Invasion
Invasion Description
1st Record: Caspian Sea (1961, Grigorovich et al. 2003)
Geographic Extent
Caspian Sea (1961, Grigorovich et al. 2003)
Vectors
| Level | Vector |
|---|---|
| Alternate | Hull Fouling |
| Alternate | Ballast Water |
| Alternate | Canal |
Regional Impacts
References
Aladin, Nikolai V.; Plotnikov, Igor S.; Filipov, Andrei A. (2002) Invasive aquatic species of Europe: Distribution, impacts, and management., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Pp. 351-359Grigorovich, Igor A.; Therriault, Thomas W.; MacIsaac, Hugh J. (2003) History of aquatic invertebrate invasions in the Caspian Sea., Biological Invasions 5: 103-115