Reishia bronni

Overview

Scientific Name: Reishia bronni

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Gastropoda

Order: Neogastropoda

Family: Muricidae

Genus: Reishia

Species:

sp., cf. clavigera (I describe as R. clavigera here) [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate N. Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Temperate Northern Pacific [Japan] Southern Hokkaido to Kyushu at the Pacific side. Oga Peninsula to Kyushu at Japan Sea side. (Higo et al. 1999) STATUS NOT STATED [Taiwan] All provinces. (Lai 1988) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific [Taiwan] All provinces. (Lai 1988) STATUS NOT STATED Uncertain realm [China] Along the Chinese coast. (Zhongyan ed. 2004) STATUS NOT STATED [Malaysia] Along the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. (Miskon et al. 2014) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

[Japan] From 25ºN to 42ºN at the Pacific side and up to 41ºN at Japan Sea Side. (Inaba 1982) [Malaysia] Frin 1º 21' N, 104º 13' E to 5º 34' N, 102º 51' E at Peninsular Malaysia. (Mikon et al. 2014)

General Diversity:

High level of genetic diversity within each of sampled populations and no significant genealogical branches or geographic clusters were observed, suggesting high levels of gene flow among populations throughout the NW Pacific. Nevertheless, low but significant genetic differntiation that corresponds to habitat conditions and freshwater discharge fromm the Changjiang River was detected. (Guo 2015) [Japan] T. c.(=synonym of R.c., according to WoRMS) in Tanabe Bay has two morphological forms. These two forms are confirmed to be isolated genetically; there are significant differences between them in allele frequencies at the 6 analysed loci. (Hayashi 1999)

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015)

Non-native Region:

Not applicable

Invasion Propens:

Not applicable

Status Date Non-native:

Not applicable

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Not applicable

Second Vector:

Not applicable

Vector Details:

Not applicable

Spread Rate:

Not applicable

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

R. c. is found on oysters cultivated on the piles at shallow water as a harmful animal. (Tamura 1960)

Global Impact:

Not applicable

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Cool temperate, mild temperate, warm temperate, subtropical, Tropiccal

Native Temperature Range:

[Japan] Suitable temperature of R. c. is 20 - 23 ºC and they hibemate at less than 10 ºC under the boulder or in the crevasse of rock. (Masuda 1953) [Korea] Water temperature during the sampling period between 1998 and 1999 is 13.3 ± 0.64 - 16.7 ± 0.96 ºC. (Son 2003)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Not applicable

Non-native Temperature Range:

Not applicable

Native Salinity Regime:

Mesohaline, Poyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

[Korea] Salinity range where R. c. is distributed between 1998 and 1999 in Korea is 32.2 ± 0.3 - 33.7 ± 0.8 psu. (Son 2003)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Not applicable

Temperature Regime Survival:

Cool temperate, mild temperate, warm temperate, subtropical, Tropical

Temperature Range Survival:

[Japan] Suitable temperature of R. c. is 20 - 23 ºC and they hibemate at less than 10 ºC under the boulder or in the crevasse of rock. (Masuda 1953) [Korea] Water temperature during the sampling period between 1998 and 1999 is 13.3 ± 0.64 - 16.7 ± 0.96 ºC. (Son 2003)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

Cool temperate, mild temperate, warm temperate, subtropical, Tropiccal

Temperature Range Reproduction:

[Japan] Suitable temperature of R. c. is 20 - 23 ºC and they hibemate at less than 10 ºC under the boulder or in the crevasse of rock. (Masuda 1953) [Korea] Water temperature during the sampling period between 1998 and 1999 is 13.3 ± 0.64 - 16.7 ± 0.96 ºC. (Son 2003)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Mesohaline, Poyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

[Korea] Salinity range where R. c. is distrtibured between 1998 and 1999 in Korea is 32.2 ± 0.3 - 33.7 ± 0.8 psu. (Son 2003) [Japan] Tolerance of salinity for survival of reared R. c. in the laboratory is 11.0 and 58.8 psu. (Sakai 1950)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

[Korea] Salinity range where R. c. is distributed between 1998 and 1999 in Korea is 32.2 ± 0.3 - 33.7 ± 0.8 psu. (Son 2003)

Depth Regime:

Mid intertidal, Lower intertidal, Shallow subtidal

Depth Range:

[Japan] Mid intertidal to 20 m deep. (Inaba 1982, Higo et al. 1999)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Common

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

Internal

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious It is also said sequential hermaphrodites. (Woodruff et al. 1986)

Spawning Type:

None

Development Mode:

Planktotrophic planktonic larva (feeding)

Asexual Reproduction:

Does not reproduce asexually

Reproduction Details:

R. c. forms a large colony and spawns many egg capsules on the rock in summer by capulation. (Horiguchi & Shimizu 1992) [Japan] Sessile type egg capsules are aggregated when spawned by gathered individuals. Embryo reaches the free-swimming veliger stage in about two weeks at sea temperature of around 27 ºC. (Amio 1963)

Adult Mobility:

Actively mobile (Mobility is a normal part of at least part of the adult life cycle - at least in spurts. Not dependent upon distance traveled)

Adult Mobility Details:

Individuals left in the pan at the depth of 50 cm moved 0 m in 24 hours, max 3 m in 39 hours and 6.3 m in 48 hours. The movement of the species mainly occurs at night with small distance and small speed. (Ogawa 1976)

Maturity Size:

[Japan] 13mm at Shima Peninsula, Mie Prefecture. (Nakano & Nagoshi 1980)

Maturity Age:

Two years (Guo 2015, Nakano & Nagoshi 1980))

Reproduction Lifespan:

[Japan] Spawning season is late May to August at Yoshimim, Yamaguchi Prefecture. (Amio 1963) Spawning season is July to late August or early September at Shima Peninsula. (Nakano & Nagoshi 1980)

Longevity:

Seven years (Guo et al. 2015) [Japan] More than four years. (Nakano & Nagoshi 1980)

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

NF

Reproduction Time:

[Japan] Spawning season is late May to August at Yoshimim, Yamaguchi Prefecture. (Amio 1963) Spawning season is July to late August or early September at Shima Peninsula. (Nakano & Nagoshi 1980)

Fecundity:

[Japan] Egg number in a capsule is 160 - 220. (Amio 1963)

Egg Size:

[Japan] Egg size is 0.19 mm. (Amio 1963)

Egg Duration:

[Japan] About two weeks under the sea temprature of 27 ºC. (Amio 1963)

Early Life Growth Rate:

[Japan] Shell size of veliger when hatched is 0.30 -0.32 mm. It takes 9 days from trocophore to veliger. (Amio 1963)

Adult Growth Rate:

[Japan] Shell length attains to 7 - 8 mm three months after the spawning. It attains to 12 mm in a year, 18 mm in two years, 21 - 22 mm in three years, and 24 - 25 mm in four years. (Nakano & Nagoshi 1980)

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

[Japan] R.c. is distributed sepeately except spawing season. R. c. keeps still between rocks during winter becomes gradually active in spring. And in the spawning season, it gets together and makes colony. (Nakano & Nagoshi 1980)

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Rocky intertidal, Rocky subtidal, Fouling, Oyster reef

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic

Substrate:

Rock, Artifical substrate

Exposure:

Exposed, semi-exposed, protected, very protected

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

R. c. is found on the rock, concrete revetment or wharf covered by oysters and barnacles all round the year. (Shimada 2009) R. c. is found on not only the habitats mentioned above, but also oysters cultivated on the piles at shallow water as a harmful animal. (Tamura 1960)

Trophic Level:

Predator

Trophic Details:

R. c. prey upon barnacles and bivalves and change their diet during the growth from a small species to a large. Their favorite foods at Shirahama are Chtamalus challengeri, Tetraclita squamosa, Pollicipes mitella and Septifer virgatus. (Abe 1994)

Forage Mode:

Selective

Forage Details:

R. c. prey upon barnacles and bivalves and change their diet during the growth from a small species to a large. Their favorite foods at Shirahama are Chtamalus challengeri, Tetraclita squamosa, Pollicipes mitella and Septifer virgatus. (Abe 1994)

Natural Control:

NF

Associated Species:

NF

References and Notes

References:

Abe N (1985) Two forms of Thais clavigera (Küster, 1858). VENUS 44: 15-26. Abe N (1994) Growth and prey preference in Thais clavigera. VENUS 53: 113-118. Amio M (1963) A comparative study of marine gastropods, with ecological considerations. Journal of National Fisheries University 12: 229-358. (in Japanese with English summary) Association for the Research of Littoral Organisms in Osaka Bay (2012) Rocky shore macrobiota of southeastern Osaka Bay. Results of surveys carried out in the years 2006-2010. Shizenshi-Kenkyu 211-224. (in Japanese with English abstract) Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&sn=septifer+virgatus&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN&x=14&y=8. Access Date: 29-Oct-2015. Guo X et al. (2015) Phylogeography of the rock shell Thais clavigera (Mollusca): Evidence for long-distance dispersal in the Northwestern Pacific. Plos one :1-16. Hayashi T (1999) Genetic differentiation between the two forms of Thais clavigera (Küster, 1858) (Mollusca, Gastropoda) in Tanabe Bay, central Japan. Zoological Science 16: 81-86. Higo S, Callomon P, Goto Y (1999) Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell-bearing mollusca of Japan. Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplachophora, Scaphopoda. Shell Scientific Publications, Osaka: 748pp. Horiguchi T & Shimizu M (1992) Mollusks and other aquatic organisms. In Organotin pollution and its effects on aquatic organisms. Satomi & Shimizu (eds.). Koseisha-Koseikaku Press., Tokyo: 99-135 pp. Horikoshi A & Okamoto K (2007) Present structure of sessile organisms communities of lighted buoys in Tokyo Bay. Sessile Organisms 24: 21-32. (in Japanese with English abstract) Inaba A (1982) Molluscan fauna of the Inland Sea, Japan. Hiroshima shell club, Hiroshima: 181pp. (in Japanese) Lai KY (1988) Mollusks. Illustrated book for natural observation in Taiwan. Du jia chu ban you xian gong si, Taipei City :199pp. (in Chinese) Masuda T (1953) On the effects of temperature and salinity on the adhesive farce of a Japanese common oyster drill, Purpura clavigera (Küster). Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 19: 627-632. (in Japanese with English summary) Miskon FM et al. (2014) Trace metals in Thais clavigera along coastal waters of the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 43: 529–534. Nakano & Nagoshi (1980) Growth and age of Thais clavigera (Küster), Prosobranch, in tidal zone around Shima Peninsula, Japan. Commemorative publication for the 25th anniversary of Toba aquarium: 87-92. (in Japanese) Ogawa Y (1976) Ecology of Thais clavigera. Collecting and Breeding 15: 57-58. (in Japanese) Sakai S (1950) Study on the oyster drill. First report, resistance to the salinity of Ibo-nichi (Purpura clavegera). Institute of Agriculture, Tohoku University 2: 284. (in Japanese) Shimada H (2009) Environmental education using rock shells as a teaching material. Journal of Science Education in Japan 24: 29-32. (in Japanese) Son MH (2003) Geographical variation in shell morphology of the rock shell, Thais clavigera (Gastropoda: Muricidae) according to environmental difference in Korean coast. Journal of the Korean Fisheries Society : 632-640. Tamura T (1960) Shallow sea aquaculture. Series of fisheries science 2. Koseisha-koseikaku inc., Tokyo: 368pp. (in Japanese) Zhongyan Q (ed) (2004) Seashells of China. China Ocean Press, Beijing: 418pp.

Literature:

Moderate level of information; data from comparable regions or older data (more than 10 years) from the area of interest

Notes:

NA