Pocillopora damicornis

Overview

Scientific Name: Pocillopora damicornis

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Anthozoa

Order: Scleractinia

Family: Pocilloporidae

Genus: Pocillopora

Species:

damicornis (Note: according to WoRMS, Pocillopora damicornis bulbosa is actually a separate species, P. acuta) [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Central Indo-Pacific, Eastern Indo-Pacific, Tropical Eastern Pacific, Western Indo-Pacific, Temperate Australasia, Tropical Atlantic

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Eastern Indo-Pacific Kaho'olawe, Hawaii (Coles et al. 1998) STATED McKean Island (3º36'S 174º8'W), Kiribati (Luke 1998) STATUS NOT STATED Kure Atoll (28º25'N 178º20'W), Hawaii, USA (Luke 1998) STATUS NOT STATED Indo-Pacific; Hawaii (Tran & Hadfield 2011) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific Khang Khao Island (13º09' N, 100º48' E), Sichang Islands (Moberg et al. 1997) STATUS NOT STATED Nanwan Bay (21º57.555'N 120º45.989'E), Taiwan (Cheng & Dai 2010) STATUS NOT STATED Ningaloo reef (between 21º47' and 23º38'S), Western Australia (Thomas et al. 2014) STATUS NOT STATED Lizard Island, northern Great Barrier Reef; Orpheus Island and Pelorus Island, of the Palm Island group, central Great Barrier Reef, Australia (Torda et al. 2013) STATUS NOT STATED Southern reef near Heron Island Research Station, Great Barrier Reef, Australia (Harii et al. 2010) SATUS NOT STATED Western Indo-Pacific Mandapam (Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay), Andamans, Chetlat, Minicoy (Laccadives), India (James et al. 1969) STATUS NOT STATED Indian Ocean: Red Sea to eastern Africa. Eastern Pacific: Gulf of California to Ecuador, including nearby islands (Glynn & Ault 2000, cited in Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007; Pérez-Vivar et al. 2006, cited in Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007). Western and central Pacific (Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007) STATUS NOT STATED Obhur Creek, Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia (Al-Sofyani & Floos 2013) STATUS NOT STATED Kusu Island and Raffles Lighthouse, Singapore (Lee et al. 2009) STATUS NOT STATED Reef near Eilat in the Gulf of Aquaba, Red Sea (Ben-Haim et al. 2003) STATUS NOT STATED Tropical Eastern Pacific Oaxaca, Mexico (Bastida-Zavala et al. 2014) STATUS NOT STATED Isla del Coco National Park, Pacific Costa Rica (Cortes 2012) STATUS NOT STATED Uraba, Panama (Cunning et al. 2015) STATUS NOT STATED Playa Blanca (10°36’37.63”N, 85°41’10.01”W), Bahía Culebra, Costa Rica (Alvarado & Vargas-Castillo 2012) STATUS NOT STATED La Azufrada reef (2°58′10′′N 78°11′05′′W), Gorgona Island, Colombian Pacific Ocean (Castrillón-Cifuentes et al. 2015) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Northern Pacific Punta Gaviotas (24.5ºN), southwestern Gulf of California, Mexico (Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007) STATUS NOT STATED Houbihu Reef (25º56.169'N 120º44.824'E), Taiwan (Bramanti et al. 2015) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Australasia Tasman Sea, Australia (San Martín et al. 2008) STATUS NOT STATED Hall Bank (32º2.002' S and 115º42.957' E), western Australia (Thomson & Frisch 2010) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

-178.400009155273 -55.6000022888184,179.5 33.5 (OBIS 2016) [Western Australia] North end of the Kimberley region to the temperate southwest waters (Veron & Marsh 1988, cited in Thomas et al. 2014) Indian Ocean: Red Sea to eastern Africa. Eastern Pacific: Gulf of California to Ecuador, including nearby islands (Glynn & Ault 2000, cited in Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007; Pérez-Vivar et al. 2006, cited in Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007). Nanwan Bay (21º57.555'N 120º45.989'E), Taiwan (Cheng & Dai 2010) to Tasman Sea, Australia (San Martín et al. 2008)

General Diversity:

[Ningaloo Coast, Western Australia] Sympatrically occurring colonies, which are morphologically similar, possess two mitochondrial haplotypes. The two open reading frame haplotypes formed genetically distinct lineages, with some, but limited, genetic mixing (Thomas et al. 2014)

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2016)

Non-native Region:

Not applicable

Invasion Propens:

Not applicable

Status Date Non-native:

Not applicable

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Not applicable

Second Vector:

Not applicable

Vector Details:

Not applicable

Spread Rate:

Not applicable

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

Not applicable

Global Impact:

Not applicable

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

See details

Native Temperature Range:

[Hawaii] Maintained in culture at 25ºC (Tran & Hadfield 2011) [Obhur Creek, Saudi Arabia] Seawater temperature ranges annually from 24.5 - 33 ºC (Al-Sofyani & Floos 2013) [Colombian Pacific Ocean] Sea surface temperature ranged from 26.5 - 28.5 ºC from October 2010 to June 2011. At 15 m depth, temperatures could get as low as 14.0ºC between January and March (Castrillón-Cifuentes et al. 2015) [Hall Bank, western Australia] Annual mean of 19.3ºC, with a winter mean of 16.4ºC (Thomson & Frisch 2010)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Not applicable

Non-native Temperature Range:

Not applicable

Native Salinity Regime:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

[Colombian Pacific Ocean] Salinity ranged from 26.6 - 31.1 psu from November 2010 to April 2011 (Castrillón-Cifuentes et al. 2015)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Not applicable

Temperature Regime Survival:

See details

Temperature Range Survival:

13.198 - 29.290 ºC (OBIS 2016) [Obhur Creek, Saudi Arabia] Maintained in culture at 25, 30, and 35 ºC (Al-Sofyani & Floos 2013) [Hawaii and Enewetak] Metabolic rate responded to temperature change in the 19 - 31 ºC range (Coles & Jokiel 1977, cited in Al-Sofyani & Floos 2013) [Singapore] Reproduction experiments successfully carried out at seawater temperature ranging from 27 to 31 ºC (Lee et al. 2009) [Uraba, Panama] Maintained in culture at 26 ± 0.5, 27.5, and 29 ºC (Cunning et al. 2015) [Gulf of Aquaba] Collected from seawater that ranged from 21 -26 ºC (Ben-Haim et al. 2003)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

See details

Temperature Range Reproduction:

[Singapore] Reproduction experiments successfully carried out at seawater temperature ranging from 27 to 31 ºC (Lee et al. 2009) [Great Barrier Reef, Australia] Larvae maintained at 26ºC for experiments (Harii et al. 2010)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Mesohaline, Polyhaline, Euhaline, See details

Salinity Range Survival:

32.106 - 35.533 PPS (OBIS 2016) Survived reduction of salinity from 30 to 20 and 10 ppt, but gross production per unit biomass, and photosynthetic rate, were reduced (Moberg et al. 1997) [Singapore] Reproduction experiments successfully carried out at salinity ranging from 29 - 43 ppt (Lee et al. 2009) [Gulf of Aquaba] Maintained in culture at 35 - 37 ppt (Ben-Haim et al. 2003)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

[Singapore] Reproduction experiments successfully carried out at salinity ranging from 29 - 43 ppt (Lee et al. 2009)

Depth Regime:

Shallow subtidal, Deep subtidal

Depth Range:

Sampled from 0 - 98 m depth (OBIS 2016) [McKean Island] 0 - 26 m (Luke 1998) [Tasman Sea] Intertidal (San Martín et al. 2008) [Punta Gaviotas, Mexico] 2 - 5 m depth (Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007) [Khang Khao Island] Collected from 4 m depth, where tidal range is ≤3m (Moberg et al. 1997) [Western Australia] Collected from less than 5 m depth (Thomas et al. 2014) [Great Barrier Reef] Sampled from 3 - 9 m depth (Torda et al. 2013) [Gulf of Aquaba] Collected from 2- 6 m depth (Ben-Haim et al. 2003) [Nanwan Bay, Taiwan] Collected from 2 - 6 m depth (Cheng & Dai 2010)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Abundant, Common

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

external

Reproduction Mode:

Hermaphrodite/ monoecious

Spawning Type:

NA

Development Mode:

Lecithotrophic planktonic larva (non-feeding)

Asexual Reproduction:

Budding/fragmentation (Splitting into unequal parts. Buds may form on the body of the “parent”)

Reproduction Details:

Geographic variation in reproductive mode. Spontaneous development of female and male gametes; hermaphrodite. Maternal inheritance of zooxanthellae (Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007). Teleplanic larvae (Richmon 1987, cited in Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007) [Punta Gaviotas, Mexico] Hermaphroditic individuals broadcast gametes (Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007) [Western and central Pacific] Planulae incubated (Ward 1992, cited in Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007) [Southern Gulf of California] Fragmentation occurs in this species, in addition to sexual reproduction. Can settle onto soft substrates, such as sand and gravel, and re-attach to the bottom after being detached (Reyes-Bonilla 2003, cited in Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007) Broods larvae. Large variation in larval duration before settlement: 2 hours to 100 days (Harrigan 1972, cited in Tran & Hadfield 2011; Richmond 1987, cited in Tran & Hadfield 2011) Larvae will settle on any biofilmed surface in Hawaii (Harrigan 1972, cited in Tran & Hadfield 2011) and Australia (Harriott 1983, cited in Tran & Hadfield 2011) [Ningaloo Coast, Western Australia] Sexually produced propagules have a high dispersal potential (Thomas et al. 2014) Hermaphroditic. Broods asexual planulae. Broadcast spawns gametes (Ward 1992, cited in Thomas et al. 2014) Asexually produces larvae, which it broods, in addition to sexually spawning gametes for external reproduction (multiple authors, cited in Torda et al. 2013) [Colombian Pacific Ocean] Hermaphroditic colonies, gonochoric or hermaphroditic polyps. Polygamomonoecious pattern: both gonochoric and hermaphroditic polyps were present within the same colony. More oocytes and spermaries were present from March - July 2011, when the water was warm and salinity was high. Oocytes mature in approximately four months, and sperm mature in approximately one month (Castrillón-Cifuentes et al. 2015) Lecithotrophic (Baird et al. 2009, cited in Thomson & Frisch 2010) Larvae get energy from lipid stores and from symbiotic dinoflagellates, Symbiodinium spp., which are present in newly released planula larvae (Harii et al. 2010). Period of larval settlement-competency is 100 days (multiple authors, cited in Harii et al. 2010) RELATED: [Genus Pocillopora] [Punta Gaviotas, Mexico] Reproduce asexually by fragmentation (Highsmith 1982, cited in Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007) [Genus Pocillopora] Hermaphroditic. Species vary with regard to location (internal versus external) of fertilization and larval development (multiple authors, cited in Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007)

Adult Mobility:

Sessile

Adult Mobility Details:

[Australia] Dominant habitat-forming coral (Thomas et al. 2014)

Maturity Size:

[Colombian Pacific Ocean] Stage IV oocytes were only found in colonies with a diameter ≥ 14 cm (Castrillón-Cifuentes et al. 2015)

Maturity Age:

NF

Reproduction Lifespan:

NF

Longevity:

NF

Broods per Year:

[Colombian Pacific Ocean] Oocytes matured twice in 2011, with a peak between February and May, and a probable second peak between August and September (Castrillón-Cifuentes et al. 2015)

Reproduction Cues:

[Punta Gaviotas, Mexico] Temperature likely controls reproductive periodicity because gametes occur with the warm season (Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007) [Western and central Pacific] Reproduction coincides with the new or full moon in austral spring and summer (November to March) (Ward 1992, cited in Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007) [Eastern Pacific from Caño Island, Costa Rica, to Galapagos Islands, Ecuador] Synchronous spawn of gametes, maturing throughout the year, but don't follow the lunar cycle (Glynn et al. 1991, cited in Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007) Surface-biofilm bacteria signal larvae about suitable substrata for attachment, and metamorphasis into a benthic polyp (Tran & Hadfield 2011) Larval release follows the new moon, and planulation followed a lunar cycle (Lee et al. 2009) Metamorphosis induced by a stable chemical compound present both on the substratum surface and in deep layers of the calcareous red algae (Lee et al. 2009) [Colombian Pacific Ocean] Gamete development occurred with an increase in temperature and sea-surface temperature (Castrillón-Cifuentes et al. 2015)

Reproduction Time:

[Punta Gaviotas, Mexico] Gametes observed June to November 2001, and May to July 2002. Mature (stage IV) oocytes and spermatozoids were present from August to November 2001, with a peak in September, but in 2002 mature oocytes were only observed in July, and spermatozoids in June (Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007) [Western and central Pacific] Reproduction coincides with the new or full moon in austral spring and summer (November to March) (Ward 1992, cited in Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007) [Singapore] Planulates approximately monthly, with planulation following a lunar cycle (Fan et al. 2000, cited in Lee et al. 2009). Planulation lasted ~13 days, began just after the new moon, and peaked ~9 days after the new moon (Lee et al. 2009) [Palm Islands, Australia] Recruitment peaked in June - July in both sampling years, 2009 and 2010, on the windward side of the islands. On the leeward side of the islands, smaller peaks were in October - November in 2009, and varied by island in 2010, with peak recruitment on NW Pelorus in June - July, but April - May on NW Orpheus (Torda et al. 2013) [Colombian Pacific Ocean] Gamete development occurred with an increase in temperature and sea-surface temperature. Oogenesis cycle completed from February to May (Castrillón-Cifuentes et al. 2015)

Fecundity:

[Singapore] Colonies of approximately 15 cm diameter can produce up to 500 larvae per day (Lee et al. 2009) [Colombian Pacific Ocean] 267 stage I, 779 stage II, 704 stage III, and 1061 stage IV oocytes were observed. ≤6 stage I, 4 stage II, and 2-3 stage III oocytes were observed per ovary, with the stage IV oocytes free in the gastrodermal cavity. 13.5 ± 8.6 (mean±SD) stage IV oocytes per polyp, on average, ranging from 1.4 ± 0.7 (July 2011) to 25.3 ± 17.3 (May 2011) stage IV oocytes per polyp, with no statistically significant relationship with colony size. No oocytes or spermaries were found in colonies affected by cyanobacteria, filamentous algae, or bleaching (Castrillón-Cifuentes et al. 2015)

Egg Size:

[Punta Gaviotas, Mexico] Oogonia range in diameter from 10 - 21 µm, with a mean diameter of 18 µm. Oocytes range in diameter from 22 - 40 µm, with a mean diameter of 35 µm. Stage III oocytes range in diameter from 41 - 79 µm, with a mean diameter of 55 µm. Mature oocytes (stage IV) range in diameter from 80 - 193 µm, with a mean diameter of 145 µm (Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007). Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla (2007) noted that the mean size of mature oocytes they observed was higher than that found in Central America and the Galapagos islands by Glynn et al. (1991), and that this is contrary to the trend found by Harrison (1985) that female gamete size decreases with an increase in latitude. [Colombian Pacific Ocean] Stage I oocytes ranged from 10-30 µm, stage II ranged from 40-60 µm, stage III ranged from 70-90 µm, and stage IV oocytes ranged from 100-200 µm (Castrillón-Cifuentes et al. 2015) *Note: measurement not specified [Costa Rica, Panama, Galapagos Islands] Stage IV oocytes range in size from 80 - 138 µm (Glynn et al. 1991, cited in Castrillón-Cifuentes et al. 2015)

Egg Duration:

[Colombian Pacific Ocean] Oocytes matured in approximately four months, from February to May 2011 (Castrillón-Cifuentes et al. 2015)

Early Life Growth Rate:

NF

Adult Growth Rate:

[Obhur Creek, Saudi Arabia] Highest mean daily skeletal growth rate at 3 m depth was 6.08 ± 0.77 mg of skeleton per day in the winter, and the lowest was 3.90 ± 1.16 mg of skeleton per day in the summer. The difference was reported as not significant in the text, but statistically significant in the table (Al-Sofyani & Floos 2013) [Uraba, Panama] Growth ranged from ~2 to 6 mg per gram per week, with less growth at 27.5 and 29 ºC than at 26ºC for corals with both thermally sensitive and tolerant symbionts (Cunning et al. 2015) 2 cm per year mean growth rate (multiple authors, cited in Bramanti et al. 2015)

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

Geographic variation in reproductive mode (Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007)

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Coral reef, Sediment subtidal

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic

Substrate:

Sand, Gravel, Biogenic

Exposure:

NF

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

[Kaho'olawe, Hawaii] Subtidal (Coles et al. 1998) [McKean Island] Coral reef atoll (Luke 1998) [Southern Gulf of California] Can settle onto soft substrates, such as sand and gravel, and re-attach to the bottom after being detached (Reyes-Bonilla 2003, cited in Chávez-Romo & Reyes-Bonilla 2007) [Great Barrier Reef, Australia] Collected from a reef flat (Harii et al. 2010)

Trophic Level:

See details

Trophic Details:

[Gulf of Thailand] Photosynthetic, but also eats the brine shrimp Artemia salina (Moberg et al. 1997)

Forage Mode:

NF

Forage Details:

NF

Natural Control:

PREDATION [Predation] When not protected by mutualistic crustatceans, eaten by seastar Acanthaster planci (ISSG 2007) ENDOSYMBIONT [Endosymbiont] [Nanwan Bay, Taiwan] Hosts six species of xarifiid copepods, including Xarifa fissilis. The copepods may feed on the host's unicellular algae (Cheng & Dai 2010) DISTURBANCE [Disturbance] Demographic modelling showed that in closed populations, a pCO2 increase from 40.5 to 91.2 Pa reduces population density, and populations would be extirpated within 100 years if temperature increased from 26 to 29 ºC. Populations could survive both scenarios with larval supply (10%) from distant populations (Bramanti et al. 2015) PATHOGEN [Pathogen] Bleaching caused by the bacterium Vibrio coralliilyticus when healthy corals were exposed to it at 25ºC, but caused lysis of the corals within 2 weeks at 27 and 29ºC. V. coralliilyticus also attacks the symbiotic algae (Ben-Haim et al. 2003) OTHER [Other] [Colombian Pacific Ocean] Colonies affected by cyanobacteria, filamentous algae, or bleaching did not contain oocytes or spermaries, and may display tissue damage and symbiont deterioration (Castrillón-Cifuentes et al. 2015) *Note: nature of affiliation not specified, so termed "other"

Associated Species:

EPIBIONT [Epibiont] [Tasman Sea] Opisthosyllis brunnea, Opisthosyllis viridis, and Trypanosyllis zebra collected from P.d. (San Martín et al. 2008) ENDOSYMBIONT [Endosymbiont] [Nanwan Bay, Taiwan] Hosts six species of xarifiid copepods, including Xarifa fissilis. The copepods may feed on the host's unicellular algae (Cheng & Dai 2010) SYMBIONTS [Symbiont] [Bahía Culebra, Costa Rica] Hosts 35 species, of which the most predominant were: Harpiliopsis depressa, Trapezia ferruginea, Alpheus lottini, Fennera chacei, and Petrolisthes haigae, and the bivalve Lithophaga aristata (Alvarado & Vargas-Castillo 2012) PATHOGEN [Pathogen] Bleaching caused by the bacterium Vibrio coralliilyticus when healthy corals were exposed to it at 25ºC, but caused lysis of the corals within 2 weeks at 27 and 29ºC. V. coralliilyticus also attacks the symbiotic algae(Ben-Haim et al. 2003) OTHER [Other] [Colombian Pacific Ocean] Colonies affected by cyanobacteria, filamentous algae, or bleaching did not contain oocytes or spermaries, and may display tissue damage and symbiont deterioration (Castrillón-Cifuentes et al. 2015) *Note: nature of affiliation not specified, so termed "other"

References and Notes

References:

Al-Sofyani AA & Floos YAM (2013) Effect of temperature on two reef-building corals Pocillopora damicornis and P. verrucosa in the Red Sea. Oceanologia 55(4): 917-935. https://doaj.org/article/74ae171c74444efd832458b4df5bd92c Alvarado JJ & Vargas-Castillo R (2012) Invertebrados asociados al coral constructor de arrecifes Pocillopora damicornis en Playa Blanca, Bahía Culebra, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical 60(s2): 77-92. www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-77442012000600005 Bastida-Zavala R et al. (2013) Marine and coastal biodiversity of Oaxaca, Mexico [with erratum]. Check List 9(2): 329-390. Bramanti L, Iannelli M, Fan TY, Edmunds PJ (2015) Using demographic models to project the effects of climate change on scleractinian corals: Pocillopora damicornis as a case study. Coral Reefs 34(2): 505-515. link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00338-015-1269-z Castrillón-Cifuentes AL, Muñoz CG, Zapata FA (2015) Reproductive patterns of the coral Pocillopora damicornis at Gorgona Island, Colombian Pacific Ocean. Marine Biology Research 11(10): 1065-1075. www-tandfonline-com/doi/abs/10.1080/17451000.2015.1056798 Chávez-Romo HE & Reyes-Bonilla H (2007) Reproducción sexual del coral Pocillopora damicornis al sur del Golfo de California, México. Ciencias Marinas 33(4): 495-501. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277097889_Sexual_reproduction_of_the_coral_Pocillopora_damicornis_in_the_southern_Gulf_of_California_Mexico_Ciencias_Marinas Cheng YR & Dai CF (2010) Endosymbiotic copepods may feed on zooxanthellae from their coral host, Pocillopora damicornis. Coral Reefs 29(1): 13-18. link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00338-009-0559-8 Coles SL, DeFelice RC, Smith JE, Muir D, Eldredge LG (1998) DETERMINATION OF BASELINE CONDITIONS FOR INTRODUCED MARINE SPECIES IN NEARSHORE WATERS OF THE ISLAND OF KAHO‘OLAWE, HAWAII. Bishop Museum Technical Report No. 14. ftp://140.90.235.78/nodc/archive/arc0001/0000715/1.1/data/1-data/data/PDF/kahoolawe.pdf Cortés J (2012) Marine biodiversity of an Eastern Tropical Pacific oceanic island, Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA TROPICAL 60(supp 3): 131-185. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/262588712_Marine_biodiversity_of_an_Eastern_Tropical_Pacific_oceanic_island_Isla_del_Coco_Costa_Rica Cunning R, Gillette P, Capo T, Galvez K, Baker AC (2015) Growth tradeoffs associated with thermotolerant symbionts in the coral Pocillopora damicornis are lost in warmer oceans. Coral Reefs 34(1): 155-160. link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00338-014-1216-4 Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/search.php. Access date: 02-06-2016 Harii S, Yamamoto M, Hoegh-Guldberg O (2010) The relative contribution of dinoflagellate photosynthesis and stored lipids to the survivorship of symbiotic larvae of the reef-building corals. Marine Biology 157(6): 1215-1224. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-010-1401-0 ISSG (IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group) with support from La Fondation d'entreprise Total (2007) Acanthaster planci (crown-of-thorns starfish), Invasive Species Compendium. http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109203 Access date: 02-06-2016 James PSBR, Thomas PA, Pilla CSG, Kumaraswamy Achari GP, Thomas MM, James DB (1969) Catalogue of Types and of Sponges, Corals, Polychaetes, Crabs and Echinoderms in the Reference Collections of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. Technical Report. CMFRI. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/567/ Lee CS, Walford J, Goh BPL (2009) Adding coral rubble to substrata enhances settlement of Pocillopora damicornis larvae. Coral Reefs 28(2): 529-533. link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00338-009-0467-y Luke SR (1998) Catalog of the benthic invertebrate collections of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Coelenterata. SIO Reference Series No. 98-02. escholarship.org/uc/item/0790p0zw#page-1 Moberg F, Nystöm M, Kautsky N, Tedengren M, Jarayabhand P (1997) Effects of reduced salinity on the rates of photosynthesis and respiration in the hermatypic corals Porites lutea and Pocillopora damicornis. MEPS 157: 53-59. www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v157/p53-59/ OBIS. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper/ Access date: 02-06-2016 San Martín G, Hutchings P, Aguado MT (2008) Syllinae (Polychaeta, Syllidae) from Australia, Part 2: Genera Inermosylis, Megasyllis n. gen., Opisthosyllis, and Trypanosyllis. Zootaxa 1840: 1-53. www.researchgate.net/publication/264277180_Syllinae_%28Polychaeta_Syllidae%29_from_Australia_Part_2_Genera_Inermosylis_Megasyllis_n._gen._Opisthosyllis_and_Trypanosyllis Thomas L, Kendrick GA, Stat M, Travaille KL, Shedrawi G, Kennington WJ (2014) Population genetic structure of the Pocillopora damicornis morphospecies along Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. MEPS 513: 111-119. www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v513/p111-119/ Thomson DP & Frisch AJ (2010) Extraordinarily high coral cover on a nearshore, high-latitude reef in south-west Australia. Coral Reefs 29(4): 92-927. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-010-0650-1 Torda G, Lundgren P, Willis BL, van Oppen MJH (2013) Genetic assignment of recruits reveals short- and long-distance larval dispersal in Pocillopora damicornis on the Great Barrier Reef. Molecular Ecology 22(23): 5821-5834. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mec.12539/full Tran C & Hadfield MG (2011) Larvae ofPocillopora damicornis (Anthozoa) settleand metamorphose in response to surface-biofilmbacteria. MEPS 433: 85-96. www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v433/p85-96/

Literature:

NA

Notes:

NA