Invasion History
First Non-native North American Tidal Record:First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record:
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:
General Invasion History:
North American Invasion History:
Description
Rock Oysters of the genus Saccostrea are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the Indo-Pacific region. Their taxonomy is difficult- at times they have been considered forms of S. cucullata (Hooded Oyster, Natal Rock Oyster).. Individuals vary greatly in size and shape, according to substrate and other environmental factors (Poutiers 1998; Lam and Morton 2006). Genetic studies indicate that there multiple species and species complexes of Saccostrea, some of which are widespread, and some geographically confined. Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA indicate that there are at least 5 species (A-E) within S. cuccullata (Lam and Morton 2006. Populations of Saccostrea belonging to the S. cucullata complex have been found in the Caribbean. They are clearly introduced but cannot be assigned to a species until the systematics of the genus are better resolved (Lohan et al. 2016).
Taxonomy
Taxonomic Tree
| Kingdom: | Animalia | |
| Phylum: | Mollusca | |
| Class: | Bivalvia | |
| Subclass: | Pteriomorphia | |
| Order: | Ostreoida | |
| Family: | Ostreidae | |
| Genus: | Saccostrea | |
| Species: | cucullata complex |
Synonyms
Ostrea cucullata (Born, 1776)
Ostrea cornucopiae (Chemnitz, 1785)
Ostrea cornucopiaeformis (Saville-Kent, 1893)
Ostrea echinata (Quoy and Gaimard, 1835)
Ostrea forskaelii (Chemnitz, 1785)
Osteea forskalli (Gmelin, 1791)
Ostrea spinosa (Deshayes, 1836)
Crassostrea cucullata ((Born), 1776)
Ostrea cornucopiae (Chemnitz, 1785)
Ostrea cornucopiaeformis (Saville-Kent, 1893)
Ostrea echinata (Quoy and Gaimard, 1835)
Ostrea forskaelii (Chemnitz, 1785)
Osteea forskalli (Gmelin, 1791)
Ostrea spinosa (Deshayes, 1836)
Crassostrea cucullata ((Born), 1776)
Potentially Misidentified Species
Saccostrea glomerata
Saccostrea glomerata =Saccostrea commercialis (Sydney Rock Oyster) has been often synonymized with S. cuccullata, but appears to be genetically and geographically distinct, limited to southern Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).
Saccostrea kegaki
Saccostrea kegaki has been synonymized with S. cuccullata, but is genetically and geographically distinct, and limited to Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).
Saccostrea mordax A
Saccostrea mordax has been often synonymized with S. cuccullata, but appears to be 2 species, genetically and geographically distinct from each other and S. cucculata.Australia. Both S. mordax A and B have wide ranges from China to Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).
Saccostrea mordax B
Saccostrea mordax has been often synonymized with S. cuccullata, but appears to be 2 species, genetically and geographically distinct from each other and S. cucculata. Both S. mordax A and B have wide ranges from China to Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).
Saccostrea palmula
Saccostrea palmula is native to the tropical West Pacific (Lohan et al. 2016)
Saccostrea glomerata =Saccostrea commercialis (Sydney Rock Oyster) has been often synonymized with S. cuccullata, but appears to be genetically and geographically distinct, limited to southern Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).
Saccostrea kegaki
Saccostrea kegaki has been synonymized with S. cuccullata, but is genetically and geographically distinct, and limited to Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).
Saccostrea mordax A
Saccostrea mordax has been often synonymized with S. cuccullata, but appears to be 2 species, genetically and geographically distinct from each other and S. cucculata.Australia. Both S. mordax A and B have wide ranges from China to Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).
Saccostrea mordax B
Saccostrea mordax has been often synonymized with S. cuccullata, but appears to be 2 species, genetically and geographically distinct from each other and S. cucculata. Both S. mordax A and B have wide ranges from China to Australia (Lam and Morton 2006).
Saccostrea palmula
Saccostrea palmula is native to the tropical West Pacific (Lohan et al. 2016)
Ecology
General:
Food:
Phytoplankton, detritus
Competitors:
other oysters
Trophic Status:
Suspension Feeder
SusFedHabitats
| General Habitat | Oyster Reef | None |
| General Habitat | Marinas & Docks | None |
| General Habitat | Rocky | None |
| General Habitat | Mangroves | None |
| General Habitat | Coral reef | None |
| Salinity Range | Polyhaline | 18-30 PSU |
| Salinity Range | Euhaline | 30-40 PSU |
| Tidal Range | Subtidal | None |
| Tidal Range | Low Intertidal | None |
| Tidal Range | Mid Intertidal | None |
| Vertical Habitat | Epibenthic | None |
Life History
Tolerances and Life History Parameters
| Minimum Temperature (ºC) | 4.8 | Experimental (Davenport and Wong 1992) |
| Maximum Temperature (ºC) | 40 | Experimental (Davenport and Wong 1992) |
| Minimum Reproductive Temperature | 25 | Experimental (Kalyasundaram and Ramamoorthi 1986) |
| Maximum Reproductive Temperature | 35 | Experimental (Kalyasundaram and Ramamoorthi 1986) |
| Minimum Reproductive Salinity | 20 | Experimental (Kalyasundaram and Ramamoorthi 1986) |
| Maximum Reproductive Salinity | 35 | Experimental (Kalyasundaram and Ramamoorthi 1986) |
| Maximum Length (mm) | 200 | More usually to 100 mm (Poutiers et al. 1998) |
| Broad Temperature Range | None | Warm temperate-Tropical |
| Broad Salinity Range | None | Polyhaline-Euhaline |
General Impacts
Regional Distribution Map
| Bioregion | Region Name | Year | Invasion Status | Population Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NWP-2 | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| NWP-3a | None | 0 | Crypogenic | Established |
| NWP-3b | None | 0 | Crypogenic | Established |
| EAS-I | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| EAS-VI | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| AUS-II | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| AUS-I | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| AUS-XIV | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| AUS-XII | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| AUS-III | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| CIO-II | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| WA-V | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| EA-III | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| IP-1 | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| CIO-I | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| SP-XII | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| SP-VII | None | 0 | Crypogenic | Established |
| EAS-III | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| AUS-XIII | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| GAden | Gulf of Aden | 0 | Native | Established |
| RS-1 | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| RS-2 | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| RS-3 | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| AG-1 | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| AG-3 | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| AG-5 | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| MED-V | None | 1999 | Non-native | Established |
| NZ-IV | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| WA-IV | None | 0 | Crypogenic | Established |
| EA-V | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| CIO-III | None | 0 | Native | Established |
| WA-III | None | 0 | Crypogenic | Established |
| CAR-III | None | 2015 | Non-native | Established |
| SP-XXI | None | 1996 | Non-native | Established |
| NEA-V | None | 2007 | Non-native | Unknown |
| SP-XIV | None | 0 | Non-native | Established |
| PAN_CAR | Panama Caribbean Coast | 2015 | Non-native | Established |
| SA-II | None | 2014 | Non-native | Established |
Occurrence Map
| OCC_ID | Author | Year | Date | Locality | Status | Latitude | Longitude |
|---|
References
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2002-2024a Malacology Collection Search. <missing URL>Appeltans, W. et al. 2011-2015 World Registry of Marine Species. <missing URL>
Ardura, A.; Gonzalez-Sanz, A. ; Clusa, L. ; Planes, S.; Garcia-Vazquez, E. (2021) Beware of oysters. Rapid advance of non-native species in tropical Pacific islands, Marine Environmental Research 170(105436): Published online
Ardura, Alba; Zaiko, Anastasija; Martinez, Jose L.; Samulioviene, Aurelija; Semenova, Anna; Garcia-Vazquez, Eva (2015) eDNA and specific primers for early detection of invasive species- A case study on the bivalve Rangia cuneata, currently spreading in Europe, Marine Environmental Research 112: 48-55
Carlton, James T.; Eldredge, Lucius (2009) Marine bioinvasions of Hawaii: The introduced and cryptogenic marine and estuarine animals and plants of the Hawaiian archipelago., Bishop Museum Bulletin in Cultural and Environmental Studies 4: 1-202
Coles S. L., DeFelice R. C., Eldredge, L. G. (1999a) Nonindigenous marine species introductions in the harbors of the south and west shores of Oahu, Hawaii., Bishop Museum Technical Report 15: 1-212
Coles, S. L.; DeFelice, R. C.; Eldredge, L. G.; Carlton, J. T. (1999b) Historical and recent introductions of non-indigenous marine species into Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands., Marine Biology 135(1): 147-158
Davenport, John; Wong, Tat Meng (1991) Effects of temperature and aerial exposure on three tropical oyster species, Crassotrea belcheri, Crassotrea iredelei, and Saccostrea cuccullata, Journal of Thermal Biology 17(3): 135-139
Eldredge, L.G. (1994) Perspectives in aquatic exotic species management in the Pacific Islands Vol. I. Introductions of commercially significant aquatic organisms to the Pacific islands, South Pacific Commission. Inshore Fisheries Research Project, Technical Document 7: 1-127
Faasse, Marco (2012) The exotic isopod Synidotea in the Netherlands and Europe, A Japanese or American invasion (Pancrustacea: Isopoda)?, Nederlandse Faunistiche Mededelingen 108: 103-106
Galvao, Márcia Santos Nunes; Alves, Pedro Mestre Ferreira; Hilsdorf, Alexandre Wagner Silva (2017) First Record of the Saccostrea oysrer in Bertioga, Brazil, Boletim do Instituto del Pesca, Sao Paulo 43(4): 638-646
Hamaguchi, Masami; Shimabukuro, Hiromori; Usuki, Hironori; Hori, Masakazu (2014) Occurrences of the Indo-West Pacific rock oyster Saccostrea cucullata in mainland Japan, Marine Biodiversity Records 7: e84
Haupt, Tanya M.; Griffiths, Charles L.; Robinson, Tamara B.; Tonin, Antonio F. G.; De Bruyn, Paul A. (2010) The history and status of oyster exploitation and culture in South Africa, Journal of Shellfish Research 29(1): 151-159
Kalyanasundaram, M.; Ramamoorthi, K. (1986) Temperature and salinity requirements for embyronic development of Saccostrea cucullata (Born), Mahasagar 19(1): 53-55
Klinbunga, S.; Ampayup, P.; Tassanakajon, A.; Jarayabhand, P.; Yoosukh, W. (2001) Genetic diversity and molecular markers of cupped oysters (genera Crassostrea, Saccostrea, and Striostrea) in Thailand revealed by randomly amplified polymorphic dna analysis, Marine Biotechnology 3: 133-144
Lam, Katherine; Morton, Brian (2006) Morphological and mitochondrial-DNA analysis of the Indo-West Pacific rock oysters (Ostreidae: Saccostrea species), Journal of Molluscan Studies 72: 235-245
Lam, Katherine; Morton, Brian (2009) Oysters (Bivalvia: Ostrreidae and Gryphaeidae) from Malaysia and Singapore, Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57(2): 481-494
Lambert, Adam M.; Winiarski, Kris; Casagrande, Richard A. (2007) Distribution and impact of exotic gall flies (Lipara sp.) on native and exotic Phragmites australis, Aquatic Botany 85: 166-190
doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2006.09.017
Liu, Wenliang; Liang, Xiaoli ; Zhu, Xiaojing (2015) A new record and mitochondrial identification of Synidotea laticauda Benedict, 1897 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Valvifera: Idoteidae) from the Yangtze Estuary, China, Zootaxa 4294: 371-380
Lohan, Katrina M. Pagenkopp; Hill-Spanik, Kristina M.; Torchin, Mark E.; Aguirre-Macedo, Leopoldina ; Fleischer, Robert C.; Ruiz, Gregory M. (2016) Richness and distribution of tropical oyster parasites in two oceans, Parasitology Published online: <missing location>
Lohan, Katrina M. Pagenkopp; Hill-Spanik, Kristina M.; Torchin, Mark E; Strong, Ellen E.; Fleischer, Robert C.; Ruiz, Gregory M. (2015) Molecular phylogenetics reveals first record and invasion of Saccostrea species in the Caribbean, Marine Biology 162(5): 957-968
Pestana, Lueji Barros; Dias, Gustavo Muniz; Marquesa, Antonio Carlos (2017) A century of introductions by coastal sessile marine invertebrates in Angola, South East Atlantic Ocean, Marine Pollution Bulletin 125: 426-a432
Poutiers, J. M. (1998) The living marine resources of the western Central Pacific. Volume 1: Seaweeds, corals, bivalves and gastropods, 1 Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome, Italy. Pp. 123-362
Siddiqui, Ghazala, Amed, Muzammel (2002) Oyster species of the sub tropical coast of Pakistan (northern Arabian Sea), Indian Journal of Marine Science 31(2): 108-118
Soors, Jan; Faasse, Marco; Stevens, Maarten; Verbessem, Ingrid; De Regge, Nico;Van den Bergh, Ericia (2010) New crustacean invaders in the Schelde estuary (Belgium), Belgian Journal of Zoology 140: 3-10
Sukumar, P. ; Joseph, M. Mohan (1988) The First Indian Fisheries Forum, Proceedings. Asian Fisheries Society. Indian Branch, Asian Fisheries Society, Mangaluru, India. Pp. 207-210.
Trigo, Juan; Rolan, Emilio (2010) [Saccostrea cuccullata (Born, 1778) in the Iberian Peninsula], Noticario de la Sociedad Espaniola de Malacologie 54: 53
U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2002-2021 Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database. http://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/iz/