Teredothyra smithi

Overview

Scientific Name: Teredothyra smithi

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Bivalvia

Order: Myida

Family: Teredinidae

Genus: Teredothyra

Species:

smithi [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Central Indo-Pacific, Western Indo-Pacific, Temperate Northern Pacific

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Western Indo-Pacific Bay of Bengal, east coast of India (Rao et al. 2014) STATUS NOT STATED Madras, India; Phillipines (Srinivasan 1968) STATUS NOT STATED [India] Madras (as Teredo bengalensis, and T. nambudalaiensis that are synonym of T. smithi) (Turner 1966) Krishnapatnam harbour, east coast of India. (Tarakanadha & Rao 2007) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific [Japan] Off the coast of Ibaraki Prefecture along the Pacific coast to Rhukyu Islands. (Haga 2001, Higo et al. 1999) STATUS NOT STATED [Philippines] Linoa Point, Mindanao (as Teredo tanonensis, T. radcliffei, and T. smithi that are synonym of T. smithi) (Turner 1966) South China Sea; tropical Pacific (Higo et al. 1999) STATUS NOT STATED Luzon, Philippines (Hugo et al. 1999) *Type locality Temperate Northern Pacific [Japan] Off the coast of Ibaraki Prefecture along the Pacific coast to Rhukyu Islands. (Haga 2001, Higo et al. 1999) STATUS NOT STATED East China Sea (Higo et al. 1999) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

Range: 72.5 11,72.6000061035156 11.1000003814697 (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2016)

General Diversity:

NF

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015, 2016)

Non-native Region:

Not applicable

Invasion Propens:

Not applicable

Status Date Non-native:

Not applicable

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Not applicable

Second Vector:

Not applicable

Vector Details:

Not applicable

Spread Rate:

Not applicable

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

NF

Global Impact:

NF

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Native Temperature Range:

[India] 24.4-33.9ºC at Krishpatnam haboour during 1997 and 1999. (Tarakanadha & Rao 2007) Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Not applicable

Non-native Temperature Range:

Not applicable

Native Salinity Regime:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

[India] 6.4-32.9 psu at Krishpatnam haboour during 1997 and 1999. But T. s. settlement on the wood panel was recorded only when the salinity was above 25 psu and their settlement was greatly reduced below this levels. (Tarakanadha & Rao 2007)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Not applicable

Temperature Regime Survival:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Temperature Range Survival:

[India] 24.4-33.9ºC at Krishpatnam habour during 1997 and 1999. (Tarakanadha & Rao 2007) Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Temperature Range Reproduction:

[India] 24.4-33.9 ºC at Krishpatnam habour during 1997 and 1999. (Tarakanadha & Rao 2007) Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

[India] T. s. settlement on the wood panel was recorded only when the salinity was above 25 psu and their settlement was greatly reduced below this levels. (Tarakanadha & Rao 2007)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

[India] T. s. settlement on the wood panel was recorded only when the salinity was above 25 psu and their settlement was greatly reduced below this levels. (Tarakanadha & Rao 2007)

Depth Regime:

Shallow subtidal, Deep subtidal

Depth Range:

[Japan] 115 m off Ibaraki Prefecture (Haga 2001) 100-200 m (Haba 2001, Higo et al. 1999) [India] Two meters below the low tide level at Krishnapatnam Habour. (Tarakanadha & Rao 2007)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Few

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

Internal

Reproduction Mode:

Hermaphrodite/ monoecious

Spawning Type:

None

Development Mode:

Planktonic larva (type unspecified)

Asexual Reproduction:

NF

Reproduction Details:

There are probably three ways in which fertilization can occur: 1) the sexual products may be extruded into the water separately, and ferilization takes place externally; 2) the sperm may be extruded into the water and then be taken into the mantle cavity of the female in the incurrent stream, in which case fertilization occurrs in the epibranchial cavity; and 3) it possibly may be direct, with the excurrent siphon of the male transferring the sperm directly into the incurrent siphon of the female and fertilization again taking place in the epibranchial cavity. (Turner 1966) Does not reproduce asexually (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Teredinidae] The trochophore stage is reached in about 12 hours and the veliger in about 24 hours. (Sigerfoos 1908, Nair 1956, cited in Turner 1966). However, the duration of the veliger stage varies with the species, temperature, and the availability of wood. It is about 3 to 4 weeks in Bankia setacea (Coe 1941, Quayle 1953, cited in Turner 1966) and B. gouldi, species found in temperate waters. (Sigerfoos 1908, cited in Turner 1966) [Family Teredinidae] shipworms are protandric hermaphites; they have to breed and disperse larva quickly to find new wood habitats, which are not broadly distributed in marine environments;  Teredo parksi and Bankia carinata reached sexual maturity by 2 months, at 2–4 mm body lengths (MacIntosh et al. 2014) [Family Teredinidae] protandrous hermaphrodites;  start as male, transform to female; cannot self-fertilize; males release sperm into the water column, which then fertilizes eggs for the female, where they are brooded in the gills to veliger stage and released; Teredo navalis and Lyrodus massa release in the early (straight-hinge) stages, spending several weeks in the plankton;  (T. bartschi, T. furcifera, and Lyrodus pedicellatus) release at an advanced stage, as pediveligers, and spend a few days in the plankton. The larvae settle as pediveligers, rapidly metamorphose, and begin boring into wood within 2-3 days; they develop a calcified shell, pallets, and burrow lining (Turner and Johnson 1971, cited in NEMESIS 2016). [Teredo spp.] larviparous: eggs are fertilized in mantle cavity, brooded in modified gill chambers before release; brooding period varies between species: short term brooders keep larvae 5 - 8 days, release straight-hinge veligers that develop 10 - 15 days in water column; Long term brooders keep larvae until fully developed, release competent, non-feeding pediveligers (Calloway and Turner, 1988; Karande and Pensey, 1969, cited in MacIntosh et al. 2014)

Adult Mobility:

Sessile

Adult Mobility Details:

RELATED: [Family Teredinidae] sessile (MacIntosh et al. 2014)

Maturity Size:

RELATED: [Family Teredinidae] Teredo parksi and Bankia carinata reached sexual maturity at 2–4 mm body lengths (MacIntosh et al. 2014)

Maturity Age:

RELATED: [Family Teredinidae] Teredo parksi and Bankia carinata reached sexual maturity by 2 months (MacIntosh et al. 2014)

Reproduction Lifespan:

[India] Seasonal occurrence on the wood panel varied according to a year at Krishnapatnam: June to August in 1998 and January to October in 1999. (Tarakanadha & Rao 2007)

Longevity:

RELATED: Teredo navalis can live for at least about three years in artificial sea water (Becker 1959, cited in Turner 1966)

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

RELATED: [Terenididae] Temperature and salinity are particularly important during the breeding season, each species having an optimum temperature and salinity for the spawning and survival of the young. (Turner 1966)

Reproduction Time:

[India] Seasonal occurrence on the wood panel varied according to a year at Krishnapatnam: June to August in 1998 and January to October in 1999. (Tarakanadha & Rao 2007)

Fecundity:

RELATED: [Terado dilatata] Produced over 100 million eggs in one spawning (Sigerfoos 1908, cited inTurner 1966)

Egg Size:

RELATED: [Teredinidae] Egg size of the species with external fertilization is less than 45 μm. (Turner 1966) [Terado navalis] Terado navalis which retains the young within the brood pouch of the female produces larger and fewer eggs with the size of 55 to 60 μm. (Costell et al. 1957, cited in Turner 1966)

Egg Duration:

RELATED: [Teredinidae] Development of the egg is rapid. It takes about 12 hours to trochophore stage. (Sigerfoos 1908, Nair 1956, cited in Turner 1966)

Early Life Growth Rate:

RELATED: [Teredinidae] The trochophore stage is reached in about 12 hours and the veliger in about 24 hours. (Sigerfoos 1908, Nair 1956, cited in Turner 1966) The duration of the veliger stage varies with the species, temperature, and the availability of wood. It is about 3 to 4 weeks in Bankia setacea (Coe 1941, Quayle 1953, cited in Turner 1966) and B. gouldi, species found in temperate waters. (Sigerfoos 1908, cited in Turner 1966)

Adult Growth Rate:

NF

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

NF

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Mangrove, Other

Habitat Type:

Borer, Epibenthic

Substrate:

Biogenic

Exposure:

NF

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

[Bay of Bengal, east coast of India] found in canoes, boats, mangrove stumps and driftwood; marine wood-borers (Rao et al. 2014) [Madras, east coast of India] Found in all types of wood: drift logs, floating pieces of wood, underwater wooden piles and catamarans, and submerged test planks (Srinivasan 1968) [Japan] Bored sunken pine like wood on the mud bottom at the depth of 115 m off Ibakaki Prefecture. (Haga 2001) [India] Bored seasoned wood panels made of Bombax ceiga. (Tarakanadha & Rao 2007) Exposed, Semi-exposed (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Family Teredinidae] wood serves as both habitat and food; expansion: shipworms form short-term/competitive communities in available wood; as they grow and feed, timber decreases in size; they have to breed and disperse larva quickly to find new wood habitats, which are not broadly distributed in marine environment (MacIntosh et al. 2014)

Trophic Level:

See details

Trophic Details:

Shipworm utilizes wood as food. But adult of some species of shipworm may require planktonic food, at least during the breeding period, and some may be capable of surviving on plankton only. (Turner 1966) RELATED: [Family Teredinidae] eat wood; woody plant tissue (MacIntosh 2014) [Family Teredinidae] shipworms may get some nutrition from plankton, but some comes from wood (mainly cellulose); Symbiotic bacteria fix nitrogen, essential for protein synthesis (Turner and Johnson 1971; Barnes 1983, cited in NEMESIS 2016)

Forage Mode:

Specialist

Forage Details:

Shipworm utilizes wood as food. But adult of some species of shipworm may require planktonic food, at least during the breeding period, and some may be capable of surviving on plankton only. (Turner 1966) RELATED: [Family Teredinidae] obligate wood-feeders; ingest woody plant tissue (MacIntosh 2014) [Family Teredinidae] shipworms may get some nutrition from plankton, but some comes from wood (mainly cellulose); Symbiotic bacteria fix nitrogen, essential for protein synthesis (Turner and Johnson 1971; Barnes 1983, cited in NEMESIS 2016)

Natural Control:

NF

Associated Species:

NF

References and Notes

References:

Global Invasive Species Database (2016) http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/search.php Access Date: 23-Feb-16 and 24-Sept-2015 Haga T (2001) Northern most record of two Teredotyyra species from off Ibaraki Prefecture, eastern Japan. Chiribotan 32: 16-17. (in Japanese) Higo S, Callomon P, Goto Y (1999) Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell-bearing mollusca of Japan. Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplachophora, Scaphopoda. Shell Scientific Publications, Osaka: 748pp. MacIntosh H, de Nys R, Whalan S (2014) Contrasting life histories in shipworms: Growth, reproductive development and fecundity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 459:80-6. NEMESIS (2016) Fofonoff PW, Ruiz GM, Steves B, & Carlton JT (2003) National Exotic Marine and Estuarine Species Information System. http://invasions.si.edu/nemesis/. Access Date: 24-Feb -2016 Ocean Biogeographic Information System (2016) Teredothyrus smithi. http://iobis.org/mapper/.  Access Date: 23-Feb-16 Rao MV, Pachu AV, Balaji M (2014) Interesting shipworm (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Teredinidae) records from India. Check List. 10(3):609-14. Srinivasan VV (1968) Notes on the Distribution of Wood-Boring Teredines In the Tropical Indo-Pacific. Pacific Science. 22 Tarakanadha B & Rao KS (2007) Seasonal settlement of wood borers in Krishnapatnam harbour, Andhra Pradesh, east coast of India. Journal of the Institute of Wood Science 17: 277-285. Turner RD (1966) A survey and illustrated catalogue of the Teredinidae. The Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.: 265pp.

Literature:

Limited information; expert opinion based on observational information or circumstantial evidence

Notes:

NA