Invasion
Invasion Description
1st Record: Netherlands/Oostvoornse Meer (Rueness 2005; Stegenga and Karremans 2015)
Geographic Extent
Nature reserves Baai van Heist and Het Zwin, Zebrugge/Belgium/North Sea (2011, Kerckhof et al., in ICES Advisory Committee on the Marine Environment 2012); Netherlands/Oostvoornse Meer (1998, Rueness 2005); Nordstrand/Germany/Wadden Sea (2002, Thomsen et al. 2007); Netherlands/Wadden Sea (2009, Gittenberger et al. 2010); Germany/Wadden Sea (Buschbaum et al. 2012; ammamm et al. 2013); Mando/Denmark/Wadden Sea (2002, Thomsen et al. 2007; Hammann et al. 2013); Nibe/Denmark/Limfjord (2005, Thomsen et al. 2005); ; Denmark/Kattegatt (2007-2018. Jensen et al. 2023) Hammann et al. 2013); Northern Ireland/Mill Bay, Carlingford Lough (Nunn and Minchin 2012); Porthmadog/Wales/ River Glaslyn, Krueger-Hadfield et al. 2017, 52° 55.33602’ N; 4°7.17906’ W); Southern England/England (2013, ICES 2014); Dorset/England/Brownsea Island Lagoon 5(10/9/2016, Krueger-Hadfield et al. 2017, 50°41’20.9” N; 1°58’43.6” W); Dorset/England/Christchurch Harbour (10/11/2015, Krueger-Hadfield et al. 2017, 50°43’5.13”N,– 1°45’37.08”WNordstrand/Gemany/North Sea (Kollars et al. 2015);
Vectors
| Level | Vector |
|---|---|
| Alternate | Hull Fouling |
| Alternate | Ballast Water |
| Alternate | Oyster Accidental |
| Alternate | Fisheries Accidental (not Oyster) |
Regional Impacts
| Ecological Impact | Food/Prey | |
| The snail Littorina littorea (Common Periwinkle, collected from the Kiel Fjord, Germany), consumed less of the invasive strains of G. vermiculophylla from a German and Danish site in the Wadden Sea and Limfjord compared to non-invasive strains from China. The invasive strains appear to have evolved traits for grazing resistance (Hammann et al. 2013). | ||
| Ecological Impact | Habitat Change | |
| Introduced populations of Agorophyton vermiculophyllum In the Ria de Aveiro, Portugal, overall replacement of Zostera noltei increases productivity of intertidal ecosystems, but reduces photosynthetic efficiency (Cacabelos et al. 2012). vermiculophylla have rapidly developed resistance to native North Sea bacterial epibionts, while having no resistance to epibionts from northwest Pacific regions, indicating rapid evolution of chemical defenses (Saha et al. 2016). | ||