Palaemon macrodactylus

Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1957
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1957
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record: 2001

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General Invasion History:

Palaemon macrodactylus is native to coastal waters and estuaries of the Northwest Pacific, from the Vladivostok area of Russia, through Japan (from Hokkaido to Kyushu), South Korea (Pusan) and Taiwan (Newman 1963; Golikov et al. 1976, but see Ashelby et al. 2013). It has been a highly successful invader, appearing in San Francisco Bay in 1957 (Newman 1963), northern Europe in 1992 (Ashelby et al. 2004; Gonsalez-Ortegon et al. 2007), Atlantic Spain in 1997 (Cuesta et al. 2004), and Argentina in 2000 (Mar del Plata, Spivak et al. 2006). This shrimp is sold as food in Japan (Holthuis 1989).

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

Palaemon macrodactylus was first observed in the Northeast Pacific in north San Francisco Bay in 1957, and by 1961, was present in the South, Central, and San Pablo Bays, and occurring upstream to Antioch at the western edge of the Delta (Newman 1963). In 1962, it was collected in Los Angeles Harbor (Carlton 1979), and subsequently has become established in Mission Bay (in 2001, Fairey et al. 2002), Los Penasquitos and San Dieguito Lagoons (in 2000, http://www.perl.sdsu.edu/Reports/LPL01-02.pdf; Cohen et al. 2002), Santa Monica Bay (in 1977, Carlton 1979), Malibu Lagoon (in 1984, USNM 205237, US National Museum if Natural History 2007), Morro Bay (in 2001, Fairey et al. 2002), and Elkhorn Slough (in 1981, Standing 1981, cited by Wasson et al. 2001). In 1987, it was found in Coos Bay, Oregon (Cohen and Carlton 1995). It has also been reported from Humboldt Bay, northern California (in 1995, Cohen and Carlton 1995; Wonham and Carlton 2005, but was not mentioned in Boyd et al. 2002); Willapa Bay, Washington (Jensen, G.C., 1995, Pacific Coast Crabs and Shrimps, cited by USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2009); and Boundary Bay, British Columbia (Lamb and Hanby 2005, cited by Ashelby et al. 2013).

Invasion History on the East Coast:

Palaemon macrodactylus was collected in three locations in the Bronx, New York City, on the East River, connecting the Hudson River and Long Island Sound, in 2001-2002 and 2006. About 120 specimens were collected, indicating an established population (Warkentine and Rachlin 2010). In 2009, specimens of P. macrodactylus were collected in eastern Long Island Sound, in the Mystic River, Connecticut (USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2010), and in 2010, this shrimp was collected in the Providence River, Rhode Island, at the head of Narragansett Bay (Cremins 2010). In 2009, a specimen of P. macrodactylus was collected in the James River estuary, Virginia, and a second was identified from the York River (Robert Llanso, personal communication). A third specimen, caught in the summer of 2007, was identified among shrimp caught from the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center dock on the Rhode River, Edgewater, Maryland (Ruiz et al., unpublished data). The extent of the P. macrodactylus invasion in East Coast waters is unknown, and may be difficult to detect, given the similarity of this shrimp to the three native Palaemonetes species. Surveys are being planned by Chesapeake Bay researchers in order to determine the abundance and distribution of this shrimp in Chesapeake Bay (Eric Bah, Greg Ruiz, personal communications). The likely sources of the East Coast P. macrodactylus are the newly established populations on the coasts of Europe, from Spain to Germany (Warkentine and Rachlin 2010).

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

In European waters, Palaemon macrodactylus was first collected at West Thurrock Power Station, on the Thames estuary, England in 1992 (Worsfold and Ashelby 2006). It is established at several sites in the Thames estuary and in the Stour, Orwell and Medway estuaries, (in 2000, Ashelby et al. 2004). This shrimp has spread to several ports in northern Europe including Walsoorden, in the Westerschelde estuary, Netherlands (in 1999, d'Udekem d'Acoz et al. 2004, cited by González-Ortegón et al. 2007); Zeebruge, Belgium (in 2006, Kerckof et al. 2007); and Bremen, Germany (in 2005, González-Ortegón et al. 2007). To the south, P. macrodactylus is established in the Gironde Estuary, France, on the Bay of Biscay (in 2006, Beguer et al. 2007) and the Guadualquivir, Guadalete, and San Pedro River estuaries in Spain (in 1999, Cuesta et al. 2004). In 2005 and 2010, larvae of P. macrodactylus were collected in plankton in the Mediterranean, off the Balearic Islands, Spain, but adult populations have not yet been found (Torres et al. 2012; Ashelby et all. 2013). In 2009, it was collected in Constanta, Romania, on the Black Sea, where it is apparently established (Micu and Nita 2009).

Palaemon macrodactylus was collected in Australia in 1979 near a power plant in Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, but has not been collected since (Pollard and Hutchings 1990). However, it has become established in Mar del Plata, Argentina (in 2000, Spivak et al. 2006).

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Description

Palaemon macrodactylus is a caridean shrimp with a distinct, well-developed rostrum.  It has at least eight, but usually 10-12 dorsal teeth with three (rarely two, J.T. Carlton) teeth behind the orbit (Gonzales-Ortegon and Cuesta 2006). The rostrum lacks a strong ventral expansion and has a double row of setae along the ventral margin. Supraorbital, suborbital and hepatic spines are absent. Both legs of the first pair are chelate (clawed). The carpus (second segment from the tip) of the second walking leg is not annulated (ringed). The length of the dactylus (toe) of the second leg is short, less than half the length of the propodus (terminal segment). The telson terminates in a short strong median spine and a pair of long, strong mediolateral spines, with a median pair of short plumose setae. The body is transparent or nearly transparent, with a reddish hue in the tail fan and antennary area. On rare occasions, it is dark green or olive-drab (Newman 1963; Kuris et al., in Carlton 2007). There are a few oblique transverse stripes on the carapace. In males, the abdomen is frequently translucent, but in females it is quite pigmented, with reddish spots covering all of the body surface and a whitish longitudinal stripe running along the back (Newman 1963; d'Udekem d'Acoz et al. 2005).

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Taxonomy

Ecology

General:

Life History- During reproduction in caridean shrimps, the copulating pair is usually oriented at right angles to one another, with the genital regions opposing each other. The modified first and second pairs of pleopods are used to transfer a spermatophore to a receptacle between the thoracic legs of the female (Barnes 1983). After mating, female palaemonid shrimps carry broods of fertilized eggs on their abdomen. Females carry 150-2000 eggs, increasing with body size (Seigfried 1980; Beguer et al. 2011). These hatch into planktonic larvae called zoeae, which have feathery appendages. Shrimp zoeae lack the prominent spines seen in brachyuran crabs, and look quite shrimplike (Johnson and Allen 2005). They go through several molts and metamorphose into postlarvae, which have well-developed walking legs and pleopods (swimmerets). After a subsequent molt, the body takes on the adult shape. Adults mature at sizes as small as 16-17 mm length. Females tend to be larger than males, reaching maximum sizes of 45-70 mm, compared to 31.5-45 mm for males (Vazquez et al. 2012).

Ecology- Palaemon macrodactylus favors pilings, walls, debris, and other forms of shelter (Crooks et al. 2016). It is often most abundant in low-salinity waters, possibly due to reduced competition with native species (Newman 1963; Siegfried 1980; Gonzalez-Ortegon et al. 2010). It reproduces successfully at 3-34 PSU, and larvae born at higher salinities, survive and develop at 1 PSU. However, rates of survival increase at higher salinity (Vazquez et al. 2016).

Food:

Plants, Mysids, Amphipods, Crabs

Trophic Status:

Omnivore

Omni

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Habitats

General Habitat	Unstructured Bottom	None
General Habitat	Marinas & Docks	None
General Habitat	Grass Bed	None
General Habitat	Salt-brackish marsh	None
Salinity Range	Oligohaline	0.5-5 PSU
Salinity Range	Mesohaline	5-18 PSU
Salinity Range	Polyhaline	18-30 PSU
Salinity Range	Euhaline	30-40 PSU
Tidal Range	Subtidal	None
Vertical Habitat	Epibenthic	None
Vertical Habitat	Nektonic	None

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Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Salinity (‰)	0.7	Cohen and Carlton 1995; Born 1968
Maximum Salinity (‰)	51	Born 1968
Minimum Reproductive Salinity	3	Experimental, no hatching at 1 PSU, but older larvae survived and developed at this salinity(Vazquez et al. 2016)
Maximum Reproductive Salinity	34	Experimental, highest tested (Vazquez et al. 2016)
Minimum Duration	11	Laboratory rearing, animals from San Francisco Bay (Little 1969)
Maximum Duration	21	Laboratory rearing, animals from San Francisco Bay (Little 1969)
Minimum Length (mm)	16.8	Ovigerous females, Mar de la Plata estuary, Argentina (Vazquez et al. 2012); 17 mm for males (Siegfried 1980)
Maximum Length (mm)	70	Ovigerous females (Ashelby et al. 2004, Orwell estuary, England); 40 mm for males (San Francisco Bay estuary, Seigfried 1980).
Broad Temperature Range	None	Cold temperate-Warm temperate
Broad Salinity Range	None	Oligohaline-Hyperhaline

General Impacts

Economic Impacts

Palaemon macrodactylus is sold as food in Japan, but apparently only has minor value as a food item (Holthuis 1989). It is a potential food source for commercial and sport fish, but may affect the abundance of other fish-food species through predation.

Ecological Impacts

Palaemon macrodactylus is a potential competitor with other caridean shrimps, and though omnivorous, predominantly feeds on invertebrates.

Competition- The extent of competition between P. macrodactylus and native shrimp species has been difficult to assess, due to differing habitat preferences among the species. In San Francisco Bay, the native shrimps Crangon spp. prefers soft, bare sediment, while P. macrodactylus prefers rubble, man-made structures, and vegetation (Newman 1963). However, both species feed on the mysid Neomysis mercedis, and could be competing for food, particularly in the fall, when N. mercedis numbers are low (Sitts and Knight 1979). In the Guadalquivir Estuary, Spain, competition between P. macrodactylus and the native P. longirostris is considered possible, since diets strongly overlap, but may be limited, since P. macrodactylus primarily utilizes the low-salinity regions of the estuary, where P. longirostris is rare (Gonzalez-Ortegon et al. 2010). One competitive advantage of P. macrodactylus over P. longirostris, is its greater ability to use areas of low oxygen concentration (Gonzalez-Ortegon et al. 2010). In the Gironde estuary, France, P. macrodactylus initially colonized areas little-used by P. longirostris, but has begun to displace it due to higher reproductive rates (Beguer et al. 2011). In the Guadalquivir estuary, in Spain, P. macrodactylus showed wider temperature and salinity tolerances than the native P. longirostris and P. varian (Lejeusne et al. 2014).

Predation- In the San Francisco Bay Delta in the 1970s, the major prey of P. macrodactylus was the native mysid Neomysis mercedis (Sitts and Knight 1979). Mysids are also important prey for juvenile fish. Since then, N. mercedis has been replaced by smaller species of Asian mysids. We have no recent data from San Francisco Bay or elsewhere on the role of P. macrodactylus as a predator.

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Regional Impacts

P090	San Francisco Bay		Ecological Impact	Competition
In San Francisco Bay, differences in habitat preference between the native shrimp Crangon spp. and P. macrodactylus may minimize competition (Newman 1963). However, both species feed on the mysid Neomysis mercedis, and could be competing for food, particularly in the fall, when N. mercedis numbers are low (Sitts and Knight 1979).
NEP-V	Northern California to Mid Channel Islands		Ecological Impact	Competition
In San Francisco Bay, differences in habitat preference between the native shrimps Crangon spp. and P. macrodactylus may minimize competition (Newman 1963). However, both species feed on the mysid Neomysis mercedis, and could compete for food, particularly in the fall, when N. mercedis numbers are low (Sitts and Knight 1979). Neomysis mercedis is now rare in the San Fracisco estuary, largely replaced by a smaller biomass of Asian mysids. We have no information on how these changes have affected interactions between P. macrodactylus and native Crangon spp.
NEP-V	Northern California to Mid Channel Islands		Ecological Impact	Predation
The most frequent food item for both P. macrodactylus and Crangon franciscorum in San Francisco Bay was the mysid Neomysis mercedis. In 1976, C. franciscorum consumed up to 6.2% of the mysid biomass, while P. macrodactylus consumed up to 4.8% (Sitts and Knight 1979). Predation on N. mercedis is significant, because this mysid is also an important food source for planktivorous adult and juvenile fish. However, this mysid is now scarce in the San Francisco estuary, largely replaced by smaller species of Asian mysids, as part of a reorganization of the food web caused by the invasion of the Asian Brackish-Water Clam (Corbula amurensis). These changes have probably altered the diet of P. macrodactylus, but we have found no recent diet studies on this shrimp.
P090	San Francisco Bay		Ecological Impact	Predation
The most frequent food item for both P. macrodactylus and Crangon franciscorum in San Francisco Bay was the mysid Neomysis mercedis. In 1976, C. franciscorum consumed up to 6.2% of the mysid biomass, while P. macrodactylus consumed up to 4.8% (Sitts and Knight 1979). Predation on N. mercedis is significant, because this mysid is also an important food source for planktivorous adult and juvenile fish. However, this mysid is now scarce in the San Francisco estuary, largely replaced by smaller species of Asian mysids, as part of a reorganization of the food web caused by the invasion of the Asian Brackish-Water Clam (Corbula amurensis). These changes have probably altered the diet of P. macrodactylus, but we have found no recent diet studies on this shrimp.
NEA-V	None		Ecological Impact	Competition
In the Guadalquivir Estuary, Spain, competition between P. macrodactylus and the native Palaemon longirostris is considered possible, since diets strongly overlap (Gonzalez-Ortegon et al. 2010). Competition may be limited, however, since P. macrodactylus primarily utilizes the low-salinity regions of the estuary, where P. longirostris is rare (Gonzalez-Ortegon et al. 2010). One competitive advantage of P. macrodactylus over P. longirostris, and other species, is its greater ability to use areas of low oxygen concentration (Gonzalez-Ortegon et al. 2010; Gonzalez-Ortegon et al. 2013). In the Gironde estuary, France, P. macrodactylus initially colonized areas little-used by P. longirostris, but has begun to displace it due to higher reproductive rates (Beguer et al. 2011).
MED-VII	None		Ecological Impact	Competition
Specimens of Palaemon macrodactylus in experimental trails tended to exclude native P. elegans from foo sources, performing more chases than P. elegans, and retreating less often (Cavraro et al. 2022)
CA	California		Ecological Impact	Competition
In San Francisco Bay, differences in habitat preference between the native shrimps Crangon spp. and P. macrodactylus may minimize competition (Newman 1963). However, both species feed on the mysid Neomysis mercedis, and could compete for food, particularly in the fall, when N. mercedis numbers are low (Sitts and Knight 1979). Neomysis mercedis is now rare in the San Fracisco estuary, largely replaced by a smaller biomass of Asian mysids. We have no information on how these changes have affected interactions between P. macrodactylus and native Crangon spp., In San Francisco Bay, differences in habitat preference between the native shrimp Crangon spp. and P. macrodactylus may minimize competition (Newman 1963). However, both species feed on the mysid Neomysis mercedis, and could be competing for food, particularly in the fall, when N. mercedis numbers are low (Sitts and Knight 1979).
CA	California		Ecological Impact	Predation
The most frequent food item for both P. macrodactylus and Crangon franciscorum in San Francisco Bay was the mysid Neomysis mercedis. In 1976, C. franciscorum consumed up to 6.2% of the mysid biomass, while P. macrodactylus consumed up to 4.8% (Sitts and Knight 1979). Predation on N. mercedis is significant, because this mysid is also an important food source for planktivorous adult and juvenile fish. However, this mysid is now scarce in the San Francisco estuary, largely replaced by smaller species of Asian mysids, as part of a reorganization of the food web caused by the invasion of the Asian Brackish-Water Clam (Corbula amurensis). These changes have probably altered the diet of P. macrodactylus, but we have found no recent diet studies on this shrimp., The most frequent food item for both P. macrodactylus and Crangon franciscorum in San Francisco Bay was the mysid Neomysis mercedis. In 1976, C. franciscorum consumed up to 6.2% of the mysid biomass, while P. macrodactylus consumed up to 4.8% (Sitts and Knight 1979). Predation on N. mercedis is significant, because this mysid is also an important food source for planktivorous adult and juvenile fish. However, this mysid is now scarce in the San Francisco estuary, largely replaced by smaller species of Asian mysids, as part of a reorganization of the food web caused by the invasion of the Asian Brackish-Water Clam (Corbula amurensis). These changes have probably altered the diet of P. macrodactylus, but we have found no recent diet studies on this shrimp.

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