Pygospio californica

Overview

Scientific Name: Pygospio californica

Phylum: Annelida

Class: Polychaeta

Order: Spionida

Family: Spionidae

Genus: Pygospio

Species:

californica [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate Northern Pacific

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Temperate Northern Pacific Alsea Bay estuary, Oregon, USA (Castillo et al. 1996) STATED Central California, USA (Carlton 2007) STATUS NOT STATED Dillon Beach, California, USA (Hartman 1944) STATUS NOT STATED Lawsons Flat (38º14'00" N 122º57'15" W), California, USA (Johnson 1970) STATUS NOT STATED Dillon Beach, California, USA (Clark & Haderlie 1962) STATUS NOT STATED Crescent Beach, Redwood National Park, California, USA (Boyd & DeMartini 1977) STATUS NOT STATED British Columbia, Canada (Baldwin 2009) STATUS NOT STATED California, USA (Ward 1982) STATUS NOT STATED Umpqua estuary, Oregon, and central California, US (Blake & Ruff 2007, cited in Rudy et al. 2014) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

-124.400001525879 38.1999969482422,-122.899993896484 40.7000007629395 (OBIS 2016) British Columbia, Canada (Baldwin 2009) to Central California, USA (Carlton 2007; Blake & Ruff 2007, cited in Rudy et al. 2014)

General Diversity:

Closely related to Pygospio elegans (Rudy et al. 2014)

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2016)

Non-native Region:

Not applicable

Invasion Propens:

Not applicable

Status Date Non-native:

Not applicable

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Not applicable

Second Vector:

Not applicable

Vector Details:

Not applicable

Spread Rate:

Not applicable

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

Not applicable

Global Impact:

Not applicable

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

NF

Native Temperature Range:

NF

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Not applicable

Non-native Temperature Range:

Not applicable

Native Salinity Regime:

NF

Native Salinity Range:

NF

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Not applicable

Temperature Regime Survival:

See details

Temperature Range Survival:

RELATED: [Pygospio spp.] -0.336 - 27.499 ºC (OBIS 2016b)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

See details

Temperature Range Reproduction:

RELATED: [Pygospio elegans] Complete regeneration after asexual reproduction occurs in 8 days at 20º (Rasmussen 1953, cited in Foster n.d.; Hobson & Green 1968, cited in Foster n.d.)

Salinity Regime Survival:

See details

Salinity Range Survival:

RELATED: [Pygospio elegans] Tolerates salinities as low as 2 (Bolam 2004, cited in Rudy et al. 2014; Blake 2006, cited in Rudy et al. 2014), but found from 28 - 30 in Coos Bay (Rudy et al. 2014) [Pygospio spp.] 6.095 - 35.233 PPS (OBIS 2016b)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

NF

Depth Regime:

Upper intertidal, Mid intertidal, Low intertidal, Shallow subtidal

Depth Range:

[Central California] High intertidal sand flats (Carlton 2007) Sampled from 0 - 1 m (OBIS 2016) [Lawsons Flat, California] Intertidal. Sampled from +2.3, +1.2, and +0.9 m above sea level, where there is an approximately 100 m range between the mean higher high-tide mark and the mean lower low-tide mark (Johnson 1970) [Dillon Beach, California] Intertidal (Clark & Haderlie 1962) [California] Sampled from 0 - 20 cm depth (Boyd & DeMartini 1977) Intertidal (Rudy et al. 2014)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Common, See details

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

internal

Reproduction Mode:

NF

Spawning Type:

Not applicable

Development Mode:

See details

Asexual Reproduction:

Budding/fragmentation (Splitting into unequal parts. Buds may form on the body of the “parent”)

Reproduction Details:

[California] Asexual reproduction via architomy, with variable sites of fission. Sperm are introsperm with elongated heads. Larvae are brooded with and without nurse eggs. Planktotrophic larvae, which are released at the 3 - 7 chaetiger stage (Peterson 1999) Stores sperm (Mortimer & Mackie 2014) Males may use dorsal appendages on setiger 2 to transfer spermatophores to females (Orensky & Williams 2009) Asexual reproduction via architomy, where the parent fragments into several pieces and blastemal growth restores the original body plan (Blake & Arnofsky 1999, cited in Gibson & Paterson 2003) RELATED: [Pygospio elegans] Sexually dimorphic. Fertilization requires copulation. Egg capsules are fastened within the female's tube, and early development takes place within them. Capable of asexual reproduction, with fission at variable locations along the body (multiple authors, cited in Foster n.d.) [Pygospio elegans] Sexual reproduction, in addition to asexual reproduction by fragmentation or architomy (Blake & Arnofsky 1999, cited in Rudy et al. 2014). Warmer temperatures increase the frequency of asexual reproduction (Armitage 1979, cited in Rudy et al. 2014; Rasmussen 1953, cited in Rudy et al. 2014). Eggs are released into egg capsues, within the adult tube, via nephridial pores (Hartman 1941, cited in Rudy et al. 2014). Adelphophagic larvae, which ingest unfertilized nurse eggs in their shared cucoon (Rudy et al. 2014). Larvae may be planktonic or non-planktonic after release from the egg capsule (Blake 2006, cited in Rudy et al. 2014) [Family Spionidae] Break into two or more pieces, which regenerate the parts they each lack (Kozloff 1990) [Class Polychaeta] Asexual reproduction is linked to regeneration capacity, which is restricted in polychaetes (Ansell et al. 1997)

Adult Mobility:

Facultatively mobile (Species with limited mobility, in particular to repositioning themselves in response to environmental disturbances (e.g., sea anemones))

Adult Mobility Details:

RELATED: [Pygospio elegans] Discretely motile; can move but it isn't required to feed (MacDonald et al. 2010)

Maturity Size:

[California] Grows up to 15 - 25 mm length (Hartman 1944)

Maturity Age:

NF

Reproduction Lifespan:

NF

Longevity:

NF

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

NF

Reproduction Time:

RELATED: [Pygospio elegans] [False Bay, Washington] Sexual reproduction from November to December, with asexual reproduction from March to October (Fernald et al. 1987, cited in Rudy et al. 2014) [Pygospio elegans] [Coos Bay, Oregon] Sexual reproduction recorded in April (Rudy et al. 2014)

Fecundity:

NF

Egg Size:

[California] 100 µm (Peterson 1999)

Egg Duration:

NF

Early Life Growth Rate:

[California] Metamorphasis occurs at the 20 chaetiger stage, when 1100 µm (Peterson 1999)

Adult Growth Rate:

RELATED: [Pygospio elegans] Anterior, including prostomium and palps, can be regenerated in 9 - 12 days post ablation (Lindsay et al. 2007, cited in Rudy et al. 2014) [Pygospio elegans] [Coos Bay, Oregon] Sexual reproduction recorded in April (Rudy et al. 2014)

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

NF

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Coastal shore, Tide flats

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic

Substrate:

Sand

Exposure:

Exposed, Protected

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

[Central California] High intertidal sand flats (Carlton 2007) [California] Sandy beaches (Hartman 1944) [Lawsons Flat, California] Sampled from an intertidal, sandy beach. Fine sand with 0.1 - 4.2 % silt (Johnson 1970) [Dillon Beach, California] Exposed, sandy beach. Some exposure protection at the southern end because of Tomales Point (Clark & Haderlie 1962) Found on intertidal sand flats (Rudy et al. 2014) RELATED: [Pygospio elegans] Found in sand and tube aggregations in rocky intertidal, and in high intertidal sand flats (Carlton 2007) [Pygospio elegans] Tubiculous (Macdonald et al. 2010)

Trophic Level:

See details

Trophic Details:

RELATED: [Pygospio elegans] May filter feed with a mucous net, catch plankton with its palps, or feed from surface deposits (Hempel 1957a, b, cited in Fauchald & Jumars 1979) [Pygospio elegans] Omnivorous surface deposit and suspension feeder on sediment, particulate organic matter, benthic microfauna, diatoms, and phytoplankton (Macdonald et al. 2010) [Family Spionidae] May use its pair of palps to collect food from surface deposits, or capture small organisms from suspension. At least one spionid uses a mucous net to trap particles within its tube (Kozloff 1990)

Forage Mode:

Generalist

Forage Details:

RELATED: [Pygospio elegans] May filter feed with a mucous net, catch plankton with its palps, or feed from surface deposits (Hempel 1957a, b, cited in Fauchald & Jumars 1979) [Pygospio elegans] Omnivorous surface deposit and suspension feeder on sediment, particulate organic matter, benthic microfauna, diatoms, and phytoplankton (Macdonald et al. 2010) [Family Spionidae] May use its pair of palps to collect food from surface deposits, or capture small organisms from suspension. At least one spionid uses a mucous net to trap particles within its tube (Kozloff 1990)

Natural Control:

PREDATION [Predation] [Alsea Bay estuary, Oregon] Eaten by juvenile English sole (Castillo et al. 1996) RELATED: PREDATION [Pygospio elegans] [Predation] Eaten by fish and shorebirds (Rudy et al. 2014)

Associated Species:

RELATED: PARASITES [Pygospio elegans] [Parasites] Hosts Lecudina sp. and a coccidium species (Douglass & Jones 1991)

References and Notes

References:

Ansell AD, Gibson RN & Barnes M (1997) Oceanography and Marine Biology, Volume 35. CRC Press. London, UK. Baldwin A (2009) Polychaete Worms of British Columbia. http://ibis.geog.ubc.ca.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/biodiversity/efauna/documents/PolychaetesofBCBaldwin2009.pdf Boyd MJ & DeMartini JD (1977) Intertidal and subtidal biota of Redwood National Park. National Park Service Contract No. CX9490-4-0665. http://humboldt-dspace.calstate.edu/handle/2148/445 Carlton JT (2007) The Light and Smith manual: intertidal invertebrates from central California to Oregon. London, England: University of California Press, Ltd Castillo GC, Miller TW, Chapman JW, Li HW (1996) Non-indigenous species cause major shifts in the food-base of estuarine-dependent fishes. In: "Guyshop '96" Feeding ecology and nutrition in fish symposium proceedings. Eds. MacKinlay D & Shearer K. pg 101 - 109. www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/library/209595.pdf Clark RB & Haderlie EC (1962) The Distribution of Nephtys californiensis and N. caecoides on the Californian Coast. Journal of Animal Ecology 31(2): 339-357. www.jstor.org/stable/2146?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Douglass TG & Jones I (1991) Parasites of California Spionid Polychaetes. Bulletin of Marine Science 48(2): 308-317. www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/1991/00000048/00000002/art00019 Fauchald K & Jumars PA (1979) The diet of worms: a study of polychaete feeding guilds. Oceanography and Marine Biology - An Annual Review 17: 193-284. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/255608624_The_diet_of_worms_a_study_of_Polychaete_feeding_guilds Foster NM (n.d.) Spionidae (Polychaeta) of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Studies of the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands. 129: 1-183. dare.uva.nl/cgi/arno/show.cgi?fid=549831 Gibson GD & Paterson IG (2003) Morphogenesis during sexual and asexual reproduction in Amphipolydora vestalis (Polychaeta: Spionidae). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 37(4): 741-752. www-tandfonline-com/doi/abs/10.1080/00288330.2003.9517204 Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/search.php. Access date: 21-06-2016 Hartman O (1944) Polychaetous Annelids. Part VI, Paraonidae, Magelonidae, Longosomidae, Ctenodrilidae, and Sabellariidae. In: Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions Vol. 10. University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles, California. http://ia700406.us.archive.org/12/items/allanhancockpaci10alla/allanhancockpaci10alla.pdf Johnson RG (1970) Variations in Diversity within Benthic Marine Communities. The American Naturalist 104(937): 285 - 300. www.jstor.org/stable/2459160?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Macdonald TA, Burd BJ, Macdonald VI, van Roodselaar A (2010) Taxonomic and Feeding Guild Classification for the Marine Benthic Macroinvertebrates of the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2874. http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/340580.pdf Mortimer K & Mackie ASY (2014) Morphology, feeding and behaviour of British Magelona (Annelida: Magelonidae),with discussions on the form and function of abdominal lateral pouches. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 71: 177-201. https://museumvictoria-com-au/pages/58020/177-202_mmv71_mortimer_3pz_web.pdf OBIS. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper/ Access date: 21-06-2016 OBIS b. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper/ Access date: 02-09-2016 *Note: genus level data Orensky LD & Williams JD (2009) Morphology and ecology of a new sexually dimorphic species of Polydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) associated with hermit crabs from Jamaica, West Indies. Zoosymposia 2: 229-240. www.biotaxa.org/Zoosymposia/article/view/zoosymposia.2.1.17 Peterson ME (1999) Reproduction and development in Cirratulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). Hydrobiologia 402: 107-128. download.springer.com/static/pdf/893/bok%253A978-94-017-2887-4.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-94-017-2887-4&token2=exp=1440797886~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F893%2Fbok%25253A978-94-017-2887-4.pdf%3ForiginUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Fbook%252F10.1007%252F978-94-017-2887-4*~hmac=03f4fd3d2cf39a15f5a667442f87dc7cffb805b103502e255779e7169b281f5b Rudy Jr P, Rudy LH, Shanks, A, Butler B (2014) Pygospio elegans. In: Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates (Second Edition). Accessed via: https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/handle/1794/12681 Ward LA (1981) Spionidae (Polychaeta: Annelida) from Hawaii, with descriptions of five new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94(4): 713-730. www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34607224#

Literature:

NA

Notes:

NA