Invasion History
First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1933First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1933
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record: 1970
General Invasion History:
Styela clava is native to the Northwest Pacific, from Shanghai to the Sea of Okhotsk and the southeastern Bering Sea (Benyaminson, in Golikov et al. 1976; Nishikawa 1991). It has become widely distributed in coastal waters, through ship fouling and transport with oysters (Crassostrea gigas; Buizer 1980; Cohen and Carlton 1995; Lutzen 1999). The morphology of this tunicate, with its great attachment strength, and streamlined body, is well adapted for transport on the hulls of moving ships (Murray et al. 2012). In 1933, it was first collected in the Northeast Pacific in Newport Beach California, and has subsequently spread south to San Diego (in 1959), and north to San Francisco Bay (in 1949), Coos Bay Oregon (in 1993) and Vancouver Island, British Columbia (in 1995; Carlton and Cohen 1995). On the East Coast of North America, it was first collected in 1970 in Beverly, Massachusetts and Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and has subsequently spread south to Chincoteague, Virginia and north to Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia (Berman et al. 1992; U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2002-2012; Locke et al. 2007; Paul Fofonoff, personal observations 2013; Moore et al. 2014). In the northeast Atlantic, it was recorded in Plymouth, England in 1953, and has subsequently spread east, along the southern North Sea to the Limfjord and Kattegat in Denmark and south to Portugal and a Mediterranean lagoon (Buizer 1999; Lutzen 1999; Davis and Davis 2005; Davis and Davis 2007). In 1972, it invaded Port Philip Bay, Australia, and in 1977, Sydney Harbour (Hewitt et al. 1999). In 2005, it was discovered in New Zealand (Biosecurity New Zealand 2005a; Biosecurity New Zealand 2005b).
North American Invasion History:
Invasion History on the West Coast:
Styela clava was first collected on the West Coast in Newport, California in 1933 (Carlton 1979) and in Elkhorn Slough in 1935 (Carlton 1979; Lambert and Lambert 1998; Wasson et al. 2001). Styela clava was found at Point Richmond, in San Francisco Bay, in 1949, King Harbor (Redondo Beach) and Mission Bay (San Diego) in 1971, and San Diego Bay in 1972 (Carlton 1979; Cohen and Carlton 1995; Lambert and Lambert 1998; Nichols et al. 2023)). It was also collected in 1972 in Morro Bay, but has not been seen there since (Carlton 1979; Needles 2007). Surprisingly, although it has been established for 50 years in San Francisco Bay, it has not been reported from nearby Tomales Bay (Fairey et al. 2002), and is a recent invader in Bodega Harbor and Humboldt Bay (reported in 2000, Boyd et al. 2002).
North of California, Styela clava was first reported in Coos Bay, Oregon in 1993 (Cohen and Carlton 1995), and Vancouver Island, British Columbia and Drayton Harbor, in Blaine, Washington (on Georgia Straits) in 1998 (Lambert 2003). In 2001, it was collected in Neah Bay, Juan de Fuca Straits, on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington (deRivera et al. 2005), and in 2005 in the Hood Canal, part of Puget Sound (Center for Aquatic Resource Studies 2009).
Invasion History on the East Coast:
In the Northwest Atlantic, Styela clava was first collected in 1970 in Beverly, Massachusetts and in Portsmouth Harbor, New Hampshire (Berman et al., 1992). South of Cape Cod, the earliest record appears to be from 1973, on Long Island (Carlton, 1989). It was established in Narragansett Bay by 1976 (Fofonoff, personal observation; Plough 1978), and is now found throughout southern New England (Whitlatch and Osman 2000; MIT Sea Grant 2003; Carman et al. 2007; Carman et al. 2009). In 1998 it was found in Kennebunkport and Boothbay Harbor, Maine (Whitlatch and Osman 2000), and in 2000, in Portland Harbor, Casco Bay, Maine. In 1998, S. clava appeared in the Brudenell River, Prince Edward Island, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, where it has caused serious problems by fouling cultured mussels and the lines and racks used in their rearing (Locke et al. 2007). This tunicate has spread to several estuaries on Prince Edward Island (Ramsay et al. 2008; Arsenault et al. 2009). In 2012-2013, it was found at several sites in the Canso Canal, between the mainland of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island, and on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, in Halifax and Lunenburg harbors (Moore et al. 2014).
The southern extent of the range of S. clava is poorly known. It has been found in a New Jersey coastal inlet ~50 km north of Cape May (McDermott, personal communication, 1999). In November 2003, several S. clava were found washed ashore on Cape Henlopen, at the mouth of Delaware Bay (Fofonoff, unpublished data). In the Chesapeake Bay region, in 1994, a single specimen of S. clava (Catalog number 20711) was collected in Chincoteague VA (U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2002; Linda Cole, personal communication). We have not collected this species in Chesapeake Bay proper, but in 2013 we found established populations in the Indian River Inlet, Delaware; Ocean City Inlet, Maryland; and Chincoteague Inlet, Virginia (Paul Fofonoff and Kristen Larson, personal observations).
Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:
In Europe, Styela clava was first collected during 1953 in Plymouth, England, where it was mistakenly described as a new species, S. mammiculata (Carlsile 1954 cited by Lutzen 1999). It spread east along the English Channel (record in 1957 from Southampton) and across to France (record in 1968 from Dieppe) into the North Sea (record in 1974 from Den Helder, Netherlands) and to Denmark by 1991 (Buizer 1980; Lutzen 1999). In Ireland, it was first collected in Cork Harbor in 1971, and has spread north to a marina near Dublin on the Irish Sea, and to Kerry on the Atlantic Coast (Minchin et al. 2006). Styela clava spread south along the Atlantic coast of Europe, reaching Brest and Roscoff in Brittany in 1973 (Lutzen 1999) and Arcachon, France on the Bay of Biscay (Davis and Davis 2005). It now occurs at many locations on the Biscay and Atlantic coasts of Spain, with a current southern limit at Cascais, Portugal (Davis and Davis 2005). In 2006, it was found in a lagoon (Bassin de Thau) in Sete, France on the Mediterranean Sea. This basin is used intensively for oyster culture (Davis and Davis 2008). In 2004, S. clava was reported in Romanian waters of the Black Sea, as a 'casual' fouling organism, presumably not established (Micu and Micu 2004, cited by Skolka and Preda 2010). In 2012, an established population was found in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey, connecting the Black and Mediterranean Seas (Cinar 2016).
In 1972, Styela clava was found in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia, where it has become quite abundant. In 1977, it was found in Sydney Harbour, New South Wales. However, S. clava was not found in a 2000 port survey (Australian Museum Business Services 2002). In 2005, S. clava was found in several locations in New Zealand, including Auckland, Littleton, and Christchurch (Biosecurity New Zealand 2005a).
Description
Styela clava is a solitary tunicate with a leathery, but thin, and bumpy tunic. Its body is cylindrical or club-shaped and narrows posteriorly to a stalk that is anchored to the substrata by a disk shaped holdfast. The wrinkled or creased looking stalk is often 20-50% of the total body length. Styela clava can grow up to 150 mm in length. Colors can range from yellowish to reddish to brownish. The oral and atrial siphons are located close together and are directed anteriorly. Both siphons have four lobes and appear striped with alternating dark and light brownish to purplish bands (Kott 1985; Nishikawa 1991; Lambert 2003).
Taxonomy
Taxonomic Tree
Kingdom: | Animalia | |
Phylum: | Chordata | |
Subphylum: | Tunicata | |
Class: | Ascidiacea | |
Order: | Stolidobranchia | |
Family: | Styelidae | |
Genus: | Styela | |
Species: | clava |
Synonyms
Styela barnharti (Van Name, 1945)
Styela mammiculata (Carlisle, 1954)
Potentially Misidentified Species
Ecology
General:
Life History- A solitary tunicate is ovoid, elongate or vase-like in shape, with two openings or siphons. Most solitary tunicates attach to substrates by their side or base, but some attach with a conspicuous stalk. They are sessile filter feeders with two siphons, an oral and an atrial siphon. Water is pumped in through the oral siphon, where phytoplankton and detritus is filtered by the gills, and passed on mucus strings to the stomach and intestines. Waste is then expelled in the outgoing atrial water.
Solitary ascidians are hermaphroditic, meaning that both eggs and sperm are released to the atrial chamber. Eggs may be self-fertilized or fertilized by sperm from nearby animals, but many species have a partial block to self-fertilization. Depending on the species, eggs may be externally or internally fertilized. In external fertilizers, eggs and sperm are released through the atrial siphon into the surrounding water column were fertilization takes place. In internal fertilizers, eggs are brooded and fertilized within the atrial chamber and then released into the water column upon hatching. Fertilized eggs hatch into a tadpole larva with a muscular tail, notochord, eyespots, and a set of adhesive papillae. The lecithotrophic (non-feeding, yolk-dependent) larva swims briefly before settlement. Swimming periods are usually less than a day and some larvae settle immediately after release, but the larval period can be longer at lower temperatures. Once settled, the tail is absorbed, the gill basket expands, and the tunicate begins to feed by filtering (Barnes 1983).
In all part of its native and introduced range, S. clava is more frequently reported from anthropogenic stuctures than from natural surfaces, (Simkanin et al. 2012). Dock floats are especially favored habitats, probably because their motion provides rapid water exchange, and a fresh supply of food-laden water (Glasby 2001). Other colonized man-made structures include pilings, piers, aquaculture structures, and boat hulls (Carman et al. 2010; Davidson et al. 2010; Simkanin et al. 2012). Natural habitats include rocky reefs, bivalve colonies, seaweeds, (White and Orr 2011; Simkanin et al. 2012).
Food:
Phytoplankton
Consumers:
snails, fish, crabs, urchins
Trophic Status:
Suspension Feeder
SusFedHabitats
General Habitat | Coarse Woody Debris | None |
General Habitat | Oyster Reef | None |
General Habitat | Marinas & Docks | None |
General Habitat | Rocky | None |
General Habitat | Vessel Hull | None |
Salinity Range | Polyhaline | 18-30 PSU |
Salinity Range | Euhaline | 30-40 PSU |
Tidal Range | Subtidal | None |
Tidal Range | Low Intertidal | None |
Vertical Habitat | Epibenthic | None |
Life History
Tolerances and Life History Parameters
Minimum Temperature (ºC) | -2 | Field data, Denmark (Lutzing 1998) |
Maximum Temperature (ºC) | 26.6 | Field data, Thau Lagoon, France (Davis and Davis 2009) |
Minimum Salinity (‰) | 18 | Experimental data; animals from Denmark, transferred stepwise (Lutzen 1998). |
Maximum Salinity (‰) | 35 | Field data (Lutzen 1998, experimental data (Sims 1984, highest tested) |
Minimum Reproductive Temperature | 15 | Field data, Davis and Davis 2007; Wong et al. 2011 |
Maximum Length (mm) | 90 | Kott 1985; Nishikawa 1991; Lambert 2003 |
Broad Temperature Range | None | Cold temperate-Warm temperate |
Broad Salinity Range | None | Polyhaline-Euhaline |
General Impacts
Economic Impacts
Fisheries: The largest economic impacts of Styela clava have been seen in Prince Edward Island, Canada, where dense populations of tunicates have fouled cages used for fish aquaculture, and ropes, racks, and other gear used in mussel culture (Locke et al. 2007; Arsenault et al. 2009). The tunicates compete with cultured mussels, reducing mussel harvests by ~50%. The estimated economic impact is 34-88 million $CAN per year (Coulatti et al. 2006). Another negative potential impact of S. clava and other tunicates is that when they foul aquaculture gear and boats, they can retain and transport viable cells and cysts of toxic phytoplankton (Rosa et al. 2013). On the positive side, S. clava is a popular food item in Korea. Styela clava and S. plicata are extensively cultured on long lines in Korea and Japan (Lambert et al. 2016). Fisheries for S. clava, in New England, for the Korean market appear feasible (Karney and Rhee 2009).
Shipping and Industry: Styela clava can grow in very dense populations on boat hulls, docks, fishing gear, and aquaculture equipment.
Ecological Impacts
Competition: Styela clava typically grows in dense populations, dominating large patches in fouling communities. Styela clava is abundant in Southern California harbors, often forming dense patches with 100% cover (Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003). It and other introduced ascidians have replaced the native species Pyura haustor and Ascidia ceratodes from southern California harbors (Lambert and Lambert 1998). It covered 18.5% of fouling plate surfaces in one-year old assemblages near Avery Point, Connecticut, Long Island Sound (Altman and Whitlatch 2007). It can reduce the growth rate of co-occurring species through its intense filtration of the water column (Osman and Whitlatch 2000). In English waters, the population growth of S. clava was paralleled by a decrease in Ciona intestinalis (Lutzen 1999). Styela clava grows in very dense populations in Port Phillip Bay, Australia, apparently displacing other fouling organisms. Because of its high filtering rate, it was expected to compete for food with other suspension-feeding taxa (Currie et al. 1999); however, this effect was not seen in the experiments conducted by Ross et al. (2007).
Habitat Change: The dense aggregations frequently formed by Styela clava exclude other organisms but also provide secondary substrate for other fouling organisms. The tunics of S. clava are frequently fouled by colonial tunicates. In experimental studies, soft sediment fauna from Port Phillip Bay, Australia, showed idiosyncratic responses to increased Styela density, with crustaceans and tanaids, decreasing, while the deposit-feeding bivalve Laternula rostrata increased (Ross et al. 2007).
Predation: Styela clava can inhibit settlement of co-occurring fouling organisms through predation on planktonic larvae, as a result of high filtering rates (Osman and Whitlatch 2000).
Food/Prey: Newly settled S. clava in Long Island Sound are prone to intense predation by the snails Astyris lunata (= Mitrella lunata) and Costoanachis translirata (= Anachis lafresnayi of authors) (Osman and Whitlatch 2000; Whitlatch and Osman 2009). Older juveniles are subject to predation by fishes, mostly Tautog (Tautoga onitis) and Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) (Osman and Whitlatch 2000).
Regional Impacts
NEP-V | Northern California to Mid Channel Islands | Economic Impact | Fisheries | ||
Common oyster fouling organism (Carlton 1979) | |||||
NEP-V | Northern California to Mid Channel Islands | Economic Impact | Shipping/Boating | ||
Common hull and dock fouling oganism (Carlton 1979) | |||||
P090 | San Francisco Bay | Economic Impact | Shipping/Boating | ||
Common dock and hull fouling organism. | |||||
M040 | Long Island Sound | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Styela clava is frequently abundant and often the dominant fouling organism in harbors. It covered 18.5% of fouling plate surface in one-year old assemblages near Avery Point, CT (Altman and Whitlatch 2007). It can reduce the growth rate of co-occurring species through its intense filtration of the water column (Osman and Whitlatch 2000). | |||||
NA-S3 | None | Economic Impact | Fisheries | ||
Fouling of aquaculture cages (Arsenault et al. 2009). Competition with cultured mollusks for food and space. Reduces mussel harvests by ~50%, estimated impact 34-88 miliion $CAN per year (Coulatti et al. 2006). | |||||
NA-ET3 | Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Styela clava is frequently abundant and often the dominant fouling organism in harbors. It covered 18.5% of fouling plate surfaces in one-year old assemblages near Avery Point, Connecticut, Long Island Sound (Altman and Whitlatch 2007). It can reduce the growth rate of co-occurring species through its intense filtration of the water column (Osman and Whitlatch 2000). Styela clava is abundant in harbors with varying water quaility, including those with poor, fair and good quality (Carman et al. 2007). | |||||
NA-ET2 | Bay of Fundy to Cape Cod | Economic Impact | Fisheries | ||
Farming Styela clava for the Korean market appears feasible (Karney and Rhee 2009). | |||||
NA-S3 | None | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Competition with cultured mussels for food and space (Coulatti et al. 2006; Gittenberger 2009; Comeau et al. 2015). | |||||
NA-ET3 | Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras | Ecological Impact | Predation | ||
Styela clava can inhibit settlement of co-occurring fouling organisms through predation on planktonic larvae, as a result of high filtering rates (Osman and Whitlatch 2000). | |||||
AUS-VIII | None | Ecological Impact | Habitat Change | ||
In experimental studies with various densities of Styela clava, fauna from Port Phillip Bay showed idiosyncratic responses to increased Styela density, with crustaceans, and tanaids, as a group decreasing, while the deposit-feeding bivalve Laternula rostrata increased. These changes appeared to be due to subtle changes in hydrodynamics, sediment quality, emigration or altered survival in Styela rather than community-wide effects (Ross et al. 2007). | |||||
NEP-VI | Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Styela clava is abundant in Southern California harbors, often forming dense patches with 100% cover (Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003). It and other introduced ascidians have replaced the native species Pyura haustor and Ascidia ceratodes in southern California harbors (Lambert and Lambert 1998). | |||||
P020 | San Diego Bay | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Styela clava is abundant in Southern California harbors, often forming dense patches with 100% cover (Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003). It and other introduced ascidians have replaced the native species Pyura haustor and Ascidia ceratodes in southern California harbors (Lambert and Lambert 1998). | |||||
P030 | Mission Bay | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Styela clava is abundant in Southern California harbors, often forming dense patches with 100% cover (Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003). It and other introduced ascidians have replaced the native species Pyura haustor and Ascidia ceratodes in southern California harbors (Lambert and Lambert 1998). | |||||
P023 | _CDA_P023 (San Louis Rey-Escondido) | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Styela clava is abundant in Southern California harbors, often forming dense patches with 100% cover (Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003). It and other introduced ascidians have replaced the native species Pyura haustor and Ascidia ceratodes in southern California harbors (Lambert and Lambert 1998). | |||||
P027 | _CDA_P027 (Aliso-San Onofre) | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Styela clava is abundant in Southern California harbors, often forming dense patches with 100% cover (Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003). It and other introduced ascidians have replaced the native species Pyura haustor and Ascidia ceratodes in southern California harbors (Lambert and Lambert 1998). | |||||
P040 | Newport Bay | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Styela clava is abundant in Southern California harbors, often forming dense patches with 100% cover (Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003). It and other introduced ascidians have replaced the native species Pyura haustor and Ascidia ceratodes in southern California harbors (Lambert and Lambert 1998). | |||||
P050 | San Pedro Bay | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Styela clava is abundant in Southern California harbors, often forming dense patches with 100% cover (Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003). It and other introduced ascidians have replaced the native species Pyura haustor and Ascidia ceratodes in southern California harbors (Lambert and Lambert 1998). | |||||
P060 | Santa Monica Bay | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Styela clava is abundant in Southern California harbors, often forming dense patches with 100% cover (Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003). It and other introduced ascidians have replaced the native species Pyura haustor and Ascidia ceratodes in southern California harbors (Lambert and Lambert 1998). | |||||
P062 | _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Styela clava is abundant in Southern California harbors, often forming dense patches with 100% cover (Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003). It and other introduced ascidians have replaced the native species Pyura haustor and Ascidia ceratodes in southern California harbors (Lambert and Lambert 1998). | |||||
P064 | _CDA_P064 (Ventura) | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Styela clava is abundant in Southern California harbors, often forming dense patches with 100% cover (Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003). It and other introduced ascidians have replaced the native species Pyura haustor and Ascidia ceratodes in southern California harbors (Lambert and Lambert 1998). | |||||
P065 | _CDA_P065 (Santa Barbara Channel) | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Styela clava is abundant in Southern California harbors, often forming dense patches with 100% cover (Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003). It and other introduced ascidians have replaced the native species Pyura haustor and Ascidia ceratodes in southern California harbors (Lambert and Lambert 1998). | |||||
M040 | Long Island Sound | Ecological Impact | Predation | ||
Styela clava can inhibit settlement of co-occurring fouling organisms through predation on planktonic larvae, as a result of high filtering rates (Osman and Whitlatch 2000). | |||||
M040 | Long Island Sound | Ecological Impact | Food/Prey | ||
Newly settled Styela clava in Long Island Sound are prone to intense predation by the snails Astyris lunata (= Mitrella lunata) and Costoanachis translirata (= Anachis lafresnayi of authors) (Osman and Whitlatch 2000; Whitlatch and Osman 2009). Older juveniles are subject to predation by fishes, mostly Tautog (Tautoga onitis) and Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus; Osman and Whitlatch 2000). | |||||
M010 | Buzzards Bay | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Styela clava is abundant in harbors with poor and fair as well as good water quality (Carman et al. 2007). | |||||
N185 | _CDA_N185 (Cape Cod) | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Styela clava is abundant in harbors with poor and fair as well as good water quality (Carman et al. 2007). | |||||
NEA-II | None | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Populations increased 'explosively' in the Eastern Scheldt, presumably displacing native species (Buizer 1980). In English waters, the population growth of S. clava was paralelled by a decrease in Ciona intestinalis (Lutzen 1999). | |||||
NA-ET3 | Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras | Ecological Impact | Food/Prey | ||
Newly settled Styela clava in Long Island Sound are prone to intense predation by the snails Astyris lunata (= Mitrella lunata) and Costoanachis translirata (= Anachis lafresnayi of authors) (Osman and Whitlatch 2000; Whitlatch and Osman 2009). Older juveniles are subject to predation by fishes, mostly Tautog (Tautoga onitis) and Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus; Osman and Whitlach 2000). | |||||
AUS-VIII | None | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Styela clava grows in very dense populations in Port Phillip Bay, apparently displacing other fouling organisms. Because of its high filtering rate, it was expected to compete for food with other suspension-feeding taxa (Currie et al. 1999). This was not seen in experiments conducted by Ross et al. (2007). | |||||
N195 | _CDA_N195 (Cape Cod) | Economic Impact | Fisheries | ||
Styela clava was found fouling aquaculture gear at 21 sites, and cultured Bay Scallops (Aequipecten irradians) at two sites, of 26 aquaculture sites surveyed on Marthas Vineyard (Carman et al. 2010). This tunicate was also reported at aquaculture sites in Rhode Island (Carman et al. 2010). | |||||
NA-ET3 | Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras | Economic Impact | Fisheries | ||
Styela clava was found fouling aquaculture gear at 21 sites, and cultured Bay Scallops (Aequipecten irradians) at two sites, of 26 aquaculture sites surveyed on Marthas Vineyard (Carman et al. 2010). Styela clava was also reported to be fouling aquaculture sites in Rhode Island and New York state (Carman et al. 2010). | |||||
N195 | _CDA_N195 (Cape Cod) | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Styela clava is abundant in harbors with poor and fair as well as good water quality (Carman et al. 2007) | |||||
NEA-II | None | Economic Impact | Shipping/Boating | ||
Fouling impacts fave been reported for the British Isles (Minchin et al. 2013). | |||||
SA-I | None | Ecological Impact | Habitat Change | ||
Styela clavad facilitated the invasion of the seaweed Undaria pinnatifida by providing an attachment site for sporelings (Pereyra et al. 2015;Pereyra et al. 2017) | |||||
NEA-III | None | Economic Impact | Fisheries | ||
Fouling of cultured mussels by a variety of non-native tunicates was reported beginning in 2013, and was a serious problem by 2016 (Palanisamy et al. 2018). | |||||
NZ-IV | None | Economic Impact | Fisheries | ||
The impact of Styela clava on Greenshell Mussel (Perna canaliculus) aquaculture in New Zealand was estimated at NZ $23.9 million (Soliman and Inglis 2018). | |||||
CA | California | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Styela clava is abundant in Southern California harbors, often forming dense patches with 100% cover (Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003). It and other introduced ascidians have replaced the native species Pyura haustor and Ascidia ceratodes in southern California harbors (Lambert and Lambert 1998)., Styela clava is abundant in Southern California harbors, often forming dense patches with 100% cover (Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003). It and other introduced ascidians have replaced the native species Pyura haustor and Ascidia ceratodes in southern California harbors (Lambert and Lambert 1998)., |
|||||
CA | California | Economic Impact | Shipping/Boating | ||
Common hull and dock fouling oganism (Carlton 1979), Common dock and hull fouling organism. | |||||
CA | California | Economic Impact | Fisheries | ||
Common oyster fouling organism (Carlton 1979) | |||||
MA | Massachusetts | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
Styela clava is abundant in harbors with poor and fair as well as good water quality (Carman et al. 2007)., Styela clava is abundant in harbors with poor and fair as well as good water quality (Carman et al. 2007)., Styela clava is abundant in harbors with poor and fair as well as good water quality (Carman et al. 2007) | |||||
MA | Massachusetts | Economic Impact | Fisheries | ||
Styela clava was found fouling aquaculture gear at 21 sites, and cultured Bay Scallops (Aequipecten irradians) at two sites, of 26 aquaculture sites surveyed on Marthas Vineyard (Carman et al. 2010). This tunicate was also reported at aquaculture sites in Rhode Island (Carman et al. 2010). |
Regional Distribution Map
Bioregion | Region Name | Year | Invasion Status | Population Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
NA-ET2 | Bay of Fundy to Cape Cod | 1970 | Non-native | Established |
NA-ET3 | Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras | 1973 | Non-native | Established |
NEP-IV | Puget Sound to Northern California | 1993 | Non-native | Established |
NEP-V | Northern California to Mid Channel Islands | 1935 | Non-native | Established |
NA-S3 | None | 1998 | Non-native | Established |
NEA-II | None | 1957 | Non-native | Established |
AUS-VIII | None | 1972 | Non-native | Established |
B-II | None | 1991 | Non-native | Established |
NEA-III | None | 1953 | Non-native | Established |
NWP-3b | None | 0 | Native | Established |
NWP-4a | None | 0 | Native | Established |
NWP-3a | None | 0 | Native | Established |
NEA-IV | None | 1971 | Non-native | Established |
NWP-5 | None | 0 | Native | Established |
NWP-4b | None | 0 | Native | Established |
NEP-VI | Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California | 1933 | Non-native | Established |
NEP-III | Alaskan panhandle to N. of Puget Sound | 1995 | Non-native | Established |
AUS-X | None | 1977 | Non-native | Established |
NEA-V | None | 1980 | Non-native | Established |
NZ-IV | None | 2002 | Non-native | Established |
P050 | San Pedro Bay | 1994 | Non-native | Established |
P130 | Humboldt Bay | 2000 | Non-native | Established |
M010 | Buzzards Bay | 1986 | Non-native | Established |
M040 | Long Island Sound | 1988 | Non-native | Established |
P020 | San Diego Bay | 1972 | Non-native | Established |
N130 | Great Bay | 1970 | Non-native | Established |
M020 | Narragansett Bay | 1976 | Non-native | Established |
M080 | New Jersey Inland Bays | 1998 | Non-native | Established |
M120 | Chincoteague Bay | 1994 | Non-native | Established |
M090 | Delaware Bay | 2003 | Non-native | Established |
M030 | Gardiners Bay | 1973 | Non-native | Established |
N185 | _CDA_N185 (Cape Cod) | 1998 | Non-native | Established |
N180 | Cape Cod Bay | 1998 | Non-native | Established |
N170 | Massachusetts Bay | 1970 | Non-native | Established |
N116 | _CDA_N116 (Piscataqua-Salmon Falls) | 1998 | Non-native | Established |
N100 | Casco Bay | 2000 | Non-native | Established |
N070 | Damariscotta River | 2007 | Non-native | Established |
P030 | Mission Bay | 1971 | Non-native | Established |
P023 | _CDA_P023 (San Louis Rey-Escondido) | 1994 | Non-native | Established |
P040 | Newport Bay | 1933 | Non-native | Established |
P060 | Santa Monica Bay | 1971 | Non-native | Established |
P062 | _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) | 1994 | Non-native | Established |
P064 | _CDA_P064 (Ventura) | 1994 | Non-native | Established |
P065 | _CDA_P065 (Santa Barbara Channel) | 1994 | Non-native | Established |
P070 | Morro Bay | 1972 | Non-native | Unknown |
P080 | Monterey Bay | 1935 | Non-native | Established |
P090 | San Francisco Bay | 1949 | Non-native | Established |
P112 | _CDA_P112 (Bodega Bay) | 2000 | Non-native | Established |
P286 | _CDA_P286 (Crescent-Hoko) | 2001 | Non-native | Established |
P297 | _CDA_P297 (Strait of Georgia) | 1998 | Non-native | Established |
P290 | Puget Sound | 2005 | Non-native | Established |
P170 | Coos Bay | 1993 | Non-native | Established |
N195 | _CDA_N195 (Cape Cod) | 1986 | Non-native | Established |
N190 | Waquoit Bay | 2003 | Non-native | Established |
P027 | _CDA_P027 (Aliso-San Onofre) | 1994 | Non-native | Established |
MED-II | None | 2006 | Non-native | Established |
P056 | _CDA_P056 (Los Angeles) | 1971 | Non-native | Established |
M023 | _CDA_M023 (Narragansett) | 2007 | Non-native | Established |
N140 | Hampton Harbor | 2003 | Non-native | Established |
N080 | Sheepscot Bay | 1998 | Non-native | Established |
N050 | Penobscot Bay | 2007 | Non-native | Established |
N165 | _CDA_N165 (Charles) | 2009 | Non-native | Established |
MED-IX | None | 2004 | Non-native | Unknown |
M100 | Delaware Inland Bays | 2013 | Non-native | Established |
NA-ET1 | Gulf of St. Lawrence to Bay of Fundy | 2012 | Non-native | Established |
N165 | _CDA_N165 (Charles) | 2004 | Non-native | Established |
SA-I | None | 2013 | Non-native | Established |
MED-VIII | None | 2012 | Non-native | Established |
B-III | None | 207 | Non-native | Unknown |
B-I | None | 2013 | Non-native | Established |
NEP-II | Alaska south of the Aleutians to the Alaskan panhandle | 1975 | Crypogenic | Established |
AR-V | None | 2013 | Non-native | Established |
M060 | Hudson River/Raritan Bay | 2019 | Non-native | Established |
MED-VII | None | 2021 | Non-native | Established |
Occurrence Map
OCC_ID | Author | Year | Date | Locality | Status | Latitude | Longitude |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3940 | Fofonoff, personal observation | None | 2003-12-01 | Cape Henlopen | Non-native | 38.8032 | -75.0946 |
3941 | McDermott, personal communication | 1998 | 1998-01-01 | 0 mi NE of Cape May/ | Non-native | 38.9350 | -74.9064 |
3942 | MIT Sea Grant 2003 | 2003 | 2003-08-07 | South Jamesport | Non-native | 40.9364 | -72.5778 |
3943 | Carlton 1989 | 1972 | 1972-01-01 | Long Island Sound | Non-native | 41.0833 | -73.0000 |
3945 | MIT Sea Grant 2003 | 2003 | 2003-08-08 | Stamford | Non-native | 41.0533 | -73.5392 |
3946 | MIT Sea Grant 2003 | 2003 | 2003-08-08 | Milford Yacht Club, Milford/ | Non-native | 41.2222 | -73.0569 |
3947 | MIT Sea Grant 2003 | 2003 | 2003-08-07 | Brewer Yacht Yard, Mystic | Non-native | 41.3542 | -71.9669 |
3948 | Whitlach and Osman 2000 | 1997 | 1997-08-01 | Groton | Non-native | 41.3500 | -72.0789 |
3993 | MIT Sea Grant 2003 | 2000 | 2000-08-16 | Warwick | Non-native | 41.6839 | -71.3917 |
3994 | MIT Sea Grant 2003 | 2003 | 2003-08-06 | Allen Harbor, North Kingstown | Non-native | 41.6237 | -71.4126 |
3995 | Plough 1978, MITSea Grant 2003 | 1978 | 1978-01-01 | Wickford Marina, Wickford | Non-native | 41.5739 | -71.4619 |
3996 | MIT Sea Grant 2003 | 2000 | 2000-08-15 | Colt State Park, Bristol | Non-native | 41.6697 | -71.3014 |
3997 | MIT Sea Grant 2003 | 2000 | 2000-08-15 | Coasters Harbor Island, Newport | Non-native | 41.5107 | -71.3270 |
3998 | MIT Sea Grant 2003 | 2004 | 2004-04-01 | Beavertail Point | Non-native | 41.4490 | -71.3995 |
3999 | Whitlach and Osman 2000 | 1998 | 1998-08-01 | Sakonnet Point | Non-native | 41.4542 | -71.1953 |
4000 | MIT Sea Grant 2003 | 2000 | 2000-08-06 | Westport River | Non-native | 41.5125 | -71.0894 |
4001 | MIT Sea Grant 2003 | 2000 | 2000-08-11 | Massachusetts Maritime Academy, Bourne | Non-native | 41.7394 | -70.6244 |
4002 | MIT Sea Grant 2003 | 2000 | 2000-08-11 | New Bedford | Non-native | 41.6778 | -70.9167 |
4003 | MIT Sea Grant 2003 | 1986 | 1986-01-01 | Woods Hole | Non-native | 41.5257 | -70.6703 |
4004 | Whitlach and Osman 2000 | 1998 | 1998-08-01 | Hyannis | Non-native | 41.6528 | -70.2833 |
4005 | Whitlach and Osman 2000 | 1998 | 1998-08-01 | Barnstable | Non-native | 41.7167 | -70.2667 |
4006 | MIT Sea Grant 2003 | 2000 | 2000-08-10 | Sandwich | Non-native | 41.7650 | -70.4750 |
4007 | Whitlach and Osman 2000 | 1998 | 1998-08-01 | Plymouth | Non-native | 41.9750 | -70.6667 |
4008 | MIT Sea Grant 2003 | 2000 | 2000-08-09 | Quincy | Non-native | 42.2528 | -71.0028 |
4009 | MIT Sea Grant 2003 | 2000 | 2000-08-07 | Rowes Wharf, Boston | Non-native | 42.3569 | -71.0414 |
4010 | Berman et al. 1992 | None | 1970-01-01 | Beverly | Non-native | 42.5583 | -70.8806 |
4011 | MIT Sea Grant 2003 | 2000 | 2000-08-08 | Gloucester State Pier | Non-native | 42.5958 | -70.6694 |
4012 | MIT Sea Grant 2003 | 2003 | 2003-08-03 | Hampton State Pier | Non-native | 42.9375 | -70.8394 |
4013 | Berman et al. 1992 | 1985 | 1985-01-01 | Portsmouth | Non-native | 43.0717 | -70.7631 |
4014 | Whitlach and Osman 2000 | 1998 | 1998-08-01 | Kennebunkport | Non-native | 43.3617 | -70.4772 |
4015 | MIT Sea Grant 2003 | 2003 | 2003-08-04 | Portland Yacht Services, Portland/ | Non-native | 43.6575 | -70.2411 |
4016 | Whitlach and Osman 2000 | 1998 | 1998-01-01 | Boothbay Harbor | Non-native | 43.8522 | -69.6286 |
4017 | Fisheries and Oceans Canada 2002 | 1996 | 1996-01-01 | Brudenell River (Gulf of St.Lawrence) | Non-native | 46.1833 | -62.5500 |
4114 | Lambert and Lambert 2003 | 2000 | 2000-08-01 | Ensenada | Non-native | 31.8667 | -116.6167 |
4116 | Abbott and Johnson 1972; Carlton 1979 | 1971 | 1971-01-01 | San Diego | Non-native | 32.7792 | -117.2333 |
4117 | Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 | 1994 | 1994-08-27 | Oceanside | Non-native | 33.2078 | -117.3942 |
4118 | Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 | 1994 | 1994-09-18 | Dana Point | Non-native | 33.4597 | -117.6947 |
4120 | Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 | 1994 | 1994-09-04 | Long Beach | Non-native | 33.7489 | -118.2229 |
4121 | Carlton 1979; Cohen et al. 2002 | 1971 | 1971-01-01 | Redondo Beach | Non-native | 33.8464 | -118.3969 |
4122 | Lambert and Lambert 1998; Cohen et al. 2002 | 1994 | 1994-10-01 | Port Hueneme | Non-native | 34.1481 | -119.2019 |
4123 | Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 | 1994 | 1994-10-01 | Ventura | Non-native | 34.2495 | -119.2648 |
4124 | Lambert and Lambert 1998; Lambert and Lambert 2003 | 1994 | 1994-10-01 | Santa Barbara Harbor | Non-native | 34.4072 | -119.6887 |
4125 | Abbot and Johnson 1972, Carlton 1979 | 1972 | 1972-01-01 | Morro Bay | Non-native | 35.3378 | -120.8513 |
4128 | Cohen and Carlton 1995, Ruiz et al. unpublished | None | 1993-01-01 | South San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.5133 | -122.2075 |
4130 | Boyd et al. 2002 | 2000 | 2000-01-01 | Woodley Island Marina/ | Non-native | 40.8097 | -124.1594 |
4131 | Cohen and Carlton 1995; Wonham et al. 2005 | 1993 | 1993-01-01 | Coos Bay | Non-native | 43.4294 | -124.2286 |
4132 | Lambert 2003 | 2001 | 2001-08-18 | Neah Bay | Non-native | 48.3712 | -124.6100 |
4133 | Lambert 2003 | 1998 | 1998-09-03 | Drayton Harbor (near Blaine, WA) | Non-native | 48.9959 | -122.7638 |
4134 | Center for Aquatic Resource Studies 2006 | 2005 | 2005-10-01 | Pleasant Harbor [just S of Brinnon, WA] | Non-native | 47.6620 | -122.9163 |
4135 | Lambert 2003 | 1993 | 1993-01-01 | French Creek, Vancover Island/ | Non-native | 49.3500 | -124.3500 |
4136 | Lambert 2003 | 1998 | 1998-09-04 | Brechin Point, Nanaimo | Non-native | 49.1833 | -123.9500 |
4137 | Lambert 2003 | 2000 | 2000-12-09 | Duncan | Non-native | 48.8167 | -123.6000 |
4138 | Kashin et al. 2003 | None | 9999-01-01 | Pacific Maritime region | Native | 42.8000 | 132.9500 |
4139 | Zvyagintsev 1992 | 1986 | 1986-09-01 | Amur Bay, Sea of Japan (Zvyagintsev 1992) | Native | 43.3000 | 131.8000 |
4140 | Golikov, A. N. et al. | 1976 | 1976-01-01 | Vladivostok area | Native | 43.0000 | 132.5000 |
4141 | Nishikawa 1991 | 1991 | 1991-01-01 | Rishiri Island, Hokkaido/ | Native | 45.1667 | 141.2500 |
4142 | Nishikawa 1991 | 1991 | 1991-01-01 | Rebun Island | Native | 45.3644 | 141.0331 |
4143 | Nishikawa 1991 | 1991 | 1991-01-01 | Esashi | Native | 41.8572 | 140.1231 |
4144 | Nishikawa 1991 | 1991 | 1885-01-01 | Hakodate, | Native | 41.7758 | 140.7367 |
4145 | Nishikawa 1991 | 1991 | 1991-01-01 | Mutsu Bay | Native | 41.0800 | 140.8378 |
4146 | Nishikawa 1991 | 1991 | 1991-01-01 | Oga | Native | 39.5500 | 139.5000 |
4147 | Nishikawa 1991 | 1991 | 1991-01-01 | Sado Island | Native | 38.0333 | 138.2500 |
4148 | Nishikawa 1991 | 1991 | 1991-01-01 | Wakasa Bay | Native | 35.7500 | 135.6667 |
4149 | Nishikawa 1991 | 1951 | 1951-01-01 | Akkeshi | Native | 43.0356 | 144.8525 |
4150 | Nishikawa 1991 | 1960 | 1960-01-01 | Matsushima Bay | Native | 38.3667 | 141.0717 |
4151 | Nishikawa 1991 | 1953 | 1953-01-01 | Tokyo Bay | Native | 35.4169 | 139.7836 |
4152 | Nishikawa 1991 | 1953 | 1953-01-01 | Sagami Bay | Native | 35.3333 | 139.2500 |
4153 | Nishikawa 1991 | 1991 | 1991-01-01 | Ise Bay | Native | 34.7167 | 136.7167 |
4154 | Nishikawa 1991 | 1906 | 1906-01-01 | Kii Peninsula | Native | 34.0000 | 135.7500 |
4155 | Nishikawa 1991 | 1991 | 1967-01-01 | Nagasaki | Native | 32.7500 | 129.8667 |
4156 | Rho 1991 | 1991 | 1977-07-08 | Naedo | Native | 36.9833 | 126.7500 |
4157 | Rho 1991 | 1977 | 1977-07-09 | Chisep'o | Native | 34.8256 | 128.7097 |
4158 | Rho 1991 | 1984 | 1984-07-02 | Tae'chon | Native | 36.3467 | 126.6047 |
4159 | Rho 1991 | 1982 | 1982-07-10 | Tolsan-do Island/ | Native | 34.6300 | 127.7600 |
4160 | Rho 1991 | 1985 | 1985-05-26 | Sodol | Native | 37.8000 | 129.0000 |
4161 | Rho 1991 | 1985 | 1985-10-27 | P'ohang | Native | 36.0403 | 129.3711 |
4162 | Nishikawa 1991 | 1967 | 1967-01-01 | Yantai | Native | 37.5333 | 121.4000 |
4163 | Nishikawa 1991 | 1967 | 1967-01-01 | Shanghai | Native | 31.1094 | 121.3681 |
4164 | Nishikawa 1991 | 1885 | 1885-01-01 | East China Sea | Native | 31.0000 | 125.0000 |
4165 | Nishikawa 1991 | 1975 | 1975-01-01 | East China Sea | Native | 31.2667 | 123.5833 |
4166 | Huang 2001 | 2001 | 2001-01-01 | Lushun | Native | 38.8000 | 121.2667 |
4167 | Huang 2001 | 2001 | 2001-01-01 | Tanggu, | Native | 39.0211 | 117.6469 |
4168 | Huang 2001 | 2001 | 2001-01-01 | Qingdao | Native | 36.0814 | 120.3367 |
4169 | Huang 2001 | 2001 | 2001-01-01 | Lianyngang | Native | 34.5997 | 119.1594 |
4170 | Huang 2001 | 2001 | 2001-01-01 | Luoyuan | Native | 26.4856 | 119.5492 |
4171 | Lutzen 1998 | 1953 | 1953-01-01 | Plymouth | Non-native | 50.4000 | -4.1167 |
4172 | Lutzen 1998 | 1968 | 1968-09-01 | Celtic Sea | Non-native | 51.7000 | -5.1167 |
4173 | Lutzen 1998 | 1985 | 1985-01-01 | Heysham Harbor, Irish Sea | Non-native | 54.0333 | -2.9000 |
4174 | Lutzen 1998 | None | 9999-01-01 | Millport, Isle of Cumbrae | Non-native | 55.7500 | -4.9500 |
4175 | Lutzen 1998; Minchin et al. 2006 | 1971 | 1971-01-01 | Marloge Marina, County Cork | Non-native | 51.8986 | -8.4958 |
4176 | Minchin et al. 2006 | 2004 | 2004-09-01 | Fenit Harbor Marina | Non-native | 52.2808 | -9.8675 |
4177 | Minchin et al. 2006 | 2004 | 2004-09-01 | Dingle Marina, Dingle | Non-native | 52.1408 | -10.2689 |
4178 | Minchin et al. 2006 | 2004 | 2004-08-01 | Dun Laoghaire Marina | Non-native | 53.2925 | -6.1286 |
4179 | Lutzen 1998 | 1962 | 1962-01-01 | Poole | Non-native | 50.7000 | -2.0000 |
4180 | Lutzen 1998 | 1957 | 1957-01-01 | Southampton | Non-native | 50.9000 | -1.4000 |
4181 | Lutzen 1998 | 1958 | 1958-01-01 | Portsmouth | Non-native | 50.7667 | -1.0833 |
4182 | Lutzen 1998 | 1962 | 1962-01-01 | Langstone | Non-native | 50.8333 | -0.9833 |
4183 | Lutzen 1998 | 1962 | 1962-01-01 | Shoreham | Non-native | 50.8333 | -0.2333 |
4184 | Lutzen 1998 | 1969 | 1969-01-01 | Dover | Non-native | 51.1333 | 1.3000 |
4185 | Lutzen 1998 | 1991 | 1991-01-01 | Hals | Non-native | 57.0000 | 10.3167 |
4186 | Lutzen 1998 | 1986 | 1986-01-01 | Livo | Non-native | 56.9000 | 9.1000 |
4187 | Lutzen 1998 | 1980 | 1980-01-01 | Mors | Non-native | 56.8333 | 8.7500 |
4188 | Lutzen 1998 | 1978 | 1978-01-01 | Nissum Bredning | Non-native | 56.6333 | 8.3667 |
4189 | Lutzen 1998 | 1995 | 1995-01-01 | Esbjerg | Non-native | 55.4667 | 8.4500 |
4190 | Lutzen 1998 | 1997 | 1997-10-01 | List, Sylt | Non-native | 55.0167 | 8.4333 |
4191 | Lutzen 1998 | 1999 | 1998-06-01 | Wilhelmshaven | Non-native | 53.5167 | 8.1333 |
4192 | Lutzen 1998 | 1999 | 1982-01-01 | Oudeschild, Texel | Non-native | 53.0333 | 4.8667 |
4193 | Buizer 1981; Lutzen 1998 | 1974 | 1974-01-01 | Den Helder | Non-native | 52.9667 | 4.7667 |
4194 | Buizer 1981; Lutzen 1998 | 1980 | 1980-01-01 | Lake Grevelingen | Non-native | 51.7333 | 3.9833 |
4195 | Buizer 1980; Lutzen 1998 | 1974 | 1974-01-01 | Oosterschelde | Non-native | 51.5500 | 4.0000 |
4196 | Lutzen 1998 | 1988 | 1988-01-01 | Zeebrugge | Non-native | 51.3333 | 3.2000 |
4197 | Lutzen 1998 | 1995 | 1995-01-01 | Ostend | Non-native | 51.2167 | 2.9167 |
4198 | Lutzen 1998 | 1980 | 1980-01-01 | Dunkerque | Non-native | 51.0500 | 2.3667 |
4199 | Lutzen 1998 | 1980 | 1980-01-01 | Ambleteuse | Non-native | 50.8000 | 1.6000 |
4200 | Breton et al. 1995; Lutzen 1998 | 1977 | 1977-01-01 | Le Havre | Non-native | 49.5000 | 0.1333 |
4201 | Lutzen 1998 | 1971 | 1971-01-01 | Dinard | Non-native | 48.6333 | -2.0667 |
4202 | Lutzen 1998 | 1973 | 1973-01-01 | Brest | Non-native | 48.4000 | -4.4833 |
4203 | Lutzen 1998 | 1973 | 1973-01-01 | Roscoff | Non-native | 48.7333 | -3.9833 |
4204 | Lutzen 1998 | 1968 | 1968-01-01 | Dieppe | Non-native | 49.9333 | 1.0833 |
4205 | Davis and Davis 2005 | 2004 | 2004-01-01 | Jersey | Non-native | 49.2167 | -2.1167 |
4206 | Davis and Davis 2005 | 2004 | 2004-01-01 | Guernsey | Non-native | 49.5833 | -2.3333 |
4207 | Davis and Davis 2005 | 2004 | 2004-01-01 | La Rochelle | Non-native | 46.1500 | -1.1500 |
4208 | Davis and Davis 2005 | 2004 | 2004-01-01 | Arcachon | Non-native | 44.6500 | -1.1667 |
4209 | Davis and Davis 2005 | 2004 | 2004-01-01 | Santander | Non-native | 43.4647 | -3.8044 |
4210 | Davis and Davis 2005 | 2004 | 2004-01-01 | Gijon | Non-native | 43.5411 | -5.6644 |
4211 | Davis and Davis 2005 | 1981 | 1981-01-01 | Ria de Arosa | Non-native | 42.4667 | -8.9500 |
4212 | Davis and Davis 2005 | 1981 | 1981-01-01 | Ria del Eo | Non-native | 43.5383 | -7.0228 |
4213 | Davis and Davis 2005 | 1992 | 1992-01-01 | Ferrol | Non-native | 43.4833 | -8.2333 |
4214 | Davis and Davis 2005 | 2003 | 2003-09-01 | Leixos | Non-native | 41.1903 | -8.7033 |
4215 | Davis and Davis 2005 | 2003 | 2003-09-01 | Cascais | Non-native | 38.6917 | -9.4155 |
4216 | Davis and Davis 2005 | 2003 | 2003-09-01 | Bom Successo | Non-native | 38.6933 | -9.2100 |
4217 | Holmes 1976 | 1972 | 1972-12-01 | Melbourne | Non-native | -37.8500 | 144.9167 |
4218 | Keough and Ross 1999 | 1977 | 1977-01-01 | Sydney | Non-native | -33.8667 | 151.2500 |
4219 | Hayward and Morley 2009 | 2002 | 2002-09-01 | Auckland | Non-native | -36.8333 | 174.8333 |
4220 | Biosecurity New Zealand 2005 | 2005 | 2005-10-01 | Christchurch | Non-native | -43.5333 | 172.6333 |
4221 | Biosecurity New Zealand 2005 | 2005 | 2005-11-01 | Tutukaka | Non-native | -35.6000 | 174.5333 |
4231 | Rednikorzev 1916, cited by Sanamyan 2000 | 1916 | 1916-01-01 | Kurile Islands | Native | 50.8356 | 156.5847 |
4867 | Davis and Davis 2008 | 2005 | 2005-06-01 | Sette | Non-native | 43.3833 | 3.6000 |
6044 | Locke et al. 2007; Arsenault et al. 2009 | 2002 | 2002-09-15 | Malpeque Bay | Non-native | 46.5333 | -63.7833 |
6778 | MIT Sea Grant 2008 | 2007 | 2007-07-30 | Journey's End Marina, Camden | Non-native | 44.2104 | -69.0528 |
6779 | MIT Sea Grant 2008 | 2007 | 2007-07-30 | Darling Maine Center Dock, Walpole | Non-native | 43.9401 | -69.5737 |
6830 | White and Orr 2011 | 2008 | 2008-07-15 | Bamfield | Non-native | 48.8150 | -125.1583 |
767464 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2013 | 2013-07-29 | Mission Bay Yacht Club, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 32.7778 | -117.2485 |
767484 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2013 | 2013-08-04 | Bahia Resort Marina, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 32.7731 | -117.2478 |
767530 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2013 | 2013-08-03 | Mission Bay Sport Center, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 32.7857 | -117.2495 |
767558 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2013 | 2013-08-02 | The Dana Marina, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 32.7671 | -117.2363 |
767570 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2013 | 2013-08-05 | Paradise Point Resort, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 32.7730 | -117.2406 |
767671 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2013 | 2013-07-16 | Naval Base Point Loma, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 32.6886 | -117.2343 |
767711 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2013 | 2013-07-25 | Navy Ammo Dock, Pier Bravo, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 32.6939 | -117.2276 |
767806 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2011 | 2011-09-15 | Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 37.9117 | -122.3494 |
767827 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2011 | 2011-09-20 | San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 37.8067 | -122.4432 |
768069 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2012 | 2012-09-11 | Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 37.7676 | -122.2869 |
768092 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2012 | 2012-08-30 | Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 37.6633 | -122.3817 |
768182 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2012 | 2012-09-05 | Port of Oakland, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 37.7987 | -122.3228 |
768304 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2013 | 2013-08-20 | Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 37.5877 | -122.3163 |
768364 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2013 | 2013-08-13 | Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 37.6639 | -122.3821 |
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