 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7835 -122.2630
776316 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-18 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7835 -122.2630
776317 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-18 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7835 -122.2630
776318 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
776319 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
776320 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
776321 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
776322 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
776323 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
776324 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
776325 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
776326 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
776327 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5022 -122.2129
776328 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5022 -122.2129
776329 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5022 -122.2129
776330 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5022 -122.2129
776331 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5022 -122.2129
776332 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5022 -122.2129
776333 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5022 -122.2129
776334 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5022 -122.2129
776335 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5022 -122.2129
776336 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5022 -122.2129
776337 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-14 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3492
776338 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-14 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3492
776339 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-14 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3492
776340 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-14 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3492
776341 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-14 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3492
776342 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-14 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3492
776343 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-17 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7679 -122.2863
776344 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-17 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7679 -122.2863
776345 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-17 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7679 -122.2863
776346 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-17 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7679 -122.2863
776347 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-17 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7679 -122.2863
776348 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-17 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7679 -122.2863
776349 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-17 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7679 -122.2863
776350 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-17 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7679 -122.2863
776351 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-17 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7679 -122.2863
776352 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-17 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7679 -122.2863
776353 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5887 -122.3164
776354 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5887 -122.3164
776355 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5887 -122.3164
776356 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5887 -122.3164
776357 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5887 -122.3164
776358 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5887 -122.3164
776359 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5887 -122.3164
776360 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-16 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
776361 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-16 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
776362 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-16 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
776363 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-16 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
776364 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-16 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
776365 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-16 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
776366 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-16 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
776367 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-16 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
776368 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5898 -122.3165
776369 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5898 -122.3165
776370 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5898 -122.3165
776371 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5898 -122.3165
776372 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5898 -122.3165
776373 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5898 -122.3165
776374 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5898 -122.3165
776375 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5898 -122.3165
776376 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-26 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5027 -122.2138
776377 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-26 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5027 -122.2138
776378 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-26 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5027 -122.2138
776379 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-26 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5027 -122.2138
776380 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-26 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5027 -122.2138
776381 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-26 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5027 -122.2138
776382 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-26 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5027 -122.2138
776383 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-26 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5027 -122.2138
776384 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-12 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9133 -122.3500
776385 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-12 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9133 -122.3500
776386 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-12 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9133 -122.3500
776387 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-13 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7679 -122.2863
776388 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-13 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7679 -122.2863
776389 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-13 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7679 -122.2863
776390 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-13 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7679 -122.2863
776391 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7831 -122.2630
776392 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7831 -122.2630
776393 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7831 -122.2630
776394 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7831 -122.2630
776395 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7831 -122.2630
776396 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7831 -122.2630
776397 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7831 -122.2630
776398 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-14 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
776399 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-14 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
776400 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-14 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
776401 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-14 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928

References

Abdel-Salam, Kh. M.; Ramadan, Sh. E. (2008) Fouling Bryozoa from some Alexandria harbours, Egypt. (II) Encrusting species, Mediterranean Marine Science 9(2): 5-20

Abdelsalam, Khaled Mahmood (2018) First record of the exotic lysmatid shrimp Lysmata vittata (Stimpson, 1860) (Decapoda: Caridea: Lysmatidae) from the Egyptian Mediterranean coast, Mediterranean Marine Science 19(1): 124-131

Alvarez-Leon, R. ; Banta, W. C. (1984) [Bryozoans of three estuaries adjacent to Mazatlan, northeast coast of Mexico], Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 19(4): 209-218

Amat, Jaen Nieto; Tempera, Fernando (2009) Zoobotryon verticillatum Della Chiaje, 1822 (Bryozoa), a new occurrence in the archipelago of the Azores (North-Eastern Atlantic), Marine Pollution Bulletin 58: 761-764

Antit, M.; Gofas, S.; Salas, C.; Azzouna, A. (2011) One hundred years after Pinctada: an update on alien Mollusca in Tunisia, Mediterranean Marine Science 12(1): 53-73

Armstrong, John D.; Bean, Colin W.; Wells, Alan (2018) The Scottish invasion of pink salmon in 2017, Journal of Fish Biology 93: 8-11
DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13680

Asakura, A. (1992) Recent introductions of marine benthos into Tokyo Bay (review): Process of invasion into an urban ecosystem with discussion on the factors inducing their successful introduction, Journal of the Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba 2(1): 1-14

Baker, H. R. (1984) Diversity and zoogeography of marine Tubificidae (Annelida, Oligochaeta), with notes on variation in widespread species, Hydrobiologia 115: 191-196

Barnes, Robert D. (1983) Invertebrate Zoology, Saunders, Philadelphia. Pp. 883

Beshai, Ryan A.; Truong, Danny A.; Henry, Amy K. Sorte, Cascade J. B. (2022) Biotic resistance or invasional meltdown? Diversity reduces invasibility but not exotic dominance in southern California epibenthic communities, Biological Invasions 25(2): 533-549
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-022-02932-1

Brock, Brian J. (1985) Bryozoa: Ordovician to Recent, Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg. Pp. 45-49

Califonria Department of Fisheries and Wildlife 2021 Invasive Algae Response (Aulerpa spp.). <missing URL>



Canning-Clode, João; Fofonoff, Paul; McCann, Linda; Carlton, James T.; Ruiz, Gregory (2013) Marine invasions on a subtropical island: fouling studies and new records in a recent marina on Madeira Island (Eastern Atlantic Ocean), Aquatic Invasions 8(3): 261-270

Carlton, James T.; Eldredge, Lucius (2009) Marine bioinvasions of Hawaii: The introduced and cryptogenic marine and estuarine animals and plants of the Hawaiian archipelago., Bishop Museum Bulletin in Cultural and Environmental Studies 4: 1-202

Carlton, James T.; Ruckelshaus, Mary H. (1997) Nonindigenous marine invertebrates and algae of Florida, In: Simberloff, Daniel, Schmitz, Don C., Brown, Tom C.(Eds.) Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Nonindigenous Species in Florida. , Washington, D.C.. Pp. 187-201

Çinar, Melih Ertan and 7 authors (2021) Current status (as of end of 2020) of marine alien species in Turkey, PLOS ONE 16: Published online

Cohen, Andrew N. and 12 authors (2002) Project report for the Southern California exotics expedition 2000: a rapid assessment survey of exotic species in sheltered coastal waters., In: (Eds.) . , Sacramento CA. Pp. 1-23

Cohen, Andrew N.; Carlton, James T. (1995) Nonindigenous aquatic species in a United States estuary: a case study of the biological invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Sea Grant College Program (Connecticut Sea Grant), Washington DC, Silver Spring MD.. Pp. <missing location>

Coles S. L., DeFelice R. C., Eldredge, L. G. (2002b) Nonindigenous marine species at Waikîkî and Hawai`i kai, Oahu, Hawai`i, Bishop Museum Technical Report 25: 1-255

Coles, S. L.; DeFelice, R. C. : Eldredge, L. G. (2002a) Nonindigenous marine species in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawai`i, Bishop Museum Technical Report 24: 1-364

Coles, S. L.; Eldredge, L. G.; Kandel, F.; Reath, P. R.; Longenecker, K. (2004) <missing title>, Bishop Museum, Hawai‘i Biological Survey, Honolulu. Pp. <missing location>

Coles, S. L.; Reath, P. R.; Longenecker, K.; Bolick, Holly; Eldredge, L. G. (2004) <missing title>, Hawai‘i Community Foundation and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu. Pp. 1-187

Cook, Patricia L. (1968) Bryozoa (Polyzoa) from the coasts of tropical West Africa, Atlantide - Report 10: 115-262

Corriero, G.; Longo, C.; Mercurio, M.; Marchini, A.; Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A. (2007) Porifera and Bryozoa on artificial hard bottoms in the Venice Lagoon: Spatial distribution and temporal changes in the northern basin, Italian Journal of Zoology 74(1): 21-29

Corsini-Foka, Maria and 33 authors (2015) Inventory of alien and cryptogenic species of the Dodecanese (Aegean Sea, Greece): collaboration through COST action training school, Aquatic Invasions 10: In press

Cranfield, H.J.; Gordon, D.P.; Willan, R.C.; Marshall, B.A; Battershill, C.N.; Francis, M.P.; Nelson, W.A.; Glasby, C.J.; Read, G.B. (1998) <missing title>, The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand. Pp. <missing location>

Creary, Marcia M. (2003) A simplified field guide to the bryozoan species found on the roots of the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) in and around Kingston Harbour, Jamaica, W.I., Bulletin of Marine Science 73(2): 521-526

Crivellaro, Marcelo Schuler; Candido, Davi Volney; ilveira, Thiago Cesar Lima; Fonseca, Adriana Carvalhal; Segal, Barbara ´ (2022) A tool for a race against time: Dispersal simulations to support ongoing monitoring program of the invasive coral Tubastraea coccinea, Marine Pollution Bulletin 185(114354): Published online
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114354

D'Hondt, Jean-Loup (1975) Sur quelques bryozoaires de la region de Dakar, Bulletin de l nstitut Fondamental dAfrique Noire 37(1): 619-628

de Rivera, Catherine, and 27 authors (2005) Broad-scale non-indigenous species monitoring along the West Coast in National Marine Sanctuaries and National Estuarine Research Reserves report to National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Washington, D.C.. Pp. <missing location>

Fairey, Russell; Dunn, Roslyn; Sigala, Marco; Oliver, John (2002) Introduced aquatic species in California's coastal waters: Final Report, California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento. Pp. <missing location>

Farrapeira, Cristiane Maria Rocha (2011) The introduction of the bryozoan Zoobotryon verticillatum (Della Chiaje, 1822) in northeast of Brazil: a cause for concern, Biological Invasions 13: 13-16

Fell, Paul E. (1975) Salinity tolerance and dessication reisitance of the brackish water sponge Haliclona loosanoffi, Journal of Experimental Zoology 194: 409-412

Galil, Bella S.; Gevili, Roy (2014) Zoobotryon verticillatum (Bryozoa: Ctenostomatida: Vesiculariidae), a new occurrence on the Mediterranean coast of Israel, Marine Biodiversity Records 7: e17

Gordon, Dennis P.; Mawatari, S.F. (1992) Atlas of marine-fouling bryozoa of New Zealand ports and harbors., Miscellaneous Publications of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute 107: 1-52

Gossett, Lisa; Lester, Jim; Gonzalez, Lisa (2004) <missing title>, Environmental Institute of Houston, University of Houston, Houston TX. Pp. <missing location>

Gravier-Bonnet, Nicole; Migotto, Alvaro E. (2000) Gonangium development and medusoid of Nemalecium lighti (Hargitt, 1924) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Haleciidae), Scientia Marina 64(Suppl. 1): 207-213

Guerra-García, J. M. and 7 authors (2011) Geographical expansion of the invader Caprella scaura (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Caprellidae) to the East Atlantic coast, Marine Biology 158: 2617-2622

Hewitt, C.L.; Campbell, M.L.; Thresher, R.E.; Martin, R.B. (1999) Marine Biological Invasions of Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, In: (Eds.) . , Hobart, Tasmania. Pp. <missing location>

Hewitt, Chad L. and 14 authors. (2004) Introduced and cryptogenic species in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia., Marine Biology 144: 183-202

Huang, Zongguo (Ed.), Junda Lin (Translator) (2001) Marine Species and Their Distributions in China's Seas, Krieger, Malabar, FL. Pp. <missing location>

Huisman, John M.; Jones, Diana S.; Wells, Fred E.; Burton, Timothy S. (2008) Introduced marine biota in Western Australian waters., Records of the Western Australian Museum 25: 1-44

Humara-Gil, Karla J.; Cruz-Gil, Christopher (2019) First record of the non-indigenous bryozoan Amathia verticillata (delle Chiaje, 1822) (Bryozoa, Vesiculariidae) in the southern Mexican Pacific, Check List 15(3): 515-522

Hyman, Libbie H. (1959) <missing title>, McGraw-Hill, New York. Pp. 350-408

Je, J-G.; Hong, J-S.; Yi, S-K. (1988) A study on the fouling organisms in the pearl oyster culture grounds in the southern coast of Korea., Ocean Research 10(1): 85-105.

Jebakumar, Jebarathnam Prince Prakash, and 5 authors (2017) The bryozoan Amathia verticillata(delle Chiaje, 1822) fouling harbours of the southeast coast of India: re-evaluating its status, BioInvasions Records 6(3): 214-216

Johnson, Leigh Taylor; Gonzalez, Jamie; Himes, Amber (2006) <missing title>, University of California Cooperative Extension – Sea Grant Extension Program, San Diego. Pp. 3

Kaminas, Alexandros; Shokouros-Oskarsson. Maria; Minasidis, Vasileios; Langeneck, Joachim; Kleitou, Periklis; Tiralongo; Crocetta, Fabio (2033) Filling gaps via citizen science: Phyllorhiza punctata von Lendenfeld, 1884 (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa: Mastigiidae) in Cyprus (eastern Mediterranean Sea), Bioinvasion Records 11(In press): In press

Kelmo, Francisco; Attrill, Martin J.; Gomes, Rilza C.T.; Jones, Malcolm B. (2004) El Nino induced local extinction of coral reef bryozoan species from Northern Bahia, Brazil, Biological Conservation 118: 609-617

Keough, M. J. ; Ross, J. (1999) Introduced fouling species in Port Phillip Bay., In: Hewitt, C. L.; Campbell; M.;Thresher, R.; Martin,(Eds.) Marine Biological Invasions of Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. , Hobart, Tasmania. Pp. 193-225

Knapp, I. S.; Godwin, L. S.; Smith, J. E.; Williams, C. J.; Bell, J. J. (2011) Records of non-indigenous marine species at Palmyra Atoll in the US Line Islands, Marine Biodiversity Records 4(e30): 1-7

Kourkoutmani, Polyxeni; Michaloudi, Evangelia (2022) First record of the calanoid copepod Pseudodiaptomus marinus Sato, 1913 in the North Aegean Sea, in Thessaloniki Bay, Greece, None 11(BioInvasions Re): Published online

Lambert, Gretchen (2019) Fouling ascidians (Chordata: Ascidiacea) of the Galápagos: Santa Cruz and Baltra Islands, Aquatic Invasions 14: 132-149

Lavigne, Andrea S. Sunesen, Ines Sar, Eugenia A. (2015) Morphological, taxonomic and nomenclatural analysis of species of Odontella, Trieres and Zygoceros (Triceratiaceae, Bacillariophyta) from Anegada Bay (Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina), Diatom Research 30: 307-331

Leca, L.; d'Hondt, J.-L. (1993) [Hippopetraliella tahitiensis n. sp. n. sp., a new Cheilostome bryozoan (Petraliellidae) from French Polynesia], Cahiers de Biologie Marine 34: 401-209

Madhaven Pillai, S. R. (1981) Further report on the taxonomy of fouling bryozoans of Bombay Harbour and vicinity., Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 78: 317-329

Marchini, Agnese; Cunha, Maria R.; Occhipinti-Ambrogi, Anna (2007) First observations on bryozoans and entoprocts in the Ria de Aveiro (NW Portugal) including the first record of the Pacific invasive cheilostome Tricellaria inopinata., Marine Ecology 28(Suppl. 1): 154-160

Marchini, Agnese; Ferrario, Jasmine; Minchin, Dan (2015) Marinas may act as hubs for the spread of the pseudo-indigenous bryozoan Amathia verticillata (Delle Chiaje, 1822) and its associates, Scientia Marina 79(3): 355-365

Marcus, Ernst (1937) Bryozoarios Marinhos Brasileiros, Boletim de faculdade de filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de sao Paulo, Zoologia 1: 1-224

Marshall, J. I.; Rowe, F. W. E.; Fisher; Smith, D. F. (1980) Alterations to the relative species-abundance of ascidians and barnacles in a fouling community due to screens, Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 31: <missing location>

Maturo, Frank J. S., Jr. (1957) A study of the Bryozoa of Beaufort, North Carolina and vicinity, Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 72(1): 11-68

Maturo, Frank J. S., Jr.; Schopf Thomas J. M. (1968) Ectoproct and entoproct type material: reexamination of species from New England and Bermuda named by A.E. Verrill, J.W. Dawson, and E. Desor, Postilla 120: 1-95

McCann, Linda D.;; McCuller, Megan I., Carlton, James T.[ ,Keith, Inti; Geller, Jonathan B.; Ruiz, Gregory M. (2019) Bryozoa (Cheilostomata, Ctenostomata, and Cyclostomata) in Galapagos Island fouling communities, Aquatic Invasions 14: 85-131

McCann, Linda; Keith, Inti; Carlton, James T.; Ruiz, Gregory M.; Dawson, Terence P.; Collins, Ken (2015) First record of the non-native bryozoan Amathia (= Zoobotryon) verticillata (delle Chiaje, 1822) (Ctenostomata) in the Galápagos Islands, BioInvasions Records 4: <missing location>

Menon, Ravindranatha; Nair, Balakrishnan (1969) The ectoproctous bryozoans of Indian waters., Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 9(2): 430-432

Minchin, Dan (2012) Rapid assessment of the bryozoan, Zoobotryon verticillatum (Delle Chiaje, 1822) in marinas, Canary Islands, Marine Pollution Bulletin 64: 2146-2150

Montoya-Cadavid, Erika; Flórez-Romero, Paola; Winston, Judith E. (2007) Checklist of the marine Bryozoa of the Colombian Caribbean, Biota Colombiana 8(2): 159 -184

Mook, David (1983) Indian River fouling organisms, a review, Florida Scientist 26(3/4): 162-167

Nair, N. Balakrishnan (1959) The marine timber-boring molluscs and crustaceans of western Norway, Arbok Universitet i Bergen 25: 1-23

Nair, N. Balakrishnan (1992) Salinity. tolerance in four estuarine species of Bryozoa, Marine Fouling 9(1/2): 15-20

Nascimento, Karine Bianca; Migotto, Alvaro Esteves; Fehlauer Ale, Karin Hoch F (2021) Molecular data suggest the worldwide introduction of the bryozoan Amathia verticillata (Ctenostomata, Vesiculariidae), Marine Biology 168(33): <missing location>
10.1007/s00227-021-03837-8

Oh, Dong-Ha and 6 auhtora (2021) Novel genome characteristics contribute to the invasiveness of Phragmites australis (common reed), Molecular Ecology Resources 31: 1142–1159.
DOI: 10.1111/mec.16293

Orlova, M. I.; Kommendatov, A. Yu. (2013) [The use of laboratory populations of the invasive New Zealand mollusk, Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae), for assessment of its euryhalinity and physical modelling of invasion in relation to the salinity gradient], Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 92(7): 759-770

Osburn, R. C. (1914) The Bryozoa of the Tortugas Islands, Florida, Papers from the Tortugas Islands Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution 5: 181-222

Osburn, Raymond C. (1940) Bryozoa of Porto Rico, N. Y. Academy of Sciences - Scientific Survey of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands 16(3): 321-486

Osburn, Raymond, C (1953) Bryozoa of the Pacific Coast of America: Part 3, Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata, Entoprocta, and Addenda., Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 14(3): 615-684

Otani, Michio (2006) Assessment and Control of Biological Invasion Risks., Shoukadoh Book Sellers and IUCN, Kyoto, Japan, and Gland, Switzerland. Pp. <missing location>

Pederson, E. J.; Peterson, M. S. (2002) Bryozoans as ephemeral estuarine habitat and a larval transport mechanism for mobile benthos and young fishes in the north-central Gulf of Mexico, Marine Ecology Progress Series 140: 935-947

Pestana, L. B.; Dias, G. M.; Marques, A. C . (2021) Spatial and temporal diversity of non-native biofouling species associated with marinas in two Angolan bays, African Journal of Marine Science 42(4): 413-422

Pires-Teixeira, Larissa M. Neres-Lima, Vinicius Creed, Joel C. (2021) How do biological and functional diversity change in invaded tropical marine rocky reef communities?, Diversity 13(353): Published online

Prezant, Robert S.; Toll, Ronald B.; Rollins, Harold B.; Chapman, Eric J. (2002) Marine macroinvertebrate diversity of St. Catherines Island, Georgia., American Museum Novitates 3367: 1-31

Quan-Young, L .I.; Jiménez-Flores, S. G.; Espinoza-Ávalos, J. (2006) [Benthic flora and reproduction of Batophora spp. algae (Chlorophyta: Dasycladaceae) in a polluted coastal lagoon (Chetumal Bay, Mexico)], Revista Biologia Tropical 54(2): 341-355

Quintanilla, Elena; Thomas Wilke; Ramırez-Portilla, Catalina; Sarmiento, Adriana; Sanchez, Juan A. () , None <missing volume>: <missing location>

Rao, K.S.; Ganapati, P. N. (1978) Ecology of fouling bryozoans at Visakhapatnam harbor., Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences <missing volume>: <missing location>

Rizgalla, Jamila; Ashinn, Andrew P.; Crocetta, Fabio (2021) New records of alien and cryptogenic marine bryozoan, mollusc, and tunicate species in Libya, BioInvasions Records 8: 590-597

Ruiz, Gregory; Geller, Jonathan (2021) Spatial and temporal analysis of marine invasions: supplemental studies to evaluate detection through quantitative and molecular methodologies, Marine Invasive Species Program, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Sacramento CA. Pp. 153 ppl.

Ryland, J. S. (1965) <missing title>, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris. Pp. <missing location>

Saenger, P.; Stephenson, W.; Moverley, J. (1979) The subtidal fouling organisms of the Calliope River and Auckland Creek, Central Queensland Australia, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 19: 399-412

Sambrook, Katie; Holt, Rohan H.F.; Sharp, Rowland; Griffith, Kate; Roche, Ronan C. (2014) Capacity, capability and cross-border challenges associated with marine eradication programmes in Europe: The attempted eradication of an invasive non-native ascidian, Didemnum vexillum in Wales, United Kingdom, Marine Policy 48: 51-59

Schmitt, Joseph D. Emmel, Jason A. Bunch, Aaron J. Hilling, Corbin D. Orth, Donald J (2019) Feeding ecology and distribution of an invasive apex predator: Flathead Catfish in subestuaries of the Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, North American Journal of Fisheries Management 39: 390-402
https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.1027

Soors, Jan; Faasse, Marco; Stevens, Maarten; Verbessem, Ingrid; De Regge, Nico;Van den Bergh, Ericia (2010) New crustacean invaders in the Schelde estuary (Belgium), Belgian Journal of Zoology 140: 3-10

Soule, Dorothy F.; Soule, John D. (1964) The Ectoprocta (Bryozoa) of Scammon's Lagoon, Baja California, Mexico., American Museum Novitates 2199: 1-56

Soule, Dorothy F.; Soule, John D. (1967) Faunal affinities of some Hawaiian Bryozoa (Ectoprocta), Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 35(16): 265-272

Soule, John D. (1963) Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural History Expedition to Western Mexico: 18. Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata (Ectoprocta), and Entoprocta of the Gulf of California., American Museum Novitates 2144: 1-34

Tilbrook, Kevin J. (2012) Bryozoa, Cheilostomata: First records of two invasive species in Australia and the northerly range extension for a third, Check List 8(1): 181-183

Tokarev, Yuriy; Shulman, Georgiy (2009) Biodiversity in the Black Sea: effects of climate and anthropogenic factors, Hydrobiologia 580: 23–33

Tovar-Hernández, M. A.; Villalobos-Guerrero, T. F.; Yáñez-Rivera, B., Aguilar-Camacho, J. M.; Ramírez-Santana, I. D. (2012) [Guide to exotic aquatic invertebrates in Sinaloa] , Geomare, A. C., USFWS, INE-SEMARNAT, Mazatlán, México. Pp. 41

U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2002-2021 Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database. http://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/iz/



Ulman, Aylin and 17 authors (2017) A massive update of non-indigenous species records in Mediterranean marinas, PeerJ 5( e3954): <missing location>

Vail, Lyle L.; Wass, Robin E. (1981) Experimental studies on the settlement and growth of Bryozoa in the natural environment., Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 32: 639-656

Vaz-Pinto, F. and 5 authors (2014) Invasion success and development of benthic assemblages: Effect of timing, duration of submersion and substrate type, Marine Environmental Research 94: 72-79

Vieira, Leandro M.; Migotto, Alvaro E.; Winston, Judith E. (2008) Synopsis and annotated checklist of Recent marine Bryozoa from Brazil, Zootaxa 1810: 1-39

Waeschenbach, Andrea; Vieira, Leandro M.; Reverter-Gil, Oscar; Souto-Derungs, Javier; Nascimento, Karine B.; Fehlauer-Ale, Karin H. (2015) A phylogeny of Vesiculariidae (Bryozoa, Ctenostomata) supports synonymization of three genera and reveals possible cryptic diversity, Zoologica Scripta <missing volume>: <missing location>

Webb, Alan Charles (2007) Status of non-native freshwater fishes in tropical northern Queensland, including establishment success, rates of spread, range and introduction pathways, Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 149: 63-78

Weiss, Charles M. (1948) The seasonal occurrence of sedentary marine organisms in Biscayne Bay, Florida., Ecology 29(2): 153-172

Williams, Susan L. (2007) Introduced species in seagrass ecosystems: Status and concerns., Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 350: 89-110

Winston, Judith E. (1977) Distribution and ecology of estuarine ectoprocts: a critical review., Chesapeake Science 18(1): 34-57

Winston, Judith E. (1982) Marine bryozoans (Ectoprocta) of the Indian River area (Florida)., Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 173: 99-176

Winston, Judith E. (1984) Shallow-Water Bryozoans of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, American Museum Novitates 2799: 1-38

Winston, Judith E. (2004) Bryozoans from Belize, Atoll Research Bulletin 523: 1-14

Winston, Judith E. (2010) Stability and change in the Indian River area bryozoan fauna over a twenty-four year period, Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences 38: 229-239

Wirtz, Peter 2/3/2021 <em>Amathia verticillata</em> (Bryozoa, Ctenostomata) at the coast of Senegal.. <missing URL>



Wirtz, Peter; Canning-Clode, João (2009) The invasive bryozoan Zoobotryon verticillatum has arrived at Madeira Island, Aquatic Invasions 4(4): 669-670

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States Navy Dept. Bureau of Ships (1952) Marine fouling and its prevention., United States Naval Institute., Washington, D.C.. Pp. 165-206

Wyatt, Alex S. J.; Hewitt, Chad L.; Walker, Di I.; Ward, Trevor J. (2005) Marine introductions in the Shark Bay world heritage property, Western Australia: a preliminary assessment., Diversity and Distributions 11: 33-44

Xavier, Everthon A; Aalmeida, na C.S.; Vieira, Leandro M. (2021) The role of artificial habitats on fouling bryozoan fauna in the southwestern Atlantic, Marine Pollution Bulletin 167: Published online
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112310

Zambrano, René; Ramos, John (2021) Alien crustacean species recorded in Ecuador, Nauplius 29: e2021043