Teredo navalis

Overview

Scientific Name: Teredo navalis

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Bivalvia

Order: Myida

Family: Teredinidae

Genus: Teredo

Species:

navalis [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate Northern Atlantic, Temperate Northern Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Temperate Northern Atlantic [Northwast Atlantic Ocean] Commonly found in the waters of the Faroe Iskands, Norway and Iceland. (Elam 2009) STATED as considered native to the Atlantic Northeast Atlantic? (Carlton 1992) STATED (with the question mark) Temperate Northern Pacific T. n. is not considered as an introduced species in Japan and China. (Iwasaki et al. 2004, Furota & Nakayama 2010, Junsheng 2010) [Japan] All area of Japan. (Higo et al. 1999, Okutani ed. 2000) STATUS NOT STATED [China] All along the China coast. (Zhongyan ed. 2004) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific [China] All along the China coast. (Zhongyan ed. 2004) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] All area of Japan. (Higo et al. 1999, Okutani ed. 2000) STATUS NOT STATED Uncertain realm Iceland. (Elam 2009) STATED as considered native to the Atlantic T. n. is not considered as an introduced species in China. (Iwasaki et al. 2004, Furota & Nakayama 2010, Junsheng 2010)

Geographic Range:

[Japan] 23-50ºN at the Pacific side and the Japan Sea side. (Inaba 1982) Worldwide distribution. (Zhongyan ed. 2004)

General Diversity:

NF

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

Yes (NEMESIS 2015)

Non-native Region:

Northwest Atlantic, Northeast Pacific, West Tropical Atlantic, Southern Australia and New Zealand

Invasion Propens:

Temperate Northern Atlantic [Northwest Atlantic] Gulf of Maine In ports of Essex County MA (Massachusetts Bay), 1839 (Russell 1839, cited in NEMESIS 2015) *Introduced It was abundant in test boards at Halifax Nova Scotia, Portland ME, and Boston MA, in 1945-52. (Brown 1953, cited in NEMESIS) *Introduced It was abundant in test boards at Woods Hole from 1936-52. (Brown 1953, cited in NEMESIS) *Introduced Long Island Sound- The first record of T. navalis is from New Haven Harbour CT in 1869. (Perkins 1871, cited in NEMESIS) *Introduced It was abundant in test boards at Fishers Island and various sites around New York Harbor, 1934-52 (Brown 1953, cited in NEMESIS) *Introduced Chesapeake Bay-adjacent Ocean Regions- Teredo navalis was rare in Chincoteague Bay, but abundant at Ocean City MD in 1952 (Scheltema and Truitt 1956, cited in NEMESIS) *Introduced Chesapeake Bay (Lower Bay) - At Fort Wool, 1878; 'Broken shells of this creature occur among the rubbish at the bottom of the water. It is quite common in the Elizabeth River and will no doubt be found in the submerged part of the piles which support the wharf' (Uhler 1878, cited in NEMESIS) *Introduced South of Chesapeake Bay, T. navalis is found in coastal waters of NC and southward to FL, TX. (Brown 1953, cited in NEMESIS) *Introduced It was found in test boards in the Elizabeth River, 1944-52, at Norfolk and Portsmouth VA. (Brown 1953, cited in NEMESIS) *Introduced It was also reported from Hampton Roads, 1949 (Ferguson and Jones 1949, cited in NEMESIS) *Introduced Temperate Northern Pacific [Northeast Pacific] It was introduced into San Francisco Bay in about 1913. (Cohen & Carlton 1995) *Non-indigenous It was established in Willapa Bay in 1957, Pendrell Sound in 1963 and possibley in Los Angeles Harbor in 1927. (Cohen & Carlton 1995) *Non-indigenous Alaskan panhandle to the southern border of the USA (NEMESIS 2016) *Introduced Baja California (NEMESIS) *FAILED INTRODUCTION Tropical Atlantic [West Indies] Bahamas, and Puerto Rico (Brown 1953, cited in NEMESIS) *FAILED INTRODUCTION Temperate Australasia Southern Australia (NEMESIS) *Introduced

Status Date Non-native:

[United States] [Northwest Atlantic] Gulf of Maine In ports of Essex County MA (Massachusetts Bay), 1839 (Russell 1839, cited in NEMESIS 2015) It was abundant in test boards at Halifax Nova Scotia, Portland ME, and Boston MA, in 1945-52. (Brown 1953, cited in NEMESIS) It was abundant in test boards at Woods Hole from 1936-52. (Brown 1953, cited in NEMESIS) Long Island Sound- The first record of T. navalis is from New Haven Harbour CT in 1869. (Perkins 1871, cited in NEMESIS) It was abundant in test boards at Fishers Island and various sites around New York Harbor, 1934-52 (Brown 1953, cited in NEMESIS) Chesapeake Bay-adjacent Ocean Regions- Teredo navalis was rare in Chincoteague Bay, but abundant at Ocean City MD in 1952 (Scheltema and Truitt 1956, cited in NEMESIS) Chesapeake Bay (Lower Bay) - At Fort Wool, 1878; 'Broken shells of this creature occur among the rubbish at the bottom of the water. It is quite common in the Elizabeth River and will no doubt be found in the submerged part of the piles which support the wharf' (Uhler 1878, cited in NEMESIS) It was also reported from Hampton Roads, 1949 (Ferguson and Jones 1949, cited in NEMESIS) It was found in test boards in the Elizabeth River, 1944-52, at Norfolk and Portsmouth VA. (Brown 1953, cited in NEMESIS) South of Chesapeake Bay, T. navalis is found in coastal waters of NC and southward to FL, TX. (Brown 1953, cited in NEMESIS) [Northeast Pacific] It was introduced into San Francisco Bay in about 1913. (Cohen & Carlton 1995) It was established in Willapa Bay in 1957, Pendrell Sound in 1963 and possibley in Los Angeles Harbor in 1927. (Cohen & Carlton 1995) [West Indies] Bahamas, and Puerto Rico (Brown 1953, cited in NEMESIS)

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Hull fouling (Commercial)

Second Vector:

Aquaculture and Fisheries, Natural dispersal

Vector Details:

[United States] [Northeastern Pacific] On the Pacific coast, mid-19th to early 20th century ship-mediated T. n. (Carlton 1992)

Spread Rate:

NF

Date First Observed in Japan:

NF

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

1913 in San Francisco Bay (Cohen & Carlton 1995)

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

[Japan] Many imported logs were damaged by the shipworm and became unavailable at Nanao Harbor in 1957. (Mawatari 1959) In 1970s, the shipworm problem is characterized by the fact that the more attention should be paid to the damage of imported logs stored in the sea water rather than to marine wooden installations or ships because of the increase of replacing them by concrete, steel and plastic materials. (Tsunoda 1979)

Global Impact:

In the 18th century in the Netherlands, shipworms caused extensive damage to wooden seawalls. (Reise et al. 1999, cited in NEMESIS) In the 1920s, an outbreak of T. navalis in San Francisco Bay caused an estimated $615 million dollars (in 1992 dollars) in damage (Cohen and Carlton 1995) In 1946, shipworms were reported to cause an annual $55 million ($500 million in current dolars) of damage to waterfront structures in United States, 1946 (Clapp 1946, cited in NEMESIS)

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Cold water, Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Native Temperature Range:

[Japan] 7-27 ºC at Nanao Harbor (Mawatari 1959)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Worm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Non-native Temperature Range:

NF

Native Salinity Regime:

Mesohaline, Poyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

T. n. is active and reproduced in salinities ranging from normal sea water to as low as 9 psu (Miller 1926, cited in Turner 1966) [Japan] 22.23-31.26 PSU at the surface and 31.44-33.15 PSU at the bottom at Nanao Harbor (Mawatati 1959)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Mesohaline, Poyhaline, Euhaline

Temperature Regime Survival:

Cold water, Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Temperature Range Survival:

0-30 ºC for survival (NEMESIS 2015) [Japan] 7-27 ºC at Nanao Harbor (Mawatari 1959)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

Cold water, Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Temperature Range Reproduction:

Minimum temperature for reproduction is 11 ºC (NEMESIS 2015) Spawning occured when the temperature reached 14 ºC and the lavae were released at 16 to 20 ºC at reared condition (Loosanoff & Davis, 1963, cited in Turner 1966) [Woods Hole] Breeding season extends from about May to October. Spawning begins in the spring when the water reaches a temperature between 11 and 12 ºC. (Grave 1928) [Japan] Reproductive temperature is different according to the locality. For example: September to October at the temperature of 18.7-21.2 ºC at Onagawa, June to November at the temperature of 17.0-26.0 ºC at Oppama, and June to December at the temperature of 9.2-29.0 ºC at Aioi. (Tsunoda 1979)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Mesohaline, Poyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

5-45 psu for survival (NEMESIS 2015) T. n. is active and reproduced in salinities ranging from nomal sea water to as low as 9 psu (Miller 1926, cited in Turner 1966) [Japan] 22.23-31.26 PSU at the surface and 31.44-33.15 psu at the bottom at Nanao Harbor (Mawatati 1959)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

T. n. is active and reproduced in salinities ranging from nomal sea water to as low as 9 psu (Miller 1926, cited in Turner 1966)

Depth Regime:

Lower intertidal, Shallow subtidal

Depth Range:

Lower intertidal to 20-30m deep (Inaba 1982)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Few

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

Internal

Reproduction Mode:

[Teredinidae] Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

None

Development Mode:

Planktonic larva (type unspecified)

Asexual Reproduction:

Does not reproduce asexually

Reproduction Details:

Fertilization must occur in the epibranchial cavity of the female. (Turner 1966) Female carries the young embryos in the gill chamber. (Grave 1928) At the time of release the larvae mesured about 85 to 95 μm and the time of metamorphosis between 190 and 200 μm in length. The duration of the free-swimming period was about 20 days. (Loosasnoff & Davis 1963, cited in Turner 1966)

Adult Mobility:

Sessile

Adult Mobility Details:

NF

Maturity Size:

4-5 cmm in length (Grave 1928)

Maturity Age:

Six weekd or two months after metamorphosis. (Grave 1928)

Reproduction Lifespan:

Breeding season extends from about May to October. Spawning begins in the spring when the water reaches a temperature between 11 and 12 ºC. (Grave 1928)

Longevity:

T. n. can live for at least about three years in artificial sea water (Becker 1959, cited in Turner 1966) T. n. reaches adult size in one year and dies during the second year at Woods Hole. (Grave 1928)

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

[Terenididae] Temperature and salinity are particularly important during the breeding season, each species having an optimum temperature and salinity for the spawning and survival of the young. (Turner 1966)

Reproduction Time:

[Japan] Reproductive timing is different according to the locality. For example: September to October at the temperature of 18.7-21.2 ºC at Onagawa, June to November at the temperature of 17.0-26.0 ºC at Oppama, and June to December at the temperature of 9.2-29.0 ºC at Aioi. (Tsunoda 1979) [Woods Hole] Breeding season extends from about May to October. Spawning begins in the spring when the water reaches a temperature between 11 and 12 ºC. (Grave 1928)

Fecundity:

The eggs are retained in th gills of the mother during cleavage and early development (Grave 1928) and produces 3 million egg. (NEMESIS 2015) The number of eggs produced varies with the size of the individual and is estimated to be from one to five millions. (Grave 1928)

Egg Size:

Species retaining the young within the brood pouch of the female produce larger and fewer eggs. Those of Terado navalis are 55 to 60 μm in diameter (Costell et al. 1957, cited in Turner 1966)

Egg Duration:

[Woods Hole] The fertilized egg is passed in the brood pouch about two or three weeks. (Grave 1928)

Early Life Growth Rate:

At the time of release the larvae mesured about 85 to 95 μm and the time of metamorphosis between 190 and 200 μm in length. The duration of the free-swimming period was about 20 days. (Loosasnoff & Davis 1963, cited in Turner 1966)

Adult Growth Rate:

[Japan] Average growth rate varied according to their monthly age from 13 mm per month for one month old specimens to 48 mm per month for three months old ones. (Tsunoda 1979)

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

[Sweden] Low population density was correlated with low water temperature at Kristineberg. A large number of specimens occurred at Marstrand and Träslövsläge in 1971, but only a few were found in 1972. (Norman 1977)

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Other (in wood)

Habitat Type:

Borer

Substrate:

Artificial woody substrata, floating timber

Exposure:

Exposed, Semi-exposed

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

Shipworms are highly specialized bivalves adapted for boring into wood. (Turner 1966)

Trophic Level:

[Terenididae] Herbivore, Suspension feeder

Trophic Details:

Shipworm utilizes wood as food. But adult of some species of shipworm may require planktonic food, at least during the breeding period, and some may be capable of surviving on plankton only. (Turner 1966)

Forage Mode:

Specialist, Non selective

Forage Details:

Shipworm utilizes wood as food. But adult of some species of shipworm may require planktonic food, at least during the breeding period, and some may be capable of surviving on plankton only. (Turner 1966)

Natural Control:

NF

Associated Species:

NF

References and Notes

References:

Carlton JT (1992) Introduced marine and estuarine mollusks of North America: an end-of-the -20th-century perspective. Journal of Shellfish Research 11: 489-505. Cohen AN & Carlton JT (1995) Biological Study. Nonindigenous aquatic species in a United States estuary: A case study of the biological invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta. A report for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC and the National Sea Grant Program, Connecticut Sea Grant Publication PB96-166525. Elam ML (2009) Pacific northwest aquatic invasive species profile. Great naval shipworm Teredo navalis. Fish 423: 1-9. Furota T & Nakayama S (2010) The national report of Japan on marine invasive species in the NOWPAP region. in The regional overveiw and national reports on the marine invasive species in the NOWPAP region. UNEP/NOWPAP/DINRAC/Publication 10: 53-78. Grave BH (1928) Natural history of shipworm, Teredo navalis, at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The Biological Bulletin 55: 260-282. Higo S, Callomon P, Goto Y (1999) Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell-bearing mollusca of Japan. Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplachophora, Scaphopoda. Shell Scientific Publications, Osaka: 748pp. Inaba A (1982) Molluscan fauna of the Inland Sea, Japan. Hiroshima shell club, Hiroshima: 181pp. (in Japanese) Iwasaki et al. (2004) Human-mediated introduction and dispersal of marine organisms in Japan: Results of a questionnaire survey by the Committee for the Preservation of the Natural Environment, the Japanese Association of Benthology. Japanese Journal of Benthology 59: 22-44. (in Japanese with English abstract) Junsheng LI (2010) National report of China on marine invasive species in the NOWPAP region. in The regional overveiw and national reports on the marine invasive species in the NOWPAP region. UNEP/NOWPAP/DINRAC/Publication 10: 27-51. Mawatari S (1959) A study on the construction of Nanao lumber pool. Bulletin of the Research Institute for Natural Resources 51: 3-14. (in Japanese) NEMESIS 2015: Fofonoff PW et al. (2003) National Exotic Marine and Estuarine Species Information System. http://invasions.si.edu/nemesis/browseDB/SpeciesSummary.jsp?TSN=-64. Access Date: 18-Sep-2015 Norman E (1977) The geographical distribution and the growth of the wood-boaring molluscs Teredo navalis L., Psiloteredo megatara (Hanley) and Xylophaga dorsalis (Turton) on the Swedish west coast. Ophelia 16: 233-250. Okutani T (ed) (2000) Marine mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo: 1173pp. (in Japanese) Tsunoda K (1979) Ecological studies of shipworm attack on wood in the sea water log storage site. Wood research 65: 11-53. Turner RD (1966) A survey and illustrated catalogue of the Teredinidae. The Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.: 265pp. Zhongyan Q (ed) (2004) Seashells of China. China Ocean Press, Beijing: 418pp.

Literature:

Moderate level of information; data from comparable regions or older data (more than 10 years) from the area of interest

Notes:

NA