Plumularia setacea

Overview

Scientific Name: Plumularia setacea

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Hydrozoa

Order: Leptothecata

Family: Plumulariidae

Genus: Plumularia

Species:

setacea [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate Northern Atlantic, Tropical Atlantic, Temperate South America, Temperate Southern Africa, Temperate Northern Pacific, Western Indo-Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Temperate Australasia,

Native Region:

Origin Location:

CONFLICT: Northeast Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Southern Australia and New Zealand Temperate Northern Atlantic Brighton and Whitstale, UK (Calder 2013) *Type locality England (Schuchert 2001) *Type locality Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia (Brahim et al. 2010) STATUS NOT STATED West coast of Sweden (Calder 2012) STATUS NOT STATED Devon, UK. Found in tropical and boreal water of the Atlatnic, Pacific and Indian Oceans (Hughes 1986) STATUS NOT STATED Norfolk coast (Hamond 1957) STATUS NOT STATED Europe (Hodgson 1949) STATUS NOT STATED Northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Llobet et al. 1991) STATUS NOT STATED Aegean Sea (Morri & Bianchi 1999) STATUS NOT STATED Tossa del Mar, Spain; Apulia, Porto Cesarea, Lacco Ameno, and Prelo, Italy; Helgoland, Germany (multiple authors, cited in Oliveira & Marques 2007) STATUS NOT STATED Isles of Scilly, UK (Robins 1969) STATUS NOT STATED Found as far north as Bergen, Norway in Europe (Kramp 1938, cited in Schuchert 2001) STATUS NOT STATED Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland (Saemundsson 1911, cited in Schuchert 2001) STATUS NOT STATED Western Atlantic: Marthas Vineyard, USA to Argentina (including Bermuda); Gulf of Mexico; Caribbean Sea (multiple authors, cited in Calder 2013) STATUS NOT STATED Found in temperate coastal waters of Atlantic (Schuchert 2001) STATUS NOT STATED Atlantic coast of France (Galea & Leclère 2007) STATUS NOT STATED Strait of Gibraltar (Ramil & Vervoort 1992, cited in Galea & Leclère 2007) STATUS NOT STATED Mauritania (Ansín-Agís et al. 2001, cited in Galea & Leclère 2007) STATUS NOT STATED Tropical Atlantic Bermuda (Calder 1998) STATUS NOT STATED Western Atlantic: Marthas Vineyard, USA to Argentina (including Bermuda); Gulf of Mexico; Caribbean Sea (multiple authors, cited in Calder 2013) STATUS NOT STATED Found in tropical coastal waters of Atlantic (Schuchert 2001) STATUS NOT STATED Guinea Bissau (Gili et al. 1989, cited in Galea & Leclère 2007) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate South America Magellan area (Cantero & Carrascosa 1999) STATUS NOT STATED Ilha da Trindade, S. João da Barra, Baia de Santos e Arredores, Brasil (Vannucci 1951) STATUS NOT STATED Mar del Plata, Argentina (Genzano & Rodriquez 1998, Meretta & Genzano 2015) STATUS NOT STATED Pacific coast of southern Chile: fjord Comau (42°19.894’S 72°27.661’W), south of fjord Cahuelmo (42°17.683’S 72°28.101’W), fjord Comau, Punta Comau (42°11.347’S 72°35.452’W), fjord Comau, Punta Huinay (42°22.483’S 72°25.693’W), Canal Pitt Chico (50°50.071’S 74°08.209’W) (Galea & Leclère 2007) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Northern Pacific Bajo pt (49º36'45"N 126º49'W) and Masset Harbour, British Columbia (Brinckmann-Voss 1983) STATUS NOT STATED Strait of Georgia, BC, Canada (Macdonald et al. 2010) STATUS NOT STATED Matsuyama, Sagami Bay, the Goto Islands, the Tokara Islands, Japan (Yamada 1958) STATUS NOT STATED Northern Pacific coast of North America (Kozloff 1993) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Asamushi, Mutsu Bay. (Tsuchiya & Osanai 1978) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Imaizumi, Yamagata Prefecture of Japan Sea side. (Suzuki 1979) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Matsuyama, Sagami Bay, the Goto Islands, Nakanoshima (Yamada 1955) in the Tokara Islands, Japan (Yamada 1958) STATUS NOT STATED [Sagami Bay] Hayama, kameshiro-sho, Eboshi-iwa, Amadaiba, off Jogashima, Okinose, Sajima, Nishinosaki, Misaki, Ito, Suzaki, and Shirahama. (Hirohito 1995) STATUS NOT STATED Misaki, Kanagawa Prefecture. (Inaba 1890) STATUS NOT STATED [Izu Islands] Oshima Island and Niijima Island. (Hirohito 1995, 1983) STATUS NOT STATED Thoughout Seto Inland Sea including Shijushima Island as one specific locality. (Inaba 1988) STATUS NOT STATED Takamokujima, an islet of Matsushima group, Amakusa Islands, Kyushu. (Hirohito 1969) STATUS NOT STATED South of central Honshu. (Suzuki 1979) STATUS NOT STATED Hira-shima, Muko-jima, and Wakihama in Haha-jima of Haha-jima Group and Hyotan-jima, Ototo-jima, and Fukuro port in Minami-jima of Chichi-jima Group, Bonin Islands (Ogasawara Islands). (Hirohito 1974) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific Hira-shima, Muko-jima, and Wakihama in Haha-jima of Haha-jima Group and Hyotan-jima, Ototo-jima, and Fukuro port in Minami-jima of Chichi-jima Group, Bonin Islands (Ogasawara Islands). (Hirohito 1974) STATUS NOT STATED Western Indo-Pacific Indian Oceans (Schuchert 2001) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Australasia Southern New Zealand (Batham 1956) STATUS NOT STATED Southeast Australia and New Zealand (Hodgson 1949) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Southern Africa South African coastline (Millard 1973) STATUS NOT STATED Uncertain realm Brazil (Kelmo et al. 2003) STATUS NOT STATED Cosmopolitan, but absent from polar areas (multiple authors, cited in Calder 2013) STATUS NOT STATED Pacific Oceans (Schuchert 2001) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

-179.300003051758 -57.3000030517578,179.5 60.9000015258789 (OBIS 2015) Masset Harbour, British Columbia (Brinckmann-Voss 1983) to Canal Pitt Chico (50°50.071’S 74°08.209’W), Chile (Galea & Leclère 2007) Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland (Saemundsson 1911, cited in Schuchert 2001) to South African (Millard 1973) 0-41°N both at the Pacific and the Japan Sea side. (Inaba 1988)

General Diversity:

Multiple, genetically isolated lineages, with each locality having a private lineage. Depending on the species concept used, could be a species complex or a species with population stratification (Schuchert 2014)

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015)

Non-native Region:

Northeast Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Southern Australia and New Zealand

Invasion Propens:

CONFLICT: Northeast Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Southern Australia and New Zealand Central Indo-Pacific Northern Australia (NIMPIS 2015) *Cryptogenic Temperate Australasia Southern Australia (NIMPIS 2015) *Cryptogenic New Zealand (Inglis et al. 2008) *Cryptogenic Port Phillip Bay, Australia (Hewitt et al. 1999, cited in Ruiz et al. 2000) *Non-indigenous Temperate Northern Pacific Not previously known from the northeast Pacific; collected from Oregon, USA (Calder et al. 2014) *Status not known

Status Date Non-native:

Oregon, USA: February 2013 (Calder et al. 2014) Port of Picton, New Zealand: December 2001 (Inglis et al. 2008)

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Ballast water, Dry ballast, Hull fouling (not specified), Aquaculture and Fisheries, Natural dispersal, Other

Second Vector:

NF

Vector Details:

Introduction vector: Biofouling; ballast water; dry ballast; fisheries (accidental; not mullusc); packing material (for bait and fishery products); natural dispersal (NIMPIS 2015) Introduction vector: Found on tsunami debris (Calder et al. 2014) Potential to disperse via floating seaweeds or on hulls (Schuchert 2014); rafting (Cornelius 1992, cited in Schuchert 2014)

Spread Rate:

NF

Date First Observed in Japan:

NF

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

NF

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

NF

Global Impact:

No recorded impacts (NIMPIS 2015)

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Cold temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Tropical, See details

Native Temperature Range:

[Tunisia] Sampled at 27 - 30 ºC (Brahim et al. 2010) [New Zealand] Monthly average sea temperature ranges from 6 ºC to 16 ºC (July and January, repectively); cold temperate zone (Batham 1956) Found in tropical and boreal water of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans (Hughes 1986) Mild temperate, Warm temperate (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

NF

Non-native Temperature Range:

NF

Native Salinity Regime:

Euhaline, Hypersaline

Native Salinity Range:

[Tunisia] Sampled at 38 - 40 psu (Brahim et al. 2010)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

NF

Temperature Regime Survival:

Tropical, see details

Temperature Range Survival:

0.502 - 27.074 ºC (OBIS 2015) Both temperate and tropical areas (NIMPIS 2015) Boreal to tropical waters in the eastern Pacific (Fraser 1937, 1946, cited in Carlton 2007) [Mar del Plata, Argentina] Water temperature ranges from 7 - 19 ºC; species found year round (Meretta & Genzano 2015)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

NF

Temperature Range Reproduction:

[Devon, UK] Reproduces year round (Hughes 1986) [Teignmouth, UK] Monthly average sea temperatures range from 9.1 - 16.6ºC (SeaTemperatures.org 2016) [Norfolk coast] Breeding season is June to September (Hamond 1957) [Lowestoft, UK] Monthly average sea temperatures range from 13.8 - 17.2ºC from June to September (SeaTemperatures.org 2016b)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

33.344 - 37.998 pps (OBIS 2015) Maximum 35 ppt (NIMPIS 2015)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

NF

Depth Regime:

Lower intertidal, Shallow subtidal, Deep subtidal, Bathyal

Depth Range:

Sampled from 0 - 851 m depth (OBIS 2015) Intertidal in northern hemisphere. In Australia, subtidal. Maximum 604 m depth (NIMPIS 2015) Found between 0 - 500 m depth (Calder 1998) Sampled from 30 - 50 m, 90 - 130 m, 29 - 70(?) m (Calder 2012) Littoral zone to 430 m (Millard 1973) Upper limit of MLWS; also found at 10 - 33 fm (Miller 1961) Found at 44 m (Morri & Bianchi 1999) Found at 24 m, 28 m, and 51 m (Robins 1969) Found at 206 m (Schuchert 2001) [Mar del Plata, Argentina] Sublittoral (Meretta & Genzano 2015) [Japan] Subtidal zone at Imaizumi, Yamagata Prefecture of the Japan Sea side. (Suzuki 1979) [Japan] 7-80m in Sagami Bay. (Hirohito 1995) [Japan] 50-80m at Niijima Island and 30-75m at Oshima Island. (Hirohito 1983) [Japan] 20-30m at Seto Inland Sea. (Inaba 1988) [Japan] Intertidal zone at Nakanoshima, Tokara Islands. (Yamada 1955)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Few, Common, abundant

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

internal

Reproduction Mode:

See details

Spawning Type:

NA

Development Mode:

Lecithotrophic planktonic larva (non-feeding)

Asexual Reproduction:

See details

Reproduction Details:

VARIABILITY No free-swimming medusa stage; sperm is released into water and eggs are fertilised within the female polyp. Male and female polyps (gonothecae) found on same colony. Planula larvae released into plankton, then settle and create a root mat. Colonies die after reproduction (NIMPIS 2015) Fixed gonophores (Faucci & Boero 2000) Dioecious colonies exist (Cornelius 1995b, cited in Schuchert 2001) Both gonochoristic and hermaphroditic colonies. Larviparous; lacks a medusa stage (Schuchert 2014) [Pacific coast of southern Chile] Auto-epizoic specimens bear both male and female gonothphores on the same colony (Galea & Leclère 2007) No free-swimming medusae. Probably gonochoristic, but gonophores of both sexes are reported on some colonies. Sperm swim to female gonophores to fertilize eggs. Ciliated planula larvae (Hughes 1986) *Note: entered as lecithotrophic because planula larvae are non-feeding and planktonic RELATED: [Plumaria sp.] Medusoids (reduced medusae) that lack tentacles and are not released from gonozooids; female metasoids release planula larvae (Kozloff 1990) [Hydroids] Rapidly colonize through asexual proliferation (Denny & Gaines 2007)

Adult Mobility:

Sessile

Adult Mobility Details:

Sessile and attached to hard substrate (Macdonald et al. 2010)

Maturity Size:

VARIABILITY Stems are up to 60 mm high (NIMPIS 2015) [South Africa] Pinnate stem reaches 3 - 4 cm in height (Millard 1973) Can grow up to 6 cm high (Schuchert 2001) [Japan] About 2 cm in height (Yamada 1958) [Northeast Pacific] Up to 5 cm high (Carlton 2007) [Mar del Plata, Argentina] Up to 35 mm high in the intertidal; up to 130 mm high in subtidal (Genzano et al. 2002) [Southern Chile] Auto-epizoic hydrocauli are less than 1 cm high and seen to be fertile at this size (Galea & Leclère 2007)

Maturity Age:

[Devon, UK] Two months at 15 m depth on other hydroids; 10 months on panels at ELWS depth (Hughes 1986)

Reproduction Lifespan:

NF

Longevity:

[Felixstowe, Suffolk, UK] 12 - 14 months (Hughes 1986)

Broods per Year:

Colonies die after reproduction (NIMPIS 2015)

Reproduction Cues:

NF

Reproduction Time:

Colonies become sexually mature and reproductive in early spring and summer (NIMPIS 2015) [Norfolk coast] Breeding season is June to September (Hamond 1957) [Isles of Scilly] Found fertile in July (Robins 1969) [Devon, UK] Year round (Hughes 1986) [Asamushi, Japan] Breeding season is between June and August. (Tsuchiya & Osanai 1978)

Fecundity:

[UK] High recruitment rates (Hughes 1986)

Egg Size:

NF

Egg Duration:

NF

Early Life Growth Rate:

NF

Adult Growth Rate:

NF

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

[Mar del Plata, Argentina] Only found in the intertidal in the warm season; year round in subtidal (Genzano et al. 2002) [Felixstowe, UK] Winter dormancy, with autumn regression and spring recovery (hypothesized to be due to food availability) (Hughes 1986)

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Sediment subtidal, SAV, Rocky intertidal, Rocky subtidal, Mussel reef, Oyster reef, Macroalgal beds, Kelp forest, Flotsam, Fouling, Other

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic, Epizoic, Epiphytic, Under rock

Substrate:

Mixed sediments, Cobble, Rock, Biogenic, Artificial substrate

Exposure:

Exposed, semi-exposed, protected

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

[P. setacea var. optima][New Zealand] Sheltered rocky shore; kelp zone on Macrocystis fronds, Cystophora retroflexa, Carpophyllum flexosum (Batham 1956) Concrete, reef, vessel, wood. Open coastal waters and quiet oceanic waters (NIMPIS 2015) [Tunisia] Grows on the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (Brahim et al. 2010) Sheltered and exposed sites, on Cystoseira spp. (Faucci & Boero 2000) On Mytilus spp.; abundant in sheltered areas (Hamond 1957) On Macrocystis sp. (Hodgson 1949) Epibenthic (Macdonald et al. 2010) Under rocks, stones, and boulders in the intertidal; on mixed coarse sand, broken shell, and stones offshore (Miller 1961) Rock and bioconcretion (Morri & Bianchi 1999) Found on Halimeda tuna, Cystoseira amentacea, Cystoseira compressa, Cystoseira barbata, Laminaria hyperborea, Laminara digitata, Posidonia oceanica (multiple authors, cited in Oliveira & Marques 2007) Under boulders; epiphytic on algae; on a vertical rock face; on valve of scallop Pecten maximus; on hydroid Nemertesia antennina (Robins 1969) [Mar del Plata, Argentina] Rocky intertidal; found on hydroid Tubularia crocea, molluscs Brachydontes rodriguezi and Mytilus platensis, and tunicate Molgula sp. (Genzano & Rodriquez 1998) Found on tsunami debris (Calder et al. 2014) Found on seaweeds and rarely on man-made objects (Morri & Boero 1986, cited in Schuchert 2014) [Mar del Plata, Argentina] Benthic rocky outcrops (Meretta & Genzano 2015) [Mar del Plata, Argentina] Epibenthic on rocks; epizoic on blue mussels and occasionally on the sponge Tedania sp. (Genzano et al. 2002) Epizoic; epibenthic; epiphytic; prefers faster-flowing water; can colonise ephemeral substrata (Hughes 1986) Found on the algae like Sargassum spp. and Rocks. (Suzuki 1979) Found on shells, gravels and/or rocks at Seto Inland Seea. (Inaba 1988) Found on the dead oyster shell together with Porifera. (Inaba 1890)

Trophic Level:

Suspension feeder

Trophic Details:

Suspension feeder; microscopic plankton (plants and animals) (NIPMIS 2015) Carnivorous; eats live zooplankton (predator); suspension/filter feeder that strains particles from the water (Macdonald et al. 2010)

Forage Mode:

Generalist

Forage Details:

RELATED: [Hdroids] They consume completely small animals like small crustacea, mollusc, annelida and juvenile fish. (Uchida 1961)

Natural Control:

COMPETITION [Competition] Occupies similar substrates and depths as Plumaria setaceodes (Watson, cited in NIMPIS 2015) [Competition] Occupies similar habitat as Obelia dichotoma, occasionally (Watson, cited in NIMPIS 2015) PREDATION [Predation] Consumed by fish, nudibranchs, pycnogonids (NIMPIS 2015) [Predation] [Isle of Man] Eaten by the nudibranch Doto coronata (Miller 1961) PARASITES [Parasites] Pycnogonids associated with P.s. include: Tanstylum orbiculare and Achelia assimilis. Pycnogonid larvae can cause the deformation of the hydranths that they occupy (Genzano 2002) [Parasites] [Mar del Plata, Argentina] Host for the ectoparasitic annelid Procerastea halleziana and parasitic protonymphon larvae (Meretta & Genzano 2015) RELATED: PREDATION [Hydroids] [Predation] Hydranths may be eaten by nudibranchs, pyconogonids, fish, and the polychaete Procerastea halleziana (Denny & Gaines 2007) PARASITES [Hydroids] [Parasites] Pycnogonid larvae may parasitize and develop in hydranths (Denny & Gaines 2007)

Associated Species:

EPIBIONT [P. setacea var. optima] [Epibiont] [New Zealand] Tufts are "swarming" with caprellids (Batham 1956) [Epibiont] Substrate for Orthopyxis caliculata (Hodgeson 1949) [Epibiont] [Mar del Plata, Argentina] Substrate for the hydroids Bimeria vestita and Clytia gracilis (Genzano & Rodriquez 1998) [Epibiont] [Mar del Plata, Argentina] Substrate for the alage Rhodymenia sp., Pterosiphonia sp., Polysiphonia sp., Ceramium sp., Ulva lactuca; the cnidarians Filellum sp., Sertularella mediterranea, Sertularella striata, Clytia gracilis, Obelia dichotoma, Campanularia agas, Ectopleura crocea; the platyhelminthe Notoplana sp.; the nematode Deonostoma conicum; the brozoans Aetea anguina, Bugula sp., Bicellarella sp., Celleporella sp., Osthimosia sp., Membranipora sp.; the annelids Halosydnella australis, Alitta succinea, Syllis gracilis, Syllis prolixa, Diopatra viridis; the molluscs Chaetopleura sp., Crepidula sp., Costoanachis sertulariarum, Mytilus edulis; the arthropods Monocorophium insidiosum, Jassa falcata, Caprella eximia, Idotea balthica; the echinoderm Ophioplocus januarii; and the chordate Molgula sp. (Meretta & Genzano 2015) PARASITES [Parasites] Pycnogonids associated with P.s. include: Tanstylum orbiculare and Achelia assimilis. Pycnogonid larvae can cause the deformation of the hydranths that they occupy (Genzano 2002) [Parasites] [Mar del Plata, Argentina] Host for the ectoparasitic annelid Procerastea halleziana and parasitic protonymphon larvae (Meretta & Genzano 2015) RELATED: SYMBIONTS [Hydroids] [Symbionts] Act as microhabitats for many other species, including other hydroids, gammarid amphiods, and mussel recruits (Denny & Gaines 2007) [Plumularia sp.] [Symbionts] Hosts the ciliated protozoan Paranophrys marina (Thompson & Berger 1965, cited in Carlton 2007) PARASITES [Hydroids] [Parasites] Pycnogonid larvae may parasitize and develop in hydranths (Denny & Gaines 2007)

References and Notes

References:

Batham EJ (1956) Ecology of Southern New Zealand Sheltered Rocky Shore. Transaction of the Royal Society of New Zealand 84(2): 447-465. rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_84/rsnz_84_02_003740.pdf Brinckmann-Voss A (1983) British Columbia Marine Faunistic Report on the Hydrozoa Part II. Hydroids. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 1185. www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/61714.pdf Calder DR (1998) Hydroid diversity and species composition along a gradient from shallow waters to deep sea around Bermuda. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 45(11): 1843-1860. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063798000442 Calder DR (2012) On a collection of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroidolina) from the west coast of Sweden, with a checklist of species from the region. Zootaxa 3171: 1-77. www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/zt03171p077.pdf Calder DR (2013) Some shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the central east coast of Florida, USA. Zootaxa 3648(1): 001-072. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:22089255-436A-4DBB-BD93-1D3C8CF281FE Calder DR, Choong HHC, Carlton JT, Chapman JW, Miller JA, Geller J (2014) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Japanese tsunami marine debris washing ashore in the northwestern United States. Aquatic Invasions 9(4): 425-440. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/267394881_Calder_D.R._Choong_H.H.C._Carlton_J.T._Chapman_J.W._Miller_J.A._and_Geller_J._2014._Hydroids_%28Cnidaria_Hydrozoa%29_from_Japanese_tsunami_marine_debris_washing_ashore_in_the_northwestern_United_States._Aquatic_Invasions_9_425-440 Cantero ALP & Carrascosa AMG (1999) Biogeographical distribution of the benthic thecate hydroids collected during the Spanish Antartida 8611 expedition and comparison between Antarctic and Magellan benthic hydroid faunas. Scientia Marina 63(S1): 209-218. scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/viewArticle/905 Denny MW & Gaines SD (2007) Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press Faucci A & Boero F (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure Scientia Marina 64(s1): 255-264. scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/viewArticle/816 Galea HR & Leclère L (2007) On some morphologically aberrant, auto-epizootic forms of Plumularia setacea (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from southern Chile. Zootaxa 1484: 39-49. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259979922_On_some_morphologically_aberrant_auto-epizootic_forms_of_Plumularia_setacea_Linnaeus_1758_Cnidaria_Hydrozoa_from_southern_Chile Genzano GN (2002) Associations between pycnogonids and hydroids from the Buenos Aires littoral zone, with observations on the semi-parasitic life cycle of Tanystylum orbiculare (Ammotheiidae). Scientia Marina 66(1): 83-92. scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/viewArticle/567 Genzano GN & Rodriguez GM (1998) Association between hydroid species and their substrates from the intertidal zone of Mar del Plata (Argentine). Miscel lània Zoològica 21.1: 21-29. other.museucienciesjournals.cat/files/MZ-vol-21-1-1998-pp-21-29.pdf Genzano GN, Zamponi MO, Excoffon AC, Acuña FH (2002) Hydroid populations from sublittoral outcrops off Mar Del Plata, Argentina: Abundance, seasonality and reproductive periodicity. Ophelia 56(3): 161-169. www-tandfonline-com/doi/abs/10.1080/00785236.2002.10409496 Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=tss&st=tss&fr=1&x=43&y=15&li=7&tn=Plumularia+setacea&lang=EN Access date: 22-09-2015 Hamond R (1957) NOTES ON THE HYDROZOA OF THE NORFOLK COAST. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 43(291): 294-324. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1957.tb01555.x/abstract Hirohito (1969) Some hydroids of the Amakusa Islands. Biological Laboratory Imperial Household, Tokyo: 32pp. Hirohito (1974) Some hydroids of the Bonin Islands. Biological Laboratory Imperial Household, Tokyo: 55pp. Hirohito (1983) Hydroids from Izu Oshima and Niijima. Biological Laboratory Imperial Household, Tokyo: 83pp. Hirohito (1995) The Hydroids of Sagami Bay II. Biological Laboratory Imperial Household, Tokyo: 355pp Hodgson MM (1949) A Revision of the Tasmanian Hydroida. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. eprints.utas.edu.au/13669/1/1949_Hodgson_revision_of_Tasmanian_hydroida.pdf Hughes RG (1986) Differences in the Growth, Form and Life History of Plumularia setacea (Ellis and Solander) (Hydrozoa: Plumulariidae) in Two Contrasting Habitats. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 228(1251): 113-25. rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/228/1251/113 Inaba A (1988) Fauna and flora of the Seto Inland Sea. Second edition II. Mukaishima Marine Biological Station of Hiroshima University: 1-475. (in Japanese) Inaba M (1890) Hydroida obtained in Misaki, Miura, Soshu. Zoological Magagine 2: 143-149. (in Japanese) Inglis G et al. (2008) Port of Picton Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species. 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