Charybdis hellerii

Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1986
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record:
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record: 1986

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General Invasion History:

Charybdis hellerii is a swimming crab with a very broad Indo-Pacific native distribution. It ranges from the Red Sea and East Africa, throughout the Indian Ocean to northern Australia and New Caledonia, and north to China and Okinawa, Japan (Stephenson et al. 1957; Spiridonov 1990; LeMaitre 1995; Galil et al. 2002). In 1925, it was collected in Haifa, Israel, in the Mediterranean Sea, which it reached through the Suez Canal (Galil et al, 2002). It is now widespread in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, and in 2003-2004, was collected in Greece and Turkey on the Aegean Sea (Yokes et al. 2007; Zenetos et al. 2008). In 1986, a specimen of C. hellerii was captured near Charleston, South Carolina (USGS Center for Aquatic Resources Studies 2008). In 1987, it was found on the northwest and southwest coast of Cuba, and on the coasts of Venezuela and Columbia. In 1995, C. hellerii was found in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida and found to be established but uncommon in that estuary (Lemaitre 1995; Dineen et al. 2001). In 1995-1996, it was collected from southern Brazil (Mantellatto et al. 1999). It now has a fairly continuous range from south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Florianopolis, Brazil (Mantelatto et al. 1999; Ferreira et al. 2001; USGS Center for Aquatic Resources Studies 2008).

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the East Coast:

In 1986, a specimen of C. hellerii was captured in Folly Creek, near Charleston, South Carolina (USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2008), but was not immediately recognized as an introduced species. The first published record of C. hellerii on the US East Coast, was from Fort Pierce, Florida, in the Indian River Lagoon, in 1995. Several specimens were found, including an ovigerous female (Lemaitre 1995). Subsequently, 134 crabs were collected in St. Lucie and Sebastian inlets in the Lagoon, and Lake Worth Inlet, to the south (Dineen et al. 1997). From 2000 to 2009, C. hellerii was collected at least 17 times at 15 locations north of the Indian River Lagoon, as far north as off Portsmouth Island, ~50 km southwest of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (in 2004, USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2008).

Invasion History on the Gulf Coast:

We are aware of only two records of Charybdis hellerii from the Gulf of Mexico, one from the mouth of Tampa Bay (in 2004, USGS Nonindigenous Species Program 2008; McMillen-Jackson 2008), and one from Long Key, Florida Bay (in 2009, USGS Nonindigenous Species Program 2009).

Invasion History in Hawaii:

One specimen was found within the fouling community on the hull of a ship in Pearl Harbor, Oahu in 1950, (Edmondson 1954). No further records of C. hellerii are known from Hawaii (Carlton and Eldredge 2009).

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

As noted above, this crab is a Lessepsian species, which entered the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal, first collected in Israel in 1925 (Galil et al. 2002). It is now widespread in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, having expanded its range north and west, reaching Cyprus in 1999 (Galil et al. 2002), and Greece and Turkey on the Aegean Sea by 2003-2004 (Yokes et al. 2007; Zenetos et al. 2008).

However, the expansion of C. hellerii was much more dramatic after its introduction to the Western Atlantic, probably by ballast water. The earliest (1986-1987) records are from Charleston, South Carolina (USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2008), Cuba, and Venezuela (Lemaitre 1995). It was collected in Salvador, Bahia in central Brazil in 1995 (Mantellatto et al. 1999), in the Sao Paulo region in 1996 (Mantelatto et al. 1999), and at Florianopolis (-27.8 S) in 1998 (Mantelatto et al. 1999). Records from the equatorial regions of South America are a few years later (French Guiana, in 2001, Tavares et al. 2003; Macau, Rio Grande del Norte, Brazil, in 2000, Ferreira et al. 2001; Panaquatira, Maranhao, in 2005, Feres et al. 2007), but this could reflect a lower intensity of collecting. Overall, this species has been collected over a range of 62 degrees of latitude in the 20 years since its first discovery in the Western Atlantic.

Further invasions are possible. This crab was collected in the sea-chest of a ship sampled in New Zealand (Coutts and Dodgshun 2007). In Guam, C. hellerii is considered cryptogenic (Paulay et al. 2003).

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Description

The Indo-Pacific swimming crab, Charybdis hellerii, has a hexagonal carpace with a width roughly 1.4 X the length. The font of the carapace bears six lateral teeth between the eyes, with six large anterolateral teeth on each side. The claws are stout, with the palms bearing five black-tipped spines on the dorsal surface. The anterior margin of the merus ('forearm') bears three prominent spines, while the carpus ('wrist') has a strong spine on the interior margin. The merus and carpus of the 5th legs each carry a strong spine on the posterior margin, and the distal segments of the legs are widened and flattened for swimming (Lemaitre 1995; Galil et al. 2002). The abdomen of both sexes has a rounded triangular shape, but is ~20% of the carapace width in adult males, and about 40% in females (Mantellato et al. 2001). The overall color is dark green, but the inner surface of the palms of the claws, and the inner surfaces of the walking legs are dark purple. The tips of the claws are white. There are whitish areas on the frontal area and the dorsal sides of the carapace (Lemaitre 1995; Galil et al. 2002). Males mature at about 35-40 mm carapace width and occasionally reach 65 mm. Females mature at about the same size, but tend to be smaller (Mantellato et al. 2001). Dineen et al. (2001) provide a description of larval development.

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Taxonomy

Ecology

General:

Life History- In crabs of the family Portunidae, the male attends the female before molting, and carries the female around, underneath his carapace. He releases the female, allows her to molt, and then copulates with her, inserting the first pair of pleopods, carrying sperm, into the female's seminal receptacles. The eggs are fertilized internally, and then extruded as a 'sponge' or a mass of eggs, which are brooded between the abdomen and the body (Barnes 1983; Williams 1984; Dineen et al. 2001). The eggs hatch into zoeae, larvae about 1 mm long, armed with long spines, which drift in the plankton. Each zoea goes through six molts, and eventually molts into a postlarval megalopa, with prominent eyes and partially developed appendages. The megalopa is capable of crawling on the benthos and active, directed swimming. After ~44 days in the plankton, the larva settles and molts into a miniature 'first crab' which has all the features of an adult crab (Barnes 1983; Dineen et al. 2001).

Ecology- Adult Charybdis helleri use a broad range of intertidal and subtidal habitats, including natural rock, riprap, coral reefs, coral rubble, mangrove roots, seagrass beds, and patches of subtidal algae (Stephenson et al. 1957; Dineen et al. 2001; Feres et al. 2007; Felder et al. 2010). In the Bahia de Santos, Brazil, C. hellerii was most common in the shallow rocky subtidal, and the interface between rocks and the soft bottom (Sant'Anna et al. 2012).

Food:

mollusks, crustaceans, annelids, other inverts

Trophic Status:

Carnivore

Carn

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Habitats

General Habitat	Unstructured Bottom	None
General Habitat	Marinas & Docks	None
General Habitat	Rocky	None
General Habitat	Mangroves	None
General Habitat	Coral reef	None
Salinity Range	Polyhaline	18-30 PSU
Salinity Range	Euhaline	30-40 PSU
Tidal Range	Subtidal	None
Tidal Range	Low Intertidal	None
Vertical Habitat	Epibenthic	None
Vertical Habitat	Nektonic	None

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Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Salinity (‰)	20	Experimenta Data (Occhi et al. 2019); Field Data- Bahia de Santos, Brazil (Sant'Anna et al. 2012); Indian River Lagoon FL (28 PSU, Dineen et al. 2001)
Maximum Salinity (‰)	40	Typical Red Sea salinity
Minimum Duration	44	Larval release to first crab, 24 C- Dineen et al. 2002
Minimum Width (mm)	37.5	Mature female (Bolanos et al. 2011, Isla Margarita, Venezuela)
Maximum Width (mm)	78	Mature female (Indian River Lagoon, Dineen et al. 2001)
Broad Temperature Range	None	Warm temperate-Tropical
Broad Salinity Range	None	Polyhaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

The Indo-Pacific swimming crab, Charybdis hellerii, is long-established in the Eastern Mediterranean and has recently colonized a very wide range in the Western Atlantic. Owing to its small size, it is unlikely to become a sought-after fisheries item. It is a potential predator and competitor of native crabs, and a study from Twin Cays, Belize, shows that C. hellerrii may have displaced several species of native crustaceans from shallow-water habitats (Felder et al. 2010). Impacts beyond this are not well-documented. 

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Regional Impacts

CAR-II	None		Ecological Impact	Competition
Charybdis hellerii may have displaced the native crabs Mithrax spp., Callinectes spp., and the spiny lobster Panulirus which were abundant in 2002 and 1983 collections (Felder et al. 2010).
MED-V	None		Ecological Impact	Competition
Charybdis hellerii was listed as 'invasive' in the Eastern Mediterranean, implying competition with native species (Zenetos et al. 2011). However, we do not have more specific information on its impacts in this region.
SA-II	None		Ecological Impact	Predation
Predation; In laboratory experiments, in Sao Paulo State, Charybdis hellerii showed significant predation on native crabs and mussels (Izar et al. 2023).

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