Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record:
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record:
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:

General Invasion History:

North American Invasion History:


Description

Rock Oysters of the genus Saccostrea are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the Indo-Pacific region. Their taxonomy is difficult- at times they have been considered forms of S. cucullata (Hooded Oyster, Natal Rock Oyster).. Individuals vary greatly in size and shape, according to substrate and other environmental factors (Poutiers 1998; Lam and Morton 2006). Genetic studies indicate that there multiple species and species complexes of Saccostrea, some of which are widespread, and some geographically confined. Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA indicate that there are at least 5 species (A-E) within S. cuccullata (Lam and Morton 2006. Populations of Saccostrea belonging to the S. cucullata complex have been found in the Caribbean. They are clearly introduced but cannot be assigned to a species until the systematics of the genus are better resolved (Lohan et al. 2016).


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Mollusca
Class:   Bivalvia
Subclass:   Pteriomorphia
Order:   Ostreoida
Family:   Ostreidae
Genus:   Saccostrea
Species:   cucullata complex

Synonyms

Ostrea cucullata (Born, 1776)
Ostrea cornucopiae (Chemnitz, 1785)
Ostrea cornucopiaeformis (Saville-Kent, 1893)
Ostrea echinata (Quoy and Gaimard, 1835)
Ostrea forskaelii (Chemnitz, 1785)
Osteea forskalli (Gmelin, 1791)
Ostrea spinosa (Deshayes, 1836)
Crassostrea cucullata ((Born), 1776)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Saccostrea glomerata
Saccostrea glomerata =Saccostrea commercialis (Sydney Rock Oyster) has been often synonymized with S. cuccullata, but appears to be genetically and geographically distinct, limited to southern Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).

Saccostrea kegaki
Saccostrea kegaki has been synonymized with S. cuccullata, but is genetically and geographically distinct, and limited to Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).

Saccostrea mordax A
Saccostrea mordax has been often synonymized with S. cuccullata, but appears to be 2 species, genetically and geographically distinct from each other and S. cucculata.Australia. Both S. mordax A and B have wide ranges from China to Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).

Saccostrea mordax B
Saccostrea mordax has been often synonymized with S. cuccullata, but appears to be 2 species, genetically and geographically distinct from each other and S. cucculata. Both S. mordax A and B have wide ranges from China to Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).

Saccostrea palmula
Saccostrea palmula is native to the tropical West Pacific (Lohan et al. 2016)

Ecology

General:

Food:

Phytoplankton, detritus

Competitors:

other oysters

Trophic Status:

Suspension Feeder

SusFed

Habitats

General HabitatOyster ReefNone
General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatRockyNone
General HabitatMangrovesNone
General HabitatCoral reefNone
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Tidal RangeLow IntertidalNone
Tidal RangeMid IntertidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone

Life History


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Temperature (ºC)4.8Experimental (Davenport and Wong 1992)
Maximum Temperature (ºC)40Experimental (Davenport and Wong 1992)
Minimum Reproductive Temperature25Experimental (Kalyasundaram and Ramamoorthi 1986)
Maximum Reproductive Temperature35Experimental (Kalyasundaram and Ramamoorthi 1986)
Minimum Reproductive Salinity20Experimental (Kalyasundaram and Ramamoorthi 1986)
Maximum Reproductive Salinity35Experimental (Kalyasundaram and Ramamoorthi 1986)
Maximum Length (mm)200More usually to 100 mm (Poutiers et al. 1998)
Broad Temperature RangeNoneWarm temperate-Tropical
Broad Salinity RangeNonePolyhaline-Euhaline

General Impacts


Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
NWP-2 None 0 Native Established
NWP-3a None 0 Crypogenic Established
NWP-3b None 0 Crypogenic Established
EAS-I None 0 Native Established
EAS-VI None 0 Native Established
AUS-II None 0 Native Established
AUS-I None 0 Native Established
AUS-XIV None 0 Native Established
AUS-XII None 0 Native Established
AUS-III None 0 Native Established
CIO-II None 0 Native Established
WA-V None 0 Native Established
EA-III None 0 Native Established
IP-1 None 0 Native Established
CIO-I None 0 Native Established
SP-XII None 0 Native Established
SP-VII None 0 Crypogenic Established
EAS-III None 0 Native Established
AUS-XIII None 0 Native Established
GAden Gulf of Aden 0 Native Established
RS-1 None 0 Native Established
RS-2 None 0 Native Established
RS-3 None 0 Native Established
AG-1 None 0 Native Established
AG-3 None 0 Native Established
AG-5 None 0 Native Established
MED-V None 1999 Non-native Established
NZ-IV None 0 Native Established
WA-IV None 0 Crypogenic Established
EA-V None 0 Native Established
CIO-III None 0 Native Established
WA-III None 0 Crypogenic Established
CAR-III None 2015 Non-native Established
SP-XXI None 1996 Non-native Established
NEA-V None 2007 Non-native Unknown
SP-XIV None 0 Non-native Established
PAN_CAR Panama Caribbean Coast 2015 Non-native Established
SA-II None 2014 Non-native Established

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude

References

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