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Invasion History
First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1914First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1914
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:
General Invasion History:
Anguinella palmata was described from Europe in the 19th century and is distributed on both sides of the Atlantic. In the Eastern Atlantic, it is known from southern Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, and the Atlantic coast of France (Hayward 1985), and the coasts of Ghana and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in equatorial Africa (Cook 1968). In the Western Atlantic, it ranges from Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico (Maturo 1958; Shier 1964; Winston 1977), Puerto Rico (Osburn 1940), and Santos, Brazil (Marcus 1937). The distribution of this bryozoan seems to be most continuous on the Atlantic coast of the United States. The occurrences in Africa, Brazil, and possibly Europe may be cryptogenic. Anguinella palmata has been introduced to the East Pacific (California to Peru) and the Southwest Pacific (Australia and New Zealand). This species has a lecithotrophic larva, which spends only a brief time in the plankton, so hull fouling is the most likely form of transport.
North American Invasion History:
Invasion History on the West Coast:
Anguinella palmata was collected at Balboa, near Newport, California in 1914 (USNMNH 6660, U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2003), and at nearby Seal Beach in 1934 (Gordon 1967, cited by Cohen and Carlton 1995). We are unaware of further southern California records. However, A. palmata was collected in San Francisco Bay in 1993 (Cohen and Carlton 1995) and is now well-established in the South, Central, and San Pablo sections (2004, Cohen et al. 2005; California Academy of Sciences 2005).
Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:
Anguinella palmata has been collected further south in the East Pacific, from Mexico to northern Peru. It was collected in Zorritos, Peru, in the Gulf of Santa Clara in 1933 (Osburn 1947), on Isla Isabela in Panama City, also in 1933 (Osburn 1947), off the coast of Nayarit, Mexico in 1942 (Osburn 1947), and in Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico (Alvarez and Banta 1984). This bryozoan is assumed to be introduced in these East Pacific sites. Anguinella palmata has also been introduced to New South Wales, Australia (Allen 1953) and Auckland, New Zealand (Gordon and Mawatari 1992).
Description
Anguinella palmata is an erect, uncalcified bryozoan, growing in branched, tapering, mud-coated tuft-like brown colonies, up to 200 mm in length. The zooids are erect and tubular, 0.75-2.5 mm long, and 0.12-0.29; Veira et al. 2020 mm in diameter, with a terminal aperture and ten tentacles. The basal zooids and the axial zooids of the branches are modified to serve as a stalk for the colony, and are elongated, thickened, and lack feeding structures. Colonies are about 6 mm high (description from Osburn 1944; Maturo 1957; Gordon and Mawatari 1992; Winston and Hayward 2012; Vieira et al. 2014).
Taxonomy
Taxonomic Tree
| Kingdom: | Animalia | |
| Phylum: | Bryozoa | |
| Class: | Gymnolaemata | |
| Order: | Ctenostomata | |
| Suborder: | Carnosa | |
| Superfamily: | Paludicelloidea | |
| Family: | Nolellidae | |
| Genus: | Anguinella | |
| Species: | palmata |
Synonyms
Potentially Misidentified Species
Ecology
General:
Life History- Anguinella palmata is a bush-like, soft-bodied bryozoan, composed of many individual zooids. The zooids feed by extending the ciliated tentacles of the lophophore as a funnel, creating a current, and driving food particles into their mouths. The food is guided along the tentacles and through the pharynx by the cilia. Larger food particles can be moved or captured by flicking or contracting the tentacles. The zooids are hermaphroditic, and produce large yolky eggs, which hatch into lecithotrophic larvae, which are planktonic for short periods (less than 1-2 days). Larvae settle on a substrate and metamorphose into the first zooid of a colony, an ancestrula (Barnes 1983).
Ecology- Anguinella palmata has been found attached to jetties, shells, and pilings (Osburn 1944; Maturo 1958). It is primarily found in marine environments, but has been collected at salinities as low as 13 PSU (Osburn 1944).
Food:
Phytoplankton; Detritus
Trophic Status:
Suspension Feeder
SusFedHabitats
| General Habitat | Marinas & Docks | None |
| General Habitat | Oyster Reef | None |
| General Habitat | Coarse Woody Debris | None |
| General Habitat | Rocky | None |
| General Habitat | Vessel Hull | None |
| Salinity Range | Mesohaline | 5-18 PSU |
| Salinity Range | Polyhaline | 18-30 PSU |
| Salinity Range | Euhaline | 30-40 PSU |
| Tidal Range | Subtidal | None |
| Vertical Habitat | Epibenthic | None |
Tolerances and Life History Parameters
| Minimum Salinity (‰) | 13 | Field data, Gosner 1978 |
| Maximum Height (mm) | 200 | Winston and Hayward 2012 |
| Broad Temperature Range | None | Cold temperate-Tropical |
| Broad Salinity Range | None | Mesohaline-Euhaline (Osburn 1944; Maturo 1958) |
General Impacts
Impacts of Anguinella palmata have not been reported from its native or introduced range.Regional Distribution Map
| Bioregion | Region Name | Year | Invasion Status | Population Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NEP-VI | Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California | 1914 | Non-native | Established |
| NEP-V | Northern California to Mid Channel Islands | 1993 | Non-native | Established |
| AUS-X | None | 1953 | Non-native | Established |
| NEP-VIII | None | 1942 | Non-native | Established |
| WA-IV | None | 1968 | Crypogenic | Established |
| WA-II | None | 1968 | Crypogenic | Established |
| SEP-I | None | 1933 | Non-native | Established |
| SEP-H | None | 1933 | Non-native | Established |
| NZ-IV | None | 1960 | Non-native | Established |
| NA-ET3 | Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras | 0 | Crypogenic | Established |
| CAR-VII | Cape Hatteras to Mid-East Florida | 0 | Crypogenic | Established |
| CAR-IV | None | 0 | Crypogenic | Established |
| CAR-I | Northern Yucatan, Gulf of Mexico, Florida Straits, to Middle Eastern Florida | 0 | Crypogenic | Established |
| SA-II | None | 1937 | Crypogenic | Established |
| NEA-II | None | 0 | Crypogenic | Established |
| P090 | San Francisco Bay | 1993 | Non-native | Established |
| P040 | Newport Bay | 1914 | Non-native | Unknown |
| P050 | San Pedro Bay | 1934 | Non-native | Established |
| P093 | _CDA_P093 (San Pablo Bay) | 1993 | Non-native | Established |
| NEA-IV | None | 0 | Crypogenic | Established |
| NEP-IV | Puget Sound to Northern California | 2003 | Non-native | Unknown |
| P130 | Humboldt Bay | 2003 | Non-native | Unknown |
| WA-I | None | 0 | Crypogenic | Established |
| PAN_PAC | Panama Pacific Coast | 1933 | Non-native | Established |
| SA-I | None | 2016 | Non-native | Established |
Occurrence Map
| OCC_ID | Author | Year | Date | Locality | Status | Latitude | Longitude |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 767701 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2013 | 2013-07-25 | Navy Ammo Dock, Pier Bravo, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 32.6939 | -117.2276 |
| 767807 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2011 | 2012-09-20 | San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 37.6979 | -122.1912 |
| 768029 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2012 | 2012-08-27 | Port of San Francisco Pier 31, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 37.8078 | -122.4060 |
| 768161 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2012 | 2012-09-05 | Port of Oakland, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 37.7987 | -122.3228 |
| 768222 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2012 | 2012-09-13 | San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 37.6962 | -122.1919 |
| 768426 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2013 | 2013-08-21 | San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 37.6980 | -122.1908 |
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