Invasion History

First Non-native Panama (Pacific) Tidal Record: 2008
First Non-native Panama (Caribbean) Tidal Record: 2004

Panama Invasion History:


Invasion history elsewhere in the world:

In later SERC sampling, Hippoporina indica was found in Belize in 2005, and in marine waters at the Caribbean and Pacific ends of the Panama Canal (2004 and 2008, respectively) (Ruiz et al., unpublished data).


Description

Hippoporina indica forms encrusting colonies. The zooids are short, rectangular, and variable in size (mean zooid length = 0.37 mm, mean zooid width = 0.27 mm, N=65; McCann et al. 2007). The frontal surfaces of the zooids have large marginal and frontal pores except for a granular unperforated central portion of frontal wall adjacent to the orifice. Up to three spines occur above the orifice; they are usually lost early in colony development, but the spine bases sometimes remain visible. The orifice is large relative to the zooid size. It is hoof-shaped, with a sub-circular anterior region and a shallowly convex proximal region. The two regions are separated by triangular, proximally slanting, hinging denticles. The granular calcification below the orifice is raised into a low peristome with a central peak. The orifice sometimes has two lateral processes on the rim. On one or both sides of the orifice, there are large umbos supporting avicularia (some zooids may have up to three avicularia, many zooids have none). These are rounded proximally, with narrow crossbars and short, pointed, triangular mandibles, and oriented laterally or disto-laterally toward the orifice. Similar triangular avicularia may also occur on lateral margins or frontal surfaces of the zooids. The ovicell is hyperstomial (partially embedded in the distal zooid, but with an opening above the mother cell), with granular calcification and irregular pores (in size, shape, and spacing) covering most of its frontal surface (Description from McCann et al. 2007).


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Bryozoa
Class:   Gymnolaemata
Order:   Cheilostomata
Suborder:   Ascophora
Family:   Hippoporinidae
Genus:   Hippoporina
Species:   indica

Synonyms

Cosciniopsis hongkongensis (Liu and Li, 1987)
Hippothyris hongkongensis (Liu et al., 2001)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Hippoporina americana
Hippoporina americana Verrill USNM #648039 from the Gulf of Mexico, may or may not be the same species, but is probably not H. americana (McCann et al. 2007)

Ecology

General:

Life History- Hippoporina indica is an encrusting, calcified bryozoan colony composed of many individual zooids. The zooids feed by extending the ciliated tentacles of the lophophore as a funnel, creating a current, and driving food particles into their mouths. The food is guided along the tentacles and through the pharynx by the cilia. Larger food particles can be moved or captured by flicking or contracting the tentacles (Barnes 1983). Hippoporina indica belongs to a taxonomic group which has lecithotrophic larvae with a short planktonic period (less than 1 day, Hayward and Ryland 1998). Larvae settle on a substrate and metamorphose into the first zooid of a colony, an ancestrula (Hayward and Ryland 1998).

Ecology- In addition to PVC fouling plates, H. indica has been recorded from fishing rafts, fish cages, buoys, oysters, and barnacle shells in China (Lui and Li 1987, cited by McCann et al. 2007). It seems to be confined to waters of marine salinity (McCann et al. 2007).

Competitors:

Octocoral Stragulum bicolor

Trophic Status:

Suspension Feeder

SusFed

Habitats

General HabitatCoarse Woody DebrisNone
General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatVessel HullNone
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Maximum Temperature (ºC)29.6Field, US East & West Coast marinas (Lord et al. 2015)
Age to Maturity0.122-25 days after settlement (Pillai and Madhavan1978)
Minimum Length (mm)11Colonies become reproductive at sizes between 11 and 20 mm. Maximum adult size- 100% of colonies exceeding 50 mm diameter are reproductive, but the maximum size of colonies was not given (Karande and Udhayakumar 1992).
Broad Temperature RangeNoneWarm temperate-Tropical
Broad Salinity RangeNonePolyhaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

Economic Impacts

Shipping, fisheries- Hippoporina indica has been reported as a dominant fouling bryozoan in many areas of Hong Kong, found on fouling panels, ships, buoys, and in aquaculture facilities (Li, 1989).

Ecological Impacts

Competition- In India, its native range, Hippoporina indica grew more slowly than Arbopercula bengalensis, and Sinoflustra annae, two other bryozoans which have also been introduced to Southeast and Gulf Coast estuaries. Hippopornia indica persisted, however, owing to its greater longevity and ability to overgrow other species (Karande and Udhayakumar 1992).

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
PAN_PAC Panama Pacific Coast 2008 Non-native Established
PAN_CAR Panama Caribbean Coast 2004 Non-native Established

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
6132 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Colon Port Terminal Non-native 9.3715 -79.8837
6133 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Embarcadero Davis Non-native 9.2897 -79.9194
6134 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Yates y Pesca Yacht Club Non-native 8.9713 -79.5272
6135 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 STRI NAOS Dock Non-native 8.9175 -79.5327
6136 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 STRI NAOS Dock Non-native 8.9175 -79.5327
6137 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 STRI NAOS Dock Non-native 8.9174 -79.5326
6138 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 STRI NAOS Dock Non-native 8.9174 -79.5326
6139 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Port of Balboa Non-native 8.9610 -79.5677
6140 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Rodman Non-native 8.9529 -79.5748
6141 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Rodman Non-native 8.9500 -79.5730
6142 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Rodman Non-native 8.9508 -79.5733
6143 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Rodman Non-native 8.9502 -79.5731
6144 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Marina Flamenco Non-native 8.9115 -79.5225
6145 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Marina Flamenco Non-native 8.9130 -79.5209
6146 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Marina Flamenco Non-native 8.9119 -79.5230
6147 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Marina Flamenco Non-native 8.9126 -79.5217
6148 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Vacamonte Non-native 8.8625 -79.6686
6149 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Vacamonte Non-native 8.8619 -79.6691
6150 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Balboa Yacht Club Non-native 8.9385 -79.5556
6151 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Balboa Yacht Club Non-native 8.9386 -79.5555
6152 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 ACP Dock NAOS Non-native 8.9174 -79.5349
6153 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 ACP Dock NAOS Non-native 8.9174 -79.5349
6154 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 ACP Dock NAOS Non-native 8.9174 -79.5349
6155 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Taboguilla Non-native 8.8082 -79.5227
6156 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Taboguilla Non-native 8.8067 -79.5240
6157 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Taboguilla Non-native 8.8083 -79.5226
6158 Ruiz et al. Unpublished Data None 9999-01-01 Taboguilla Non-native 8.8077 -79.5231

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