Invasion History
First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1969First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1969
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:
General Invasion History:
Theora lubrica is a small infaunal bivalve native to the Northwest Pacific, from northern Japan and the Vladivostok area, Russia, south to the Hong Kong region (Huang 2001; Lutaenko et al. 2006; Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2006-2013). It has been introduced to Southern California and San Francisco Bay (Seapy 1974; Cohen and Carlton 1995), southern Australia (Boyd 1999), New Zealand (Cranfield et al. 1998), the Mediterranean Sea (Bogi and Galil 2007), and the Bay of Biscay coast of Spain (Adarraga and Martinez 2011). Ballast water appears to be the primary vector of transport.
North American Invasion History:
Invasion History on the West Coast:
Theora lubrica was first discovered in Anaheim Bay, California in 1968-1969 (Hardy 1970, cited by Seapy 1974, as T. fragilis). Subsequently, it was found in Newport Harbor in 1971, Los Angeles Harbor in 1973 (Seapy 1974), and Mission Bay in 1978 (Crooks 1998). In 1998 and 2001 surveys, T. lubrica was found in many more Southern California harbors and bays (Channel Islands Harbor, Port Hueneme, Marina del Rey, Long Beach Harbor, Dana Point Harbor, and San Diego Bay) (Fairey et al. 2002; Ranasinghe et al. 2005). In the 1998 survey, T. lubrica ranked first or second in abundance among the benthic bivalves (Ranasinghe et al. 2005). In 1982, it was first collected in San Francisco Bay at Islais Creek and has been collected throughout the Bay, sometimes abundantly, as at Point Pinole and the Alameda Air Station. However, it is absent in the low-salinity parts of the estuary, such as Suisun Bay (Cohen and Carlton 1995). In 2001, it was found to be common in Tomales Bay (Fairey et al. 2002).
Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:
In the Southwest Pacific, T. lubrica was first reported in Port Phillip Bay, Australia in 1958, where it was already present in large numbers. It is present in Sydney Harbour, Botany Bay, and Georges Bay in Tasmania (Boyd 1999; Edgar et al. 1999; Australian Museum Business Services 2002). In 1970, it was found in Perth, Western Australia in the Swan Estuary (Chalmer et al. 1976, cited by Boyd 1999). Theora lubrica was discovered in New Zealand in 1971 and is found in ports on the North and South Islands. Hayward (1997) described it as living in 'billions' in Waitemata Harbour, where it was one of the few animals which tolerated the polluted sediments.
In the Mediterranean, T. lubrica was first reported from Livorno (Leghorn), Italy in 2001, where it is established (Balena et al. 2002, cited by Crocetta 2012). In 2006, this bivalve was discovered in Haifa, Israel, more than 2000 km to the east (Galil and Bogi 2007). The first record in the Atlantic occurred in 2010, when T. lubrica was found in the ports of Bilbao and Molinaro, on the Bay of Biscay in Spain. It is common here, ranking 3rd to 8th in abundance in macrobenthic samples (Adarraga and Martinez 2011).
Description
Theora lubrica is a small bivalve with a semi-transparent, elongate elliptical shell. The shell is brittle, smooth, whitish, and has a smooth, shiny periostracum. The exterior of the shell bears fine, concentric lines. The valves are equal, with the umbos located in the mid-line of the shell. The valves gape slightly at the anterior and posterior ends. The most prominent feature of the hinge is the spoon-shaped chondropore, to which is attached an internal ligament (resilium). The external ligament is a brown, arched band. The hinge teeth are small. The right valve has two small projecting cardinal teeth and single anterior and posterior laterals, while the left valve has one cardinal tooth and single anterior and posterior laterals. The shell has a prominent internal rib, which extends obliquely across the shell, anterior to the umbo. The pallial sinus is deep, with the lower border merging with the pallial line. Theora lubrica reaches up to 16 mm length. Description from: Seapy 1974; Boyd 1999; Coan et al. 2000; Coan and Valentich-Scott, in Carlton 2007; Adarraga and Martinez 2011.
Taxonomy
Taxonomic Tree
| Kingdom: | Animalia | |
| Phylum: | Mollusca | |
| Class: | Bivalvia | |
| Subclass: | Heterodonta | |
| Order: | Veneroida | |
| Superfamily: | Tellinoidea | |
| Family: | Semelidae | |
| Genus: | Theora | |
| Species: | lubrica |
Synonyms
Potentially Misidentified Species
Native East Pacific bivalve, similar shape, but umbo more posterior.
Theora fragilis
Theora fragilis (Adams 1961) described from Queensland, Australia, is not synonymous with T. lubrica (Boyd 1999).
Ecology
General:
Theora lubrica (Asian Semele) is a small infaunal bivalve, typically occurring in soft, muddy subtidal or lower intertidal sediments, rich in organic matter (Seapy 1974; Hayward 1997; Boyd 1999; Johnston 2005). Sexes are separate, and growth is rapid. Individuals can mature in 1-3 months, at about 4-7 mm (Saito et al. 1998; Johnston 2005). Larvae are planktotrophic, and spend about 13 days in the plankton at 24°C (Tomai 1996). Larvae settle at about 100-245 µm (Saito et al. 1998).
Theora lubrica is regarded as a pollution-indicator species in Japan, because of its tolerance to hypoxia and its association with organic-rich sediments, as a feeder on benthic microalgae and detritus (Tamai 1996; Saito et al. 1998; Yokoyama and Ishihi 2003). In nutrient-rich muddy habitats, it can reach very high densities (Seapy 1974; Saito et al. 1998; Johnston 2005; Ranasinghe et al. 2008). We have not found specific information on salinity tolerance, but the reported habitats appear to have salinities in the euhaline (30-40 PSU) and part of the polyhaline range (18-30 PSU) (Seapy 1974; Cohen and Carlton 1995; Boyd 1999; Saito et al. 1998; Johnston 2005).
Food:
Detritus, benthic diatoms
Trophic Status:
Deposit Feeder
DepFedHabitats
| General Habitat | Unstructured Bottom | None |
| Salinity Range | Polyhaline | 18-30 PSU |
| Salinity Range | Euhaline | 30-40 PSU |
| Tidal Range | Subtidal | None |
| Tidal Range | Low Intertidal | None |
| Vertical Habitat | Endobenthic | None |
Tolerances and Life History Parameters
| Minimum Temperature (ºC) | 9 | Imabayashi and Tsukuda, 1984, cited by NIMPIS 2013 |
| Maximum Temperature (ºC) | 27 | Boyd 1999 |
| Minimum Salinity (‰) | 28 | Inglis et al. 2006, New Zealand |
| Maximum Salinity (‰) | 35 | Inglis et al. 2006, New Zealand |
| Minimum Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) | None | None |
| Maximum Duration | 13 | 23-24 C, to 'full-grown' larvae (Tamai 1996) |
| Minimum Length (mm) | 4 | Sexual maturity occurs at 4-7 mm (Saito et al. 1998; Johnston 2005). |
| Maximum Length (mm) | 15 | Boyd 1999 |
| Broad Temperature Range | None | Cold temperate-Warm temperate |
| Broad Salinity Range | None | Polyhaline-Euhaline |
General Impacts
Theora lubrica is a small, fast-growing deposit-feeding bivalve, with a high tolerance for hypoxia and organic-rich sediments. It is considered a pollution-indicator species, because of its frequent dominance in highly polluted sediments (Boyd 1999; Saito et al. 1998; Johnston 2005). However, its ecological impacts are not clear, because it is an opportunistic colonizer of highly disturbed environments, where much of the native fauna has been extirpated (Hayward 1997; Boyd 1999; Johnston 2005).Regional Distribution Map
| Bioregion | Region Name | Year | Invasion Status | Population Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NWP-4b | None | 0 | Native | Estab |
| NWP-4a | None | 0 | Native | Estab |
| NWP-3b | None | 0 | Native | Estab |
| NWP-3a | None | 0 | Native | Estab |
| NEP-V | Northern California to Mid Channel Islands | 1982 | Def | Estab |
| NEP-VI | Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California | 1969 | Def | Estab |
| NZ-IV | None | 1971 | Def | Estab |
| AUS-VIII | None | 1958 | Def | Estab |
| AUS-X | None | 1976 | Def | Estab |
| AUS-VII | None | 1999 | Def | Unk |
| AUS-IV | None | 1970 | Def | Estab |
| MED-III | None | 2001 | Def | Estab |
| P050 | San Pedro Bay | 1969 | Def | Estab |
| P020 | San Diego Bay | 1998 | Def | Estab |
| MED-V | None | 2006 | Def | Estab |
| NWP-2 | None | 0 | Native | Estab |
| P030 | Mission Bay | 1978 | Def | Estab |
| P027 | _CDA_P027 (Aliso-San Onofre) | 1998 | Def | Estab |
| P040 | Newport Bay | 1971 | Def | Estab |
| P060 | Santa Monica Bay | 1998 | Def | Estab |
| P062 | _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) | 1998 | Def | Estab |
| P090 | San Francisco Bay | 1982 | Def | Estab |
| P110 | Tomales Bay | 2001 | Def | Estab |
| NZ-II | None | 0 | Def | Estab |
| AUS-IX | None | 1997 | Def | Estab |
| P093 | _CDA_P093 (San Pablo Bay) | 1982 | Def | Estab |
| NEA-V | None | 2010 | Def | Estab |
| NEA-II | None | 2003 | Def | Estab |
Occurrence Map
| OCC_ID | Author | Year | Date | Locality | Status | Latitude | Longitude |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 27443 | Foss 2011 | 2010 | 2010-06-02 | Port of Oakland Office | Def | 37.7954 | -122.2804 |
| 27445 | Foss 2009 | 2005 | 2005-06-07 | Port of Oakland Office | Def | 37.7954 | -122.2804 |
| 27608 | Foss 2009 | 2005 | 2005-09-09 | San Mateo Bridge | Def | 37.5806 | -122.2543 |
| 27609 | Foss 2011 | 2010 | 2010-07-29 | San Mateo Bridge | Def | 37.5806 | -122.2543 |
| 27646 | California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2014 | 2011 | 2011-05-04 | Hilton Resort Dock | Def | 32.7788 | -117.2127 |
| 27987 | Foss 2009 | 2005 | 2005-10-06 | Santa Fe Channel - Front | Def | 37.9101 | -122.3644 |
| 28022 | Foss 2011 | 2010 | 2010-07-14 | Romberg Tiburon Center | Def | 37.8906 | -122.4458 |
| 28534 | California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2014 | 2011 | 2011-04-07 | CIYC Guest Slip | Def | 34.1641 | -119.2255 |
| 28771 | Foss 2009 | 2005 | 2005-06-07 | Oakland Inner Harbor - Shipping cranes | Def | 37.7947 | -122.3095 |
| 28796 | Fairey et al. 2002 | 2000 | 2000-09-14 | Port Hueneme Infaunal 21 | Def | 34.1468 | -119.2121 |
| 28814 | Foss 2009 | 2005 | 2005-10-20 | San Pablo Bay Pumphouse | Def | 38.0446 | -122.4326 |
| 28846 | Foss 2011 | 2010 | 2010-07-12 | Saint Francis Yacht Harbor | Def | 37.8066 | -122.4463 |
| 28854 | Foss 2009 | 2005 | 2005-09-08 | Saint Francis Yacht Harbor | Def | 37.8066 | -122.4463 |
| 29147 | Foss 2009 | 2005 | 2005-09-08 | Pier 45 | Def | 37.8111 | -122.4196 |
| 29216 | California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2014 | 2011 | 2011-05-04 | Seaforth | Def | 32.7621 | -117.2365 |
| 29364 | Foss 2009 | 2005 | 2005-09-07 | Redwood Creek - Marina | Def | 37.5021 | -122.2130 |
| 29393 | Introduced Species Study | 2003 | 2003-08-26 | Berkeley Harbor | Def | 37.8666 | -122.3176 |
| 29463 | Fairey et al. 2002 | 2000 | 2000-09-14 | Port Hueneme Infaunal 25 | Def | 34.1482 | -119.2038 |
| 29516 | Foss 2009 | 2005 | 2005-09-08 | Cruise Ship Pier | Def | 37.8085 | -122.4060 |
| 29561 | California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2014 | 2011 | 2011-04-08 | Wharf 4 | Def | 34.1500 | -119.2100 |
| 29940 | Foss 2009 | 2005 | 2005-09-09 | Coyote Point Marina | Def | 37.5905 | -122.3177 |
| 30056 | Introduced Species Study | 2003 | 2003-08-26 | Berkeley Harbor2 | Def | 37.8672 | -122.3157 |
| 30068 | Seapy 1974 | 1973 | 1973-01-01 | Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Complex | Def | 33.7632 | -118.2526 |
| 30075 | Los Angeles/Long Beach Baseline Study (2000) | 2000 | 2000-01-01 | Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Complex | Def | 33.7632 | -118.2526 |
| 30166 | Seapy 1974; Carlton 1979 | 1973 | 1973-01-01 | Newport Bay | Def | 33.6092 | -117.9067 |
| 30586 | Cohen and Carlton, 1995 | 1982 | 1982-01-01 | Islais Creek Channel, San Francisco Bay | Def | 37.7474 | -122.3877 |
| 30779 | Foss 2011 | 2010 | 2010-06-28 | Santa Fe Channel - Back | Def | 37.9207 | -122.3684 |
| 31291 | Introduced Species Study | 2003 | 2003-08-26 | Berkeley Harbor | Def | 37.8654 | -122.3124 |
| 31316 | California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2014 | 2011 | 2011-05-05 | Ocean Institute Dock | Def | 33.4622 | -117.7063 |
| 31351 | Hardy 1970, cited by Seapy 1974, Carlton 1979 | 1969 | 1969-01-01 | Anaheim Bay | Def | 33.7333 | -118.0894 |
| 31379 | Fairey et al. 2002 | 2001 | 2001-09-19 | Tomales Bay Infaunal 04 | Def | 38.1444 | -122.9006 |
| 31424 | California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2011 | 2011 | 2011-05-03 | Americas Cup Harbor | Def | 32.7239 | -117.2240 |
| 31434 | Federal Introduced Species | 2005 | 2005-06-29 | Americas Cup Harbor | Def | 32.7239 | -117.2240 |
| 31577 | Foss 2009 | 2005 | 2005-06-08 | Oakland Outer Harbor | Def | 37.8217 | -122.3145 |
| 31642 | Foss 2009 | 2005 | 2005-08-25 | Central Basin | Def | 37.7643 | -122.3863 |
| 31659 | California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2014 | 2011 | 2011-04-20 | Loading Dock at Bumper Pad #51 | Def | 33.7410 | -118.2746 |
| 31713 | Foss 2009 | 2005 | 2005-10-21 | Ayala Cove | Def | 37.8680 | -122.4350 |
| 31892 | Fairey et al. 2002 | 2001 | 2001-09-19 | Tomales Bay Infaunal 05 | Def | 38.1140 | -122.8557 |
| 32066 | California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2014 | 2010 | 2010-07-12 | Potrero Point | Def | 37.7521 | -122.3790 |
| 32180 | California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2014 | 2011 | 2011-04-20 | LA/Long Beach Coast Guard Pier | Def | 33.7233 | -118.2685 |
| 32424 | California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2014 | 2011 | 2011-05-03 | San Diego Bay Cruise Ship Terminal | Def | 32.7168 | -117.1759 |
| 32886 | California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2014 | 2011 | 2011-04-19 | Balboa Coves | Def | 33.6213 | -117.9364 |
| 32984 | Fairey et al. 2002 | 2000 | 2000-09-13 | Port Hueneme Infaunal 10 | Def | 34.1506 | -119.2068 |
| 33016 | Federal Introduced Species | 2005 | 2005-06-28 | Scripps Pier, La Jolla | Def | 32.7078 | -117.2368 |
| 33095 | Cohen and Carlton, 1995 | 1993 | 1993-01-01 | Alameda Air Station | Def | 37.7902 | -122.3252 |
| 33155 | California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2014 | 2011 | 2011-04-20 | Fuel Depot | Def | 33.7440 | -118.2358 |
| 33197 | Cohen and Carlton, 1995 | 1991 | 1991-01-01 | San Pablo Bay - Point Pinole | Def | 38.0133 | -122.3659 |
| 33237 | Foss 2011 | 2010 | 2010-06-30 | Rodeo Marina | Def | 38.0394 | -122.2717 |
| 33339 | California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2014 | 2011 | 2011-04-20 | Slip D-50 | Def | 33.7165 | -118.2801 |
| 33443 | Foss 2009 | 2005 | 2005-10-05 | Coast Guard Island | Def | 37.7812 | -122.2457 |
| 33506 | Foss 2009 | 2005 | 2005-10-06 | Chevron Pier, Richmond | Def | 37.9228 | -122.4105 |
| 33552 | California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2014 | 2011 | 2011-04-19 | Pump-A-Head Dock | Def | 33.7026 | -118.0542 |
| 33654 | California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2014 | 2011 | 2011-04-21 | Super Mexico Pier | Def | 33.7708 | -118.2113 |
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