Invasion History
First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1879First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record:
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record: 1879
General Invasion History:
Bithynia tentaculata is native to Europe, from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean, but fossil Bithynia are known from Pleistocene sediments near Lake Michigan. All living B. tentaculata populations in North America are derived from introductions (Mills et al. 1993). Bithynia tentaculata was first reported from Lake Michigan in 1871. It spread rapidly into all of the other Great Lakes except Superior, reaching Lake Champlain by 1882, and the lower St. Lawrence River sometime before 1942 (Mills et al. 1993; University of Michigan Zoological Museum 2013). It colonized the Hudson River in 1879 and is now abundant in tidal fresh regions of the estuary (Mills et al. 1997). It was subsequently introduced to the Delaware and Potomac Rivers (Pilsbry 1927; Marshall 1933; Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2004). This snail occurs in brackish waters of the Baltic Sea, up to 7 PSU, but in North American estuaries, so far, it has only been reported from tidal fresh waters (Fretter and Graham 1962; Vincent and Gaucher 1983; Strayer 1987; Mills et al. 1997; Fofonoff, personal observations).
North American Invasion History:
Invasion History on the East Coast:
The earliest tidal record of Bithynia tentaculata on the East Coast was near the head of tide in the Hudson River in 1879, at Troy, New York (NY) (University of Michigan 2013), near the mouth of the Erie Canal and at the head of tide of the Hudson River. This snail was also found in Oswego, NY; Lake Ontario; and in the Erie Canal, near Syracuse in 1879. James Lewis, a collector, transplanted snails from the Erie Canal to Troy, where it became abundant by 1883 (Mills et al. 1997). In the Hudson Basin, it occurs from the Champlain Canal in West Troy, at least as far downriver as Peekskill (Strayer 1987; Jokinen 1992; USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2013). It is not clear if this snail ranges into brackish waters of the estuary. In 1985 it was very abundant in the tidal fresh Hudson River, but in a 2008 survey, only one specimen was found (Coote and Strayer 2009). Bithynia tentaculata has been found in nearby streams, including the upper Mianus River (1991) and Sampawams Creek at West Islip (1999), on the southern shore of Long Island, but we do not know if this snail is found in tidal waters of these streams.
The Faucet Snail is apparently established in the Delaware River (Bilger et al. 2005), although there are few collections from the system. It was collected in 1970, in the lower portion of Brandywine Creek in Wilmington, Delaware (DE), presumably in tidal waters (Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2013). It is abundant in the upper Delaware River in New York (USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2013). In 1927, B. tentaculata was collected from the tidal fresh Potomac at Alexandria, Virginia by Pilsbry (1927) and Marshall (1933). It is abundant in the nontidal river, at least as far upstream as Dickerson, Maryland and Harpers Ferry, West Virginia (Fuller 1978; Hamilton 1979; Fofonoff, personal observations). It also occurs above the head of tide in the Patapsco and Gunpowder Rivers (2004-2007, Fofonoff, personal observations), but the extent of its present range in the Chesapeake Bay estuary and watershed is not known.
Bithynia tentaculata's invasion of eastern North America began in the Great Lakes, with its first record in Lake Michigan in 1871. It spread rapidly through the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence, reaching Lake Ontario by 1879 and Lake Champlain by 1882 (Mills et al. 1993). The snail reached Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron by 1918 (University of Michigan Museum of Zoology 2013), but is not established in Lake Superior, though a few opercula of this species were found in Duluth Harbor in 2006 (Trebitz et al. 2010). Massive irruptions in city water systems along the Great Lakes led to the common name 'Faucet Snail' (Mills et al. 1993). It was abundant in the upper, tidal fresh St. Lawrence River estuary by the 1960s (Vincent et al. 1981), but was probably established there much earlier.
Bithynia tentaculata may have been introduced to the Great Lakes with marsh grasses used to pack fragile goods from European ports, or with dry ballast (Mills et al. 1993). Once established in the Great Lakes, it was transported by ships and barges through the lakes to the St. Lawrence River and the Erie Canal. James Lewis, a shell collector, hastened its spread to the Hudson by transplanting some snails from Syracuse to Troy, on the Hudson River (Mills et al. 1997). Adult Faucet Snails tolerate up to a week of air exposure (Wood et al. 2011), so transport on trailered boats, fishing gear, boots, and machinery used in water is possible, as is shipment with aquatic plants, or natural dispersal by waterfowl.
Bithynia tentaculata has been transported into interior watersheds in North America. In 1960, it was found at several locations in the upper Columbia River watershed in western Montana (1998-2006) (USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2007). It has spread to Montana lakes, including Flathead, Georgetown, and Upsata Lakes (USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2013). In 2002, surveys resulting from parasite-related mortality of waterfowl, found this snail occurring along more than 400 km of the upper Mississippi River, in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois and Iowa (Sauer et al. 2007; USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2013).
Description
Bithynia tentaculata is a small freshwater snail. The shell is oval, but with a sharp conical spire which is dextrally coiled, consisting of 5-6 whorls. The aperture is less than 1/2 the shell height, and is tear-drop-shaped, with a thick lip. The shell has no umbilicus. The operculum is marked with concentric rings in adult shells, but with spirals in juvenile snails. The shell is glossy and yellowish-brown. Maximum size is around 12-15 mm. Description from: Fretter and Graham 1962; Jacobson and Emerson 1971; Clarke 1981; Jokinen 1992.
Taxonomy
Taxonomic Tree
Kingdom: | Animalia | |
Phylum: | Mollusca | |
Class: | Gastropoda | |
Order: | Neotaenioglossa | |
Family: | Bithyniidae | |
Genus: | Bithynia | |
Species: | tentaculata |
Synonyms
Helix tentaculata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Potentially Misidentified Species
(= Elimia livescens) Native to the Great lakes and Mississippi, introduced to upper Hudson estuary (Strayer 1987).
Ecology
General:
Bithynia tentaculata (Faucet Snail) is a small, egg-laying freshwater snail. Sexes are separate. Females begin laying eggs at about 6 mm. The female begins by cleaning a hard surface and then deposits a gelatinous mass containing up to 77 eggs, but mean size of an egg mass is 13 eggs (Fretter and Graham 1962; Vincent and Gaucher 1983). Egg-laying usually begins in spring at ~20°C, but in some populations can continue into October and November. Estimated annual fecundity was 174 eggs per year (Keller et al. 2007).The eggs hatch in ~21-90 days depending on temperature. Development is direct, and the hatching snails have a fully-formed shell and are about~0.8 mm long (Vincent et al. 1981; Jokinen 1992). In some populations, females can reproduce in their first year. Estimated life spans range from ~12 months (Potomac River at Great Falls, Virginia, Hamilton 1979) to 33-39 months in the tidal St. Lawrence River, Quebec (Vincent et al. 1981).
Bithynia tentaculata is a freshwater snail, but can tolerate salinities of at least 7 PSU. It ranges into brackish portions of the Baltic Sea (Fretter and Graham 1962; Carlsson 2006), but has not been reported from brackish water in North America. This snail tolerates a wide range of water quality (pH 6.5-8.4; Ca++ 5-70 mg/L), but tends to prefer alkaline water with a moderate calcium content (Dussart 1979; Vincent and Gaucher 1983; Jokinen 1992). In much of its range, it survives under winter ice cover, but tolerates short exposures to temperatures as high as 33°C (Thibault and Couture 1982). However, it has not been reported south of the Potomac River, and may be limited by temperature (Dillon et al. 2013). The Faucet Snail inhabits a wide range of substrates including mud, sand, gravel, rock, wood, vegetation, and artificial structures. It is most common in shallow water, but occurs as deep as 5 m (Jokinen 1992). This snail tolerates considerable air exposure (Wood et al. 2011), and is abundant in the intertidal zone in the freshwater Hudson River (Strayer and Smith 2000).
Bithynia tentaculata feeds by grazing, scraping algae and vegetation with its radula, like other snails, but it can also filter-feed, trapping particles in a groove on the edge of the body cavity and wraping it in mucus, where it forms a 'sausage' and is transported to the mouth. It obtains considerable amounts of nutrition by this mode. This capability may give it an advantage in eutrophic environments, where phytoplankton is abundant (Fretter and Graham 1962; Brendelberger and Jurgens 1993). This snail sometimes reaches very high abundances, sometimes exceeding 1000/m-3 (Vincent 1979). The Faucet Snail is a common prey for fishes, crayfishes, and waterfowl (Hamilton 1979; Sauer et al. 2007). This snail is remarkable for the diversity of its parasites - at least 73 trematodes are known from its native range in Europe, and at least 3 of these (Cyathocotyle bushiensis, Sphaeridiotrema pseudoglobulus, and Leyogonimus polyoon) have been introduced to North America with the snails (McLaughlin et al. 1993; Sauer et al. 2007; Bergmame et al. 2011; Karatayev et al. 2012).
Food:
phytoplankton; periphyton; bacteria; detritus
Trophic Status:
Herbivore
HerbHabitats
General Habitat | Fresh (nontidal) Marsh | None |
General Habitat | Grass Bed | None |
General Habitat | Coarse Woody Debris | None |
General Habitat | Unstructured Bottom | None |
General Habitat | Tidal Fresh Marsh | None |
General Habitat | Rocky | None |
General Habitat | Nontidal Freshwater | None |
Salinity Range | Limnetic | 0-0.5 PSU |
Salinity Range | Oligohaline | 0.5-5 PSU |
Salinity Range | Mesohaline | 5-18 PSU |
Tidal Range | Subtidal | None |
Tidal Range | Low Intertidal | None |
Vertical Habitat | Epibenthic | None |
Tolerances and Life History Parameters
Minimum Temperature (ºC) | 3 | Field data (Vincent and Gaucher 1983) |
Maximum Temperature (ºC) | 33.7 | The maximum data are experimental, based on 48 hour exposure for Bithynia tentaculata from the St. Lawrence estuary Quebec, acclimated to 25 C (Thibault and Couture 1982). |
Minimum Salinity (‰) | 0 | This is a freshwater species. |
Maximum Salinity (‰) | 7 | Field data (Fretter and Graham 1962), experimental tolerance, 72 h LC50, 8.6 PSU (Piscart et al. 2011) |
Minimum pH | 6.5 | Field data (Vincent and Gaucher 1983) |
Maximum pH | 8.4 | Field data (Vincent and Gaucher 1983; Jokinen 1992) |
Minimum Length (mm) | 6 | Female size at first egg-laying (Vincent and Gaucher 1983; Jokinen 1992). |
Maximum Length (mm) | 15 | Fretter and Graham 1962; Clarke 1981 |
Broad Temperature Range | None | Cold temperate-Warm Temperate |
Broad Salinity Range | None | Nontidal Limnetic-Mesohaline |
General Impacts
In North American estuarine waters, Bithynia tentaculata (Faucet Snails) are limited to the tidal fresh regions of the St. Lawrence, Hudson, Delaware, and Potomac Rivers, where they are frequently very abundant (Vincent 1979; Strayer and Smith 2000; Fofonoff personal observations). Studies of their impacts have been done primarily in nontidal waters, but it is likely that these impacts extend into estuaries. This snail is a competitor with native freshwater snails, and is also a vector for three Eurasian trematode parasites, and at least one cryptogenic trematode, which have caused extensive mortality of waterfowl along the St. Lawrence River, in the Great Lakes, and along the upper Mississippi River (Hoeve and Scott 1988; MacRae and Lepitzki 1994). The effects of the parasite are a major ecological concern, but also an economic concern, because of the popularity of duck-hunting.Economic Impacts
Health: In the early 20th century, this species often infested municipal water supplies in the Great Lakes region, from intake pipes to water faucets, giving rise to the name 'Faucet Snail'. In Erie, Pennsylvania, 'wagonloads' of snails were hauled away from water pumping stations (Mills et al. 1993). In Chicago, fouling of water pipes was a problem as late as the 1950s (Keillor 1993).
Fisheries and Hunting: In the St. Lawrence-Great Lakes and upper Mississippi basin, 4 species of trematodes (3 exotic, one cryptogenic), carried by B. tenetaculata, caused massive mortalities of waterfowl and were a concern of wildlife managers in the 1960s-1980s (Hoeve and Scott 1988; MacRae and Lepitzki 1994). These mortalities have prompted several studies of B. tenetaculata and its parasites (e.g. Hoeve and Scott 1988; MacRae and Lepitzski 1994; Sauer et al. 2007; Cole and Friend 1999; Wood et al. 2011 ).
Ecological Impacts
Competition: Bithynia tentaculata has been noted to replace native snails of the family Pleuroceridae, especially in polluted waters, such as Oneida Lake, New York. This has been attributed to its ability to switch between grazing and filter-feeding (Harman 1968). At Great Falls, Virginia (VA), on the Potomac River, the presence of B. tentaculata decreased density of egg capsules of Pleuorcera virginica and Leptoxis carinata, but it was not clear whether this was due to interference with egg production or egg mortality (Hamilton 1979). However, in the intertidal zone at Dyke Marsh, Alexandria VA, in the Potomac estuary, Pleurocera virginica seems to greatly outnumber B. tentaculata suggesting that these interactions were not severely affecting the native species (Fofonoff, personal observations).
Parasite/Predator Vector: In the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence basin, Bithynia tentaculata is important as the host of several parasites affecting native waterfowl. In southern Quebec, B. tentaculata is the major intermediate host of Cyathocotyle bushiensis and Sphaeridotrema pseudoglobulus, trematodes native to Eurasia which caused extensive deaths of dabbling ducks and Lesser Scaup (MacRae and Lepitzski 1994). Along the upper Mississippi River (MN-WI), repeated massive mortalities, since 1997, of waterfowl have been linked to trematodes carried by B. tentaculata, including the introduced C. bushiensis, Leyogonimus polyoon, and the cosmopolitan, cryptogenic S. globulus (Cole and Friend 1999; Bergmame et al. 2011). During the 2006 spring migration, an estimated 22,000- 26,000 birds died, mostly Lesser Scaup and American Coot (Fulica americana) (Sauer et al. 2007). We do not know if these parasites occur in B. tentaculata in the Hudson, Delaware or Chesapeake estuaries, or if they have adverse effects on waterfowl in this region.
Regional Impacts
GL-III | Lake Ontario | Ecological Impact | Parasite/Predator Vector | ||
Bithynia tentaculata, here, was found to carry the trematodes Cyathocotyle bushiensis (exotic) Leyogonimus polyoon (exotic), and Sphaeridiotrema sp., (S. pseudoglobulus, exotic, or S. globulus, cryptogenic) which can cause mass mortalities in waterfowl (Karatayev et al. 2012). | |||||
L111 | _CDA_L111 (Oak Orchard-Twelvemile) | Ecological Impact | Parasite/Predator Vector | ||
Bithynia tentaculata, here, was found to carry the trematodes Cyathocotyle bushiensis (exotic) Leyogonimus polyoon (exotic), and Sphaeridiotrema sp., (S. pseudoglobulus, exotic, or S. globulus, cryptogenic) which can cause mass mortalities in waterfowl (Karatayev et al. 2012). | |||||
L106 | _CDA_L106 (Niagara) | Ecological Impact | Parasite/Predator Vector | ||
Bithynia tentaculata, here, was found to carry the trematodes Cyathocotyle bushiensis (exotic) Leyogonimus polyoon (exotic), and Sphaeridiotrema sp., (S. pseudoglobulus, exotic, or S. globulus, cryptogenic) which can cause mass mortalities in waterfowl (Karatayev et al. 2012). | |||||
GL-II | Lake Erie | Ecological Impact | Parasite/Predator Vector | ||
Bithynia tentaculata, here, was found to carry the trematodes Cyathocotyle bushiensis (exotic) Leyogonimus polyoon (exotic), and Sphaeridiotrema sp., (S. pseudoglobulus, exotic, or S. globulus, cryptogenic) which can cause mass mortalities in waterfowl (Karatayev et al. 2012). | |||||
L114 | _CDA_L114 (Oswego River) | Ecological Impact | Parasite/Predator Vector | ||
Bithynia tentaculata, here, was found to carry the trematodes Cyathocotyle bushiensis (exotic) Leyogonimus polyoon (exotic), and Sphaeridiotrema sp., (S. pseudoglobulus, exotic, or S. globulus, cryptogenic) which can cause mass mortalities in waterfowl (Karatayev et al. 2012). | |||||
NA-S3 | None | Ecological Impact | Parasite/Predator Vector | ||
Bithynia tentaculata was a host to two exotic digenean parasites, Cyathocotyle bushiensis and Sphaeridiotrema pseudoglobulus, native to Eurasia, which caused extensive mortality to dabbling ducks (dabbling ducks, including Mallards- Anas platyrhynchos, Black Ducks- A. rubiripes, Pintail - A. acuta, Blue-Winged Teal - A. discors, and Lesser Scaup- Athya affinis) in the lower St. Lawrence River valley, including Gentilly, Quebec on the tidal river, from the 1960s through the 1980s (Hoeve and Scott 1988; MacRae and Lepitzki 1994). | |||||
NA-S3 | None | Economic Impact | Fisheries | ||
Hunting/Wildlife- Extensive mortalities of waterfowl (dabbling ducks and Lesser Scaup), along the lower St. Lawrence River, caused by 2 species of exotic trematodes carried by Bithynia tentaculata, were a concern of wildlife managers in the 1960s-1980s (Hoeve and Scott 1988; MacRae and Lepitzki 1994). | |||||
GL-II | Lake Erie | Economic Impact | Health | ||
'In Erie, Pennsylvania, the water supplies became so infested that 'wagon loads' of snails were removed from municipal water pumping stations' (Sterki 1911, cited by Mills et al. 1993). | |||||
L047 | _CDA_L047 (Little Calumet-Galien) | Economic Impact | Health | ||
Fouling of Chicago's water systems by B. tentaculata apparently occurred as late as the 1950s, blocking water service to some homes (Ingraham 1956, cited by Keillor 1993). | |||||
L103 | _CDA_L103 (Chautauqua-Connaut) | Economic Impact | Health | ||
'In Erie, Pennsylvania, the water supplies became so infested that 'wagon loads' of snails were removed from municipal water pumping stations' (Sterki 1911, cited by Mills et al. 1993). | |||||
GL-I | Lakes Huron, Superior and Michigan | Economic Impact | Health | ||
Fouling of Chicago's water systems by B. tentaculata apparently occurred as late as the 1950s, blocking water service to some homes (Ingraham 1956, cited by Keillor 1993). |
Regional Distribution Map
Bioregion | Region Name | Year | Invasion Status | Population Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
B-VII | None | 0 | Native | Estab |
B-IX | None | 0 | Native | Estab |
B-X | None | 0 | Native | Estab |
B-XI | None | 0 | Native | Estab |
GL-I | Lakes Huron, Superior and Michigan | 1871 | Def | Estab |
GL-II | Lake Erie | 1880 | Def | Estab |
GL-III | Lake Ontario | 1879 | Def | Estab |
M060 | Hudson River/Raritan Bay | 1879 | Def | Estab |
M130 | Chesapeake Bay | 1927 | Def | Estab |
M090 | Delaware Bay | 1970 | Def | Estab |
NA-S3 | None | 1977 | Def | Estab |
B-XII | None | 0 | Native | Estab |
B-XIII | None | 0 | Native | Estab |
L111 | _CDA_L111 (Oak Orchard-Twelvemile) | 2009 | Def | Estab |
L114 | _CDA_L114 (Oswego River) | 1879 | Def | Estab |
L106 | _CDA_L106 (Niagara) | 2009 | Def | Estab |
L123 | _CDA_L123 (St. Lawrence River) | 1928 | Def | Estab |
L047 | _CDA_L047 (Little Calumet-Galien) | 1871 | Def | Estab |
L013 | _CDA_L013 (St. Louis River) | 2006 | Def | Unk |
L072 | _CDA_L072 (Pigeon-Wiscoggin) | 1926 | Def | Estab |
L034 | _CDA_L034 (Tacoosh-Whitefish) | 1926 | Def | Estab |
L054 | _CDA_L054 (Muskegon) | 1934 | Def | Estab |
L052 | _CDA_L052 (Grand River) | 1935 | Def | Estab |
L085 | _CDA_L085 (Detroit) | 1935 | Def | Estab |
L115 | _CDA_L115 (Salmon-Sandy) | 1880 | Def | Estab |
L105 | _CDA_L105 (Buffalo-Eighteenmile) | 1880 | Def | Estab |
L127 | _CDA_L127 (English-Salmon) | 1882 | Def | Estab |
L103 | _CDA_L103 (Chautauqua-Connaut) | 1888 | Def | Estab |
L094 | _CDA_L094 (Maumee River) | 1911 | Def | Estab |
L096 | _CDA_L096 (Sandusky) | 1911 | Def | Estab |
Occurrence Map
OCC_ID | Author | Year | Date | Locality | Status | Latitude | Longitude |
---|
References
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2002-2024a Malacology Collection Search. <missing URL>Beetle, Dorothy E. (1973) A checklist of the land and freshwater mollusks of Virginia, Sterkiana 49: 21-35
Bergmame, Laura and 5 authors (2011) Sphaeridiotrema globulus and Sphaeridiotrema pseudoglobulus (Digenea): Species differentiation based on MTDNA (barcode) and partial LSU-rDNA sequences, Journal of Parasitology 97(6): 1132-1136
Bilger, Michael D.; Riva-Murray, Karen;Wall, Gretchen L. (2005) <missing title>, U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. Pp. <missing location>
Brendelberger, H.; Jurgens, S. (1993) Suspension feeding in Bithynia tentaculata (Prosobranchia, Bithyniidae), as affected by body size, food and temperature, Oecologia 94: 36-42
Brendelberger, Heinz (1995) Growth of juvenile Bithynia tentaculata (Prosobranchia, Bithyniidae) under different food regimes: a long-term laboratory study, Journal of Molluscan Studies 62: 89-95
Burch, J. B. (1982) <missing title>, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati. Pp. <missing location>
Carlsson, Ralf (2006) Freshwater snail assemblages of semi-isolated brackish-water bays on the Aland Islands, SW Finland, Boreal Environment Research 11: 371-382
Clarke, Arthur H. (1981) <missing title>, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa. Pp. <missing location>
Cole, R. A.; Friend M. A. (1999) Miscellaneous parasitic diseases, In: Friend, Milton A., Franson, J. Christian(Eds.) Field manual of wildlife diseases. , Madison WI. Pp. 249-262
Coote, Thomas W.; Strayer, David W. (2009) Final Reports of the Tibor T. Polgar Fellowship Program, Section IV: Hudson River Foundation, <missing place>. Pp. 1-32
Dillon, R. T. Jr.; Watson, B.T.; Stewart, T. W.; Reeves, W. K. 2006-2024 The freshwater gastropods of North America. https://www.fwgna.org/
Dundee, Dee S. (1974) Catalog of introduced molluscs of eastern North America (North of Mexico), Sterkiana 55: 1-37
Dussart, G. B. (1979) Life cycles and distribution of the aquatic gastropod molluscs Bithynia tentaculata (L), Gyraulus albus (Muller), Planorbis planorbis (L.) and Lymnaea peregra (Muller) in relation to water chemistry, Hydrobiologia 67(3): 223-239
Fretter, Vera; Graham, Alastair (1962) British prosobranch molluscs: their functional anatomy and ecology, In: (Eds.) . , London. Pp. <missing location>
Fuller, Samuel (1978) The changing molluscan community, In: Flynn, Kevin C., and Mason, William T.(Eds.) The Freshwater Potomac: Aquatic Communities and Environmental Stresses. , Rockville, MD. Pp. 124-131
Hamilton, Suzanne (1979) <missing title>, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park MD. Pp. <missing location>
Harman, Willard N. (1968a) Replacement of pleurocerids by Bithynia in polluted waters of Central New York, Nautilus 81(3): 77-83
Harman, Willard N. (1968b) Interspecific competition between Bithynia and pleurocerids, Nautilus 82(2): 72-73
Henningsen, Justin P. and 6 authors (2010) Development and characterization of 17 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the faucet snail, Bithynia tentaculata (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Bithyniidae), Conservation Genetics Resources 2(1): 247-250
Hoeve, John; Scott, Marilyn E. (1988) Ecological studies on Cyathocotyle bushiensis (Digenea) and Sphaeridiotrema globulus (Digenea), possible pathogens of dabbling ducks in southern Quebec, Journal of Wildlife Diseases 24(3): 407-421
Jacobson, Morris K.; Emerson, William K. (1971) <missing title>, Dover Publications, Inc., New York. Pp. <missing location>
Jokinen, Eileen H. (1992) The freshwater snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of New York State, New York State Museum Bulletin 482: 1-89
Karatayev, Alexander Y. and 5 authors (2012) Exotic molluscs in the Great Lakes host epizootically important trematodes, Journal of Shellfish Research 31: 885-894
Keillor, Phillip (1993) Using filtration and induced infiltration intakes to exclude organsims from water supply systems, Engineering notes- University of Wisconsin Sea Grant 4: 1-14
Keller, Reuben P.; Drake, John M.; Lodge, David M. (2007) Fecundity as a basis for risk assessment of nonindigenous freshwater molluscs, Conservation Biology 21(1): 191-200
Krieger, Kenneth A. (1985) Snail distributions in Lake Erie: the influence of anoxia in the southern central basin nearshore zone., Ohio Journal of Science 85: 230-234
MacRae, Maria; Lepitzki, Dwayne A. W. (1994) Population estimation of the snail Bithynia tentaculata (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) using mark-recapture and the examination of snail movement in pools, Canadian Field-Naturalist 108(1): 58-66
Marsden, J. Ellen; Hauser, Michael (2009) Exotic species in Lake Champlain, Journal of Great Lakes Research 35: 250-265
Marshall, William B. (1933) Bulimus tentaculatus (L.) (Bithynia tentaculata) living in the Potomac River, Nautilus 46(4): 141-142
McKindsey, Christopher W.; Mclaughlin, J. Daniel (1994) Hatching dynamics of eggs as further evidence for the existence of two separate species of Sphaeridiotrema (Digenea) in Eastern North America, Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 61(1): 126-127
McLaughlin, J. Daniel; Scott, Marilyn E.; Huffman, Jane E. (1993) Sphaeridiotrema globulus (Rudolphi, 1814) (Digenea): evidence for two species known under a single name and a description of Sphaeridiotrema pseudoglobulus n.sp., Canadian Journal of Zoology 71: 700-707
Mills, Edward L.; Leach, Joseph H.; Carlton, James T.; Secor, Carol L. (1993) Exotic species in the Great Lakes: a history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions., Journal of Great Lakes Research 19(1): 1-54
Mills, Edward L.; Scheuerell, Mark D.; Carlton, James T.; Strayer, David (1997) Biological invasions in the Hudson River: an inventory and historical analysis., New York State Museum Circular 57: 1-51
Nakano, Daisuke; Strayer, David L. (2014) Biofouling animals in fresh water: biology, impacts, and ecosystem engineering, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12(3): 167: 175
Pearce, Timothy A.; Evans, Ryan (2008) Freshwater Mollusca of Plummers Island, Maryland, Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 15(1): 20-30
Pilsbry, H. A. (1927) Bithynia tentaculata in the Potomac, Nautilus 46(2): 69
Piscart, Christophe; Kefford, Ben J.; Beisel, Jean-Nicoloas (2011) Are salinity tolerances of non-native macroinvertebrates in France an indicator of potential for their translocation to a new area?, Limnologica 41: 107-112
Richards, Horace G. (1934) A list of mollusks of the District of Columbia and vicinity, American Midland Naturalist 15: 85-88
Sauer, Jennifer S.; Cole, Rebecca A.; Nissen, James M (2007) Finding the exotic faucet snail (Bithynia tentaculata): investigation of waterbird die-offs on the Upper Mississippi River national wildlife and fish refuge, USGS Open-File Report 1065: 1-3
Stewart, Timothy; Dillon, Robert T. (2004) Species composition and geographic distribution of Virginia's freshwater gastropod fauna: A review using historical records., American Malacological Bulletin 10(1/2): 79-91
Strayer, David (1987) Ecology and zoogeography of the freshwater mollusks of the Hudson River Basin, Malacological Review 20: 1-68
Strayer, David L. (1999) Effects of alien species on freshwater mollusks in North America, Journal of the North American Benthological Society 18(1): 74-98
Strayer, David L.; Smith, Lane C. (2000) Macroinvertebrates of a rocky shore in the freshwater tidal Hudson River, Estuaries 23(3): 359-366
Strayer, David; Smith, Lane C. (2000) Macroinvertebrates of a rocky shore in the freshwater tidal Hudson river., Estuaries 23(3): 359-366
Tashiro, Jay S.; Colman, Steven D. (1982) Filter-feeding in the freshwater prosobranch snail (Bithynia tentaculata): Bioenergetic partitioning of ingested nitrogen and carbon), American Midland Naturalist 107(1): 114-125
Thibault, Y.; Couture, R. (1982) Etude de la resistance thermique superieure de Bithynia tentaculata Linne (Gasteropode, Prosobranche) en fonction de l'acclimatation., Revue Canadienne de la Biologie Expérimentale 41(2): 97-104
Thorp, Angela G.; Jones, R. Christian; Kelso, Donald R. (1997) A comparison of water-column macroinvertebrate communities in beds of differing aquatic vegetation in the tidal freshwater Potomac River, Estuaries 20(1): 86-95
Trebitz, Anett S. and 5 authors (2010) Status of non-indigenous benthic invertebrates in the Duluth-Superior Harbor and the role of sampling methods in their detection, Journal of Great Lakes Research 36: 747-756
Trebitz, Anett; Shepard, Gerald; Brady, Valerie; Schmude, Kurt (2015) The non-native faucet snail (Bithynia tentaculata) makes the leap to Lake Superior, Journal of Great Lakes Research 41: 1197-1200
U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2002-2021 Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database. http://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/iz/
University of Michigan Zoology Museum 2013 Mollusks- Complete Catalog. <missing URL>
USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2003-2024 Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. https://nas.er.usgs.gov/
Verbrugge, Laura N. H.; Schipper, Aafke M.; Huijbregts, Mark A. J.; Van der Velde, Gerard; Leuven, Rob S. E. W. (2011) Sensitivity of native and non-native mollusc species to changing river water temperature and salinity, Biological Invasions 13: published online
Vincent, B. (1979) Etude du benthos d'eau douce dans le haut-estuaire du Saint-Laurent (Quebec), Canadian Journal of Zoology 57: 2171-2182
Vincent, B.; Gaucher, M. (1983) Variations de la fecondite et de la structure des populations chez Bithynia tentaculata L. (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia), Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 2417-2423
Vincent, B.; Vaillancourt G.; Harvey, M. (1981) Cycle de developpement, croissance, effectifs, biomasse, et production de Bithynia tentaculata L. (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) dans le Saint-Laurent (Quebec), Canadian Journal of Zoology 59(1237-1250): <missing location>
Wood, Allison M.; Haro, Cody R.; Haro, Roger J.; Sandland, Gregory J. (2011) Effects of desiccation on two life stages of an invasive snail and its native cohabitant, Hydrobiologia 675: 167-174
Zettler, Michael L.; Daunys, Darius (2007) Long-term macrozoobenthos changes in a shallow boreal lagoon: Comparison of a recent biodiversity inventory with historical data., Limnologica 37: 170-185