Invasion
Invasion Description
1st Record: Cabo San Lucas, Baja California/Mexico/Pacific Ocean (1937, Cohen 2005)
Geographic Extent
7 reefs, Pt. Conception to Santa Barbara/CA/Paciifc Ocean (2013-2017, Page et al. 2019); Santa Barbara/CA/Santa Barbara Harbor (2001, Fairey et al. 2002); Mackie et al. 2012; 2013-2017, Page et al. 2019); Oil Platform Harmony (2013-2107, Page et al. 2019); Oil Platform Grace, off Ventura/CA/Santa Barbara Channel (2002, Page et al. 2006,Page et al. 2019, 34°10'N, 119°29'W); Oil Platform Gilda, off Ventura/CA/Santa Barbara Channel (2002, Page et al. 2006; Goddard and Love 2010, 34 ;10'N, 119 ;25'W); Rincon Beach/VA/Pacific Ocean (1963, Cohen 2005); Ventura West Marina, Ventura/CA/Ventura Habor (2003, de Rivera et al. 2005; 2013-2017, Page et al. 2019); Oxnard/CA/Channel Islands Harbor (2001, Fairey et al. 2002; Mackie et al. 2012; 2013-2017, Page et al. 2019); Vintage Marina, Oxnard/CA/Channel Islands Harbor (de Rivera et al. 2005); Oxnard/CA/Port Hueneme (2001, Fairey et al. 2002; Mackie et al. 2012; 2013-2017, Page et al. 2019); Blue Cavern Onshore State Marine Conservation Area, Santa Catlaina Island/CA/Sotuhern California Bight (1970-2019, Looby and Ginsburg 2021)Santa Cruz Island/CA/Pacific Ocean (2013-2017, Page et al. 2019); Venice/CA/Marina del Rey (2000, Cohen et al. 2002; 2001, Fairey et al. 2002; Mackie et al. 2012); Redondo Beach/CA/King Harbor (1972, Cohen et al. 2002); Cabrillo Boat Ramp, Los Angeles/CA/Los Angeles Harbor (2000, Cohen et al. 2002); Los Angeles/CA/Watchorn Basin (Los Angeles Harbor) (2000, Cohen et al. 2002); Newmark's Yacht Harbor, Los Angeles/CA/Los Angeles Harbor (2000, Cohen et al. 2002); Los Angeles-Long Beach/CA/Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbors (1972, Cohen 2005; Mackie et al. 2012); Long Beach Marina/CA/Alamitos Bay (1972, Cohen 2005; Scott and terHorst 2019); Huntington Beach/CA/Pacific Ocean (1964, Cohen 2005); Huntington Beach/CA/Huntington Harbor (2001, Fairey et al. 2002; Mackie et al. 2012); Newport Beach/CA/Newport Bay (2001, Fairey et al. 2002); Dana Point/CA/Dana Point Harbor (2001, Fairey et al. 2002; Mackie et al. 2012); Oceanside/CA//Oceanside Harbor (2001, Fairey et al. 2002); Snug Harbor Marina, Carlsbad/CA/Agua Hedionda Lagoon (2000, Cohen et al. 2002); San Diego/CA/Mission Bay (1989, Cohen 2005); Seaforth Landing, San Diego/CA/Mission Bay (2000, Cohen 2005); Dana Point Marina, San Diego/CA/Mission Bay (2003, de Rivera et al. 2005; Mackie et al. 2012); San Diego Bay (1997, Cohen 2005); Chula Vista Boat Ramp, San Diego/CA/San Diego Bay (2000, Cohen et al. 2002; Mackie et al. 2012); Chula Vista Marina/CA/San Diego Bay (2003, de Rivera et al. 2005); Sunroad Marina/CA/San Diego Bay (2003, de Rivera et al. 2005); Baja California/Mexico/Bahia San Quintin (as W. arcuata/subtorquata, Rodriguez and Ibarra-Obando 2008); Los Angeles-San Diego/CA/San Pedro Bay-Mission Bay( Pister 2009, on riprap)
Vectors
| Level | Vector |
|---|---|
| Probable | Hull Fouling |
Regional Impacts
| Ecological Impact | Competition | |
| In southern California, W. subtorquata is now (2000-2003) the dominant or only form at several sites (Oceanside Harbor, Alamitos Bay, King Harbor; Geller et al. 2008) where W. arcuata was previously dominant (Banta 1969). Geller et al. (2008) suggest that W. subtorquata may be more competitive than W. arcuata in warm-temperate climates, and may be expected to extend its range northward as the climate warms. Experimental clearing and routine cleaning of oil platforms favored increased abundance of Watersipora subatra, recruitng in the cleared area (Viola et al. 2018). Viola et al. (2018) suggest the retention of oil platforms as artificial reefs could favor W. subatra. Removal of the upper portions of the platforms might reduce their potential as a source for coastal populations of the bryozoan. | ||