Perinereis nigropunctata

Overview

Scientific Name: Perinereis nigropunctata

Phylum: Annelida

Class: Polychaeta

Order: Phyllodocida

Family: Nereididae

Genus: Perinereis

Species:

nigropunctata [According to Imajima 1996 and 2015, Baoling et al. 1985, and Rupin & Dejian 2004, there is no record of the species in Japan and China.] [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Central Indo-Pacific, Eastern Indo-Pacific, Western Indo-Pacific

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Central Indo-Pacific Malaysia (Pamungkas & Glasby 2015) Type locality Tanguisson, Guam (Kohn & White 1977, cited in Bailey-Brock 2003) STATUS NOT STATED Tanguiss, Guam (Kohn & White 1977, cited in Bailey-Brock 1999) STATUS NOT STATED Ambon Island, Indonesia. Widespread in the Indo-west Pacific (Pamungkas & Glasby 2015) STATUS NOT STATED Ratnagiri (south of Bombay), India: Mirkwar wada, Bhatkar wada, Ratnagiri lighthouse, and Jackey Mirya. Red Sea. Tropical Indo-west Pacific: Moçambique to Indonesia (Day 1973) STATUS NOT STATED Lauvie Island, Marau Sound (Gibbs 1969) STATUS NOT STATED Cape York, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. (Augener 1922, cited in Glasby 2015) STATUS NOT STATED Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. (Hutchings et al. 1991, cited in Glasby 2015) STATUS NOT STATED Northern Australia, Indo-West Pacific. (Glasby 2015) STATUS NOT STATED Northern Australia from Queensland to Dampier, WA. (Hutchings et al. 1991) STATUS NOT STATED Kimberley, Western Australia (Hutchings et al. 2014) STATUS NOT STATED Singapore, Borneo (Labuan) (Hutchings et al. 1991) STATUS NOT STATED Eastern Indo-Pacific Kaho'olawe, Hawaii (Coles et al. 1998) STATED Tiahura reef complex, Moorea, French Polynesia (Naim 1988) STATUS NOT STATED Marshall Islands. (Hutchings et al. 1991) STATUS NOT STATED Western Indo-Pacific Gulf of Mannar (James et al. 1969) STATUS NOT STATED India: Gholvad, Dahanu, Tarapur, Arnala, Mumbai, Alibag, Ratnagiri, Vijaydurg, Devgad, Malvan, Vengurla, Redi (Pati et al. 2015) STATUS NOT STATED Indo-West Pacific (Hartmann-Schröder 1979, cited in Hutchings et al. 2014) STATUS NOT STATED Gulf of Kachchh, Arabian Sea (Subba Rao & Sastry 2005) STATUS NOT STATED Kudankulam coast (8º9′ N and 77º39′ E), India (Satheesh & Wesley 2013) STATUS NOT STATED Equatorial Somalia and French Somaliland (Cantone 1983) STATUS NOT STATED *Note: translated from Italian Red Sea, Indian Ocean, western tropical Pacific Ocean (Cantone 1976) STATUS NOT STATED *Note: translated from Italian Indian Sundarbans (21°32′– 22°40′ North and 88°85′–89°00′ East), district of 24 Parganas, state of West Bengal, India (Chakraborty et al. 2009) STATUS NOT STATED Malay Archipelago. Great Barrier Reef. India: Great Nicobar Island (situated between 6°45'-7° 15'N lat. and 93°38'-93°55' E), Nicobar and Andaman Islands, Chilka lake, Orissa, Gujarat coast, Tuticorin, Cape Comorin, Gangetic delta, Madras coast, Bombay coast (Rajasekaran & Fernando 2009) STATUS NOT STATED, but not a new record Nyali reef, Mombasa and Diego Suarez, Madagascar (Day 1962) STATUS NOT STATED Arabian Gulf (Mohammad 1980) STATUS NOT STATED, but first record for the area Red Sea and Indian Ocean, Malay Archipelago, Marshall Islands (Reish 1968) STATUS NOT STATED, but first record for Marshall Islands Western Bengal, Baitarani River and Chilka Lake in Odisha. (Muir & Hossain 2014) STATUS NOT STATED Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chilka lake, Orissa, Gujarat coast, Tuticorin, Cape Comorin, Gangetic delta, Madras coast and Bombay coast. (Rajasekaran & Fernando 2009) STATUS NOT STATED Madagascar (Hutchings et al. 1991) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

32.1999969482422 -22.9000015258789,171.400009155273 30.6000003814697 (OBIS 2016) Red Sea (Reish 1968; Cantone 1976) and Gulf of Kachchh, Arabian Sea (Subba Rao & Sastry 2005) to Nyali reef, Mombasa and Diego Suarez, Madagascar (Day 1962) Kaho'olawe, Hawaii (Coles et al. 1998) to the Great Barrier Reef (Rajasekaran & Fernando 2009) [Australia] (Hutchings et al Western Australia- Dampier: 20°39'S, 116°43'E,) Gantheaume Point: l7°59'S, 122°11 'E, Broome: l7°58'S, 122°13'E, Willie Creek: l7°46'S, 122°12'E, Fenelon Island: 14°08'S, 125°04'E, East Montalivet Island: 15°06'S, 125°18'E, Condillac Island: 14°06'S, 125°33'E, Northern Territory - Buchanan Island: 11°49'S, 130°39'E, Queensland - Torres Strait, Prince of Wales Island: 10°41'S, 142°09'E, Putta Putta Beach: 10°45'S, 142°36'E, Cape Yorke Peninsula: 11°37'S, 142°38'E, Lizard Island: 14°40'S, 145°28'E, Trinity Inlet: 16°58'S 145°47'E, Ross River: 19°22'S, 146°44'E, Mackay: 21°09'S, 149°11'E, Rockhampton: 23°22'S, 150°32'E, Gladstone, Calliope River: 23°55'S, 151°10'E.

General Diversity:

NF

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2016)

Non-native Region:

Not applicable

Invasion Propens:

Not applicable

Status Date Non-native:

Not applicable

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Not applicable

Second Vector:

Not applicable

Vector Details:

Not applicable

Spread Rate:

Not applicable

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

Not applicable

Global Impact:

Not applicable

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

See details

Native Temperature Range:

RELATED: [Perinereis cultrifera] [Algeria] Sea water temperature at low tide ranged from 11ºC in January to 25ºC in September (Rouabah & Scaps 2003) [Perinereis cultrifera] [Atlantic coast of Morocco] Sea water temperature ranged from 15ºC in January to 23ºC in August during the study period (Rouhi et al. 2008) [Nereis falsa] [Algeria] Sea water temperature ranged in 2007 from 8ºC in January to 23ºC in August (Daas et al. 2011) [Suva Harbor, Fiji] (Singh & Aung 2008) Wet-warm season: 29.3ºC at surface and 28.5ºC at bottom. Dry-cool season: 24.7ºC at surface and 24.4ºC at bottom. Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Not applicable

Non-native Temperature Range:

Not applicable

Native Salinity Regime:

Euhaline, See details

Native Salinity Range:

[Suva Harbor, Fiji] (Singh & Aung 2008) Wet-warm season: 34.4psu at surface and 34.9psu at bottom. Dry-cool season: 34.0psu at surface and 35.0psu at bottom. RELATED: [Perinereis cultrifera] [Atlantic coast of Morocco] Sfrom 35.4 ppt in April to 36 ppt in March during the study period (Rouhi et al. 2008)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Not applicable

Temperature Regime Survival:

Tropical

Temperature Range Survival:

26.803ºC (OBIS 2016) Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Perinereis spp.] 8.584 - 28.035ºC (OBIS 2016b)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

Tropical

Temperature Range Reproduction:

Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Nereis falsa] [Algeria] Spawning occurs when sea surface temperature is highest, at approximately 20 - 23 ºC (Daas et al. 2011) [Perinereis rullieri] [Venice Lagoon] Larvae raised to adulthood at 15, 21, and 27ºC (Prevedelli 1991)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

34.975 PPS (OBIS 2016) RELATED: [Perinereis spp.] 18.069 - 39.009 PPS (OBIS 2016b)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

RELATED: [Perinereis rullieri] [Venice Lagoon] Larvae raised to adulthood at 30 ppt (Prevedelli 1991)

Depth Regime:

Mid intertidal, Lower intertidal, Shallow subtidal

Depth Range:

[Kaho'olawe, Hawaii] Intertidal (Coles et al. 1998) [Kudankulam coast] Colonized wooden test panels submerged at 2 m depth (Satheesh & Wesley 2013) [Indo-West Pacific] Found in the intertidal and subtidal zones (Hartmann-Schröder 1979, cited in Hutchings et al. 2014) [Nyali reef, Mombasa] Collected from rock crevices at mid-tide (Day 1962) [Arabian Gulf] Intertidal (Mohammad 1980) [Adjacent to Suva Harbor, Fiji] In the intertidal region and among the sabellariids on a shallow, muddy reef flat. (Bailey-Brock 1985) [India] Found among oysters and dead coral crevices at low tide. (Rajasekaran & Fernando 2009) RELATED: [Perinereis rullieri] [Venice Lagoon] Collected from under stones at low tide (Prevedelli et al. 1990, cited in Prevedelli 1991) [Perinereis cultrifera] [Atlantic coast of Morocco] Sampled from the intertidal zone at low tide (Rouhi et al. 2008)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Abundant, common, See details

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

external

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

Broadcast

Development Mode:

NF

Asexual Reproduction:

Does not reproduce asexually

Reproduction Details:

RELATED: [Perinereis cultrifera] [Algeria] Reproduces by epitoky exclusively (Rouabah & Scaps 2003) [Perinereis cultrifera] Spawning season, reproduction mode, and maturity age vary by location. Epitokous reproduction has been observed in the English Channel, the Atlantic, Venice Lagoon in Italy, and Salammbo in the Mediterranean Sea. Atokous reproduction has been observed in the Bay of Algiers (multiple authors, cited in Rouabah & Scaps 2003) [Perinereis cultrifera] Gonochoric. Atokous reproduction on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, but varies by location (Rouhi et al. 2008) [Perenereis rullieri] Semelparous; reproduces in the atokous phase (Cassai & Prevedelli 1998) [Perenereis cultrifera] Semelparous; presents epitokal modifications (Cassai & Prevedelli 1998) [Family Nereidae] Eggs and sperm are released, often in clouds. Individuals die after spawning (Kozloff 1990) [Family Nereidae] Semelparous reproduction (Olive & Clark 1978, cited in Prevedelli 1991) [Class Polychaeta] Asexual reproduction is linked to regeneration capacity, which is restricted in polychaetes (Ansell et al. 1997) [Nereididae but not all species] Owing to the influence of the environment, on reaching sexual maturity, numerous female and male individuals set off their habitats and swim to the surface to release sperms and eggs. (Baoling et al. 1985) [Nereididae but not all species] The release of eggas in the female is faster than the emission of sperm in the males. (Baoling et al. 1985) Note: Dr. Otani's data included "Planktotrophic planktonic larva (feeding)" in summary column

Adult Mobility:

Actively mobile (Mobility is a normal part of at least part of the adult life cycle - at least in spurts. Not dependent upon distance traveled)

Adult Mobility Details:

Mobile fauna (Naim 1988) Motile polychaetes (Satheesh & Wesley 2013) Member of polychaeta errantia (Mohammad 1980) RELATED: [Nereididae] Owing to the influence of the environment, on reaching sexual maturity, numerous female and male individuals set off their habitats and swim to the surface to release sperms and eggs. (Baoling et al. 1985) [Nereis sp.] It is known that Nereis crawls on the bottom by parapodia. (Gray 1939, cited in Yamada 1967)

Maturity Size:

Male length ranged from 10 - 20 mm, and the maximum width ranged from 2.0 - 3.0 mm. Female length ranged from 11 - 23 mm, and the maximum width ranged from 2.0 - 4.0 mm (Pamungkas & Glasby 2015)

Maturity Age:

RELATED: [Perinereis cultrifera] [Algeria] Female sexual differentiation begins in February of the animal's second year, and reproduces in its third year (Rouabah & Scaps 2003) [Perinereis cultrifera] Female sexual differentiation begins at 20 months on the north coasts of Brittany and in St. Cloud, Algiers, 19 months in Cherbourg, 16 months, Luc-sur-Mer, and 9 months in Arcachon. Male sexual differentiation does not vary by location, and occurs largely within the last year of life (multiple a uthors, cited in Rouabah & Scaps 2003)

Reproduction Lifespan:

NF

Longevity:

RELATED: [Perinereis cultrifera] Life span of three years on the north coasts of Brittany, though some reproduce in their fourth year, and a three year life span in Algeria, but only a 1.5 year life span in the Bay of Algiers (multiple a uthors, cited in Rouabah & Scaps 2003) [Nereis falsa] Estimated one year mean lifespan (Daas et al. 2011)

Broods per Year:

RELATED: [Family Nereidae] Semelparous (Kozloff 1990)

Reproduction Cues:

RELATED: [Nereididae] Temperature, moon light etc. (Baoling et al. 1985)

Reproduction Time:

[Ambon Island, Indonesia] Sexually mature specimens collected in March, 2014 (Pamungkas & Glasby 2015) RELATED: [Perinereis cultrifera] [Algeria] Spawns in late April or early May when sea surface temperature begins to rise. Female sexual differentiation begins in February of the animal's second year, with oocyte maturation taking approximately 16 months (Rouabah & Scaps 2003) [Perinereis cultrifera] Reproduction from May to June or July in the English Channel and the Atlantic. Sexually mature specimens were found in March in Venice Lagoon in Italy, and May in Salammbo in the Mediterranean Sea. Intense reproduction occurs from July to November, but in present year round, in the Bay of Algiers (multiple authors, cited in Rouabah & Scaps 2003) [Polychaetes] [Kudankulam coast] Larvae present throught the year in coastal waters, with peaks in monsoon season (Satheesh & Wesley 2013; Satheesh 2006, cited in Satheesh & Wesley 2013) [Polychaetes] [Ambon and Maluku Islands, Indonesia] Polychaete mass swarming annually between February to April (Pamungkas & Glasby 2015) [Nereis falsa] [Algeria] Mid June to late August/early September spawning, at the peak of sea temperature (Daas et al. 2011)

Fecundity:

RELATED: [Perinereis cultrifera] [Atlantic coast of Morocco] Mean number of oocytes was 4912±1948 in mature females ranging from 0.23 to 0.64 g, and ranged from 1935 to 8920 (Rouhi et al. 2008). The same area was found to range from 17 000 - 130 000 oocytes per female for females from 0.8 to 4.8 g (Scaps et al. 1992, cited in Rouhi et al. 2008) [Perenereis rullieri] Fecundity ranged from 4080 to 15000 oocytes (Cassai & Prevedelli 1998) [Perenereis cultrifera] Fecundity ranged from 7000 to 26000 oocytes (Cassai & Prevedelli 1998)

Egg Size:

RELATED: [Perinereis cultrifera] [Atlantic coast of Morocco] Oocyte diameter ranged from 113±30.9 µm in August 2004 to 341.5±16.3µm in March 2004 . It increased from November 2003 to March 2004 (*Note, in paper as March 2003 but study ran from November 2003 - October 2004; in figure as March 2004), then decreased until August 2004 (Rouhi et al. 2008) [Nereis falsa] [Algeria] Approximate diameter of mature oocytes was 180 µm (Daas et al. 2011) [Perenereis rullieri] Fecundity ranged from 4080 to 15000 oocytes (Cassai & Prevedelli 1998) [Perenereis cultrifera] Fecundity ranged from 7000 to 26000 oocytes (Cassai & Prevedelli 1998)

Egg Duration:

RELATED: [Nereididae] Two days after fertilization, the larva embryo is released outside the membrana ovi. (Baoling et al. 1985)

Early Life Growth Rate:

NF

Adult Growth Rate:

NF

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

NF

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Tide flats, SAV, Rocky intertidal, Coral reef, Mangrove, Oyster reef, Macroalgal beds, Fouling, Other

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic, Epizoic, Epiphytic, Under rock, Other

Substrate:

Rock, Biogenic, Artificial substrate, Other

Exposure:

Exposed, Protected, Very protected

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

[Honokainaia Bay, Kaho'olawe, Hawaii] Intertidal. Protected from waves by a shoal. Intertidal substratum is loose basalt and calcareous boulders on a broad beach (Coles et al. 1998) [Kudankulam coast] Colonized submerged, wooden test panels (Satheesh & Wesley 2013) [Equatorial Somalia] Found in an assemblage with the seagrass Thalassodendron and the red algae Gelidiella spp., and with Gelidiella (Cantone 1983) *Translated from Italian [Coast of Somalia] Found in an assemblage with the seagrass Thalassodendron and the red algae Gelidiella spp., with red alga Gelidiella acerosa, and in an assemblage with Gelidiella on sponge(Cantone 1976) *Translated from Italian [Moorea, French Polynesia] Found with the alga Halimeda incrassata on the Tiahura coral reef complex(Naim 1988) [Great Nicobar Island, India] Collected from among oysters and crevices in dead coral (Rajasekaran & Fernando 2009) [Ratnagiri, India] Sampled from under a Zoanthus colony on rock, from shells, from rock crevices, from algae on rocks (Day 1973) [Nyali reef, Mombasa] Collected from rock crevices at mid-tide (Day 1962) [Diego Suarez, Madagascar] Collected from bored rock (Day 1962) [Arabian Gulf] Intertidal on rocks (Mohammad 1980) [Lauvie Island, Marau Sound] Beachrock; excavates a simple vertical burrow (Gibbs 1969) [Wickham Island, Marau Sound] Found on an exposed shore (Gibbs 1969) [Australia] Occurs in estuaries, among mangroves, under rocks, sheltered reefs, and among oysters (Hutchings et al. 1991) [Suva Harbor, Fiji] In the intertidal region adjacent to Suva Harbor, Fiji, among the sabellariids on a shallow, muddy reef flat. (Bailey-Brock 1985) [India] Found among oysters and dead coral crevices at low tide (Rajasekaran & Fernando 2009) RELATED: [Perinereis montera] Rocky habitats (Carlton 2007) [Perinereis rullieri] [Venice Lagoon] Found in mixed habitats of stones, gravel, and muddy sand (Prevedelli 1991). This species lives in burrows within fine-grained sediments under stones (Prevedelli et al. 1990, cited in Prevedelli 1991) [Nereis falsa] Lives on loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in Georgia, USA (Pfaller et al. 2006, cited in Daas et al. 2011), and on mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in Izmir Bay (Çinar et al. 2008, cited in Daas et al. 2011)

Trophic Level:

See details

Trophic Details:

RELATED: [Perinereis rullieri] [Venice Lagoon] Nauplii found to be a more suitable food than algae for larger specimens. Larvae fed a fish food, Tetramin, had a better survival rate than those fed either on nauplii or algae (Prevedelli 1991) [Family Nereidae] Consume algae. Some species eat detritus, a few species are opportunistic carnivores or scavengers on animal matter (Kozloff 1990) [Nereididae] Most taxa are herbivores and consume algae, but some feed on detritus (especially when algae is scarce). Some species are opportunistic carnivores and scavengers (Kozloff 1990)

Forage Mode:

NF

Forage Details:

NF

Natural Control:

PREDATION [Predation] [Indian Ocean] Eaten by Conus ebraeus and C. ceylanensis (Kohn & Nybakken 1975) [Predation] [Sudan] Eaten by predatory gastropod Drupa morum (Taylor 1983)

Associated Species:

RELATED: SYMBIONT [Perinereis linea] [Symbiont] 61% of the 40 females from the Mar Menor lagoon were infected by ciliates (subclass Hypotrichida, likely Euplotes sp.). 87% of the 40 females from South Korea were infected. No males from either location were infected. The ciliates fed on the vitellus pellets of eggs, embryos and larvae both in the coelomic cavity and on the attached masses on the body wall of spawning females (Arias et al. 2013). PARASITES Non-native noted: [Nereis succinea] [Parasites] [San Francisco Bay] Infected by trematode parasite Parvatrema borealis (Oglesby 1965b, cited in Cohen & Carlton 1995)

References and Notes

References:

Ansell AD, Gibson RN & Barnes M (1997) Oceanography and Marine Biology, Volume 35. CRC Press. London, UK. Arias A, Richter A, Anadón N, Glasby CJ (2013) Revealing polychaetes invasion patterns: Identification, reproduction and potential risks of the Korean ragworm, Perinereis linea (Treadwell), in the Western Mediterranean. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 131: 117-128. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771413003582 Bailey-Brock JH (1985) Polychaetes from Fijian Coral Reefs. Pacific Science 39: 195-220. Bailey-Brock JH (1999) Ecology and Biodiversity of Coral Reef Polychaetes of Guam and Saipan, Mariana Islands. International Review of Hydrobiology 84(2): 181-196. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iroh.199900019/abstract Bailey-Brock JH (2003) Coral reef polychaetes of Guam and Saipan, Mariana Islands. Micronesica 35-36: 200-217. www.denix.osd.mil/nr/crid/Coral_Reef_Iniative_Database/Guam_files/Bailey-Brock, 2003.pdf Baoling W, Ruiping S, Yang J (1985) The Nereidae (polychaetaous annelids) of the Chinese Coast. China Ocean Press, Beijing: 234pp. Cantone G (1976) RICERCHE SUL LITORALE DELLA SOMALIA. ANELLIDI POLICHETI DI BENDER MTONI E SAR UANLE. Monitore Zoologico Italiano. Supplemento 8(1): 223-254. www-tandfonline-com/doi/abs/10.1080/03749444.1976.10736838 Cantone G (1983) RICERCHE SUL LITORALE DELLA SOMALIA. POPOLAMENTO POLICHETOLOGICO DELLE COSTE SOMALE. Monitore Zoologico Italiano. Supplemento 22(1): 73-85. www-tandfonline-com/doi/abs/10.1080/03749444.1987.10736722 Carlton JT (2007) The Light and Smith manual: intertidal invertebrates from central California to Oregon. London, England: University of California Press, Ltd Cassai C & Prevedelli D (1998) Reproductive effort, fecundity and energy allocation in two species of the genus Perinereis (Polychaeta: Nereididae). Invertebrate Reproduction & Development 34(2-3): 125-131. www-tandfonline-com/doi/abs/10.1080/07924259.1998.9652644 Chakraborty SK, Giri S, Chakravarty G, Bhattacharya N (2009) Impact of Eco-restoration on the Biodiversity of SundarbansMangrove Ecosystem, India. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus 9(3): 303-320. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11267-009-9209-y Cohen AN & Carlton JT (1995) Non-indigenous aquatic species in a United States estuary: A case study of the biological invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington DC Coles SL, DeFelice RC, Smith JE, Muir D, Eldredge LG (1998) DETERMINATION OF BASELINE CONDITIONS FOR INTRODUCED MARINE SPECIES IN NEARSHORE WATERS OF THE ISLAND OF KAHO‘OLAWE, HAWAII. Bishop Museum Technical Report No. 14. ftp://140.90.235.78/nodc/archive/arc0001/0000715/1.1/data/1-data/data/PDF/kahoolawe.pdf Daas T, Younsi M, Daas-Maamcha O, Gillet P, Scaps P (2011) Reproduction, population dynamics and production of Nereis falsa (Nereididae: Polychaeta) on the rocky coast of El Kala National Park, Algeria. Helgoland Marine Research 65(2): 165-173. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10152-010-0212-5 Day JH (1962) POLYCHAETA FROM SEVERAL LOCALITIES IN THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN. Journal of Zoology 139(4): 627-656. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01597.x/full Day JH (1973) Polychaeta collected by U. D. Gaikwad at Ratnagiri, south of Bombay. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 52(4): 337-361. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1973.tb01888.x/abstract Gibbs PE (1969) Aspects of Polychaete Ecology with Particular Reference to Commensalism. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B 255: 443-458. rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/255/800/443.full.pdf+html Glasby CJ (2015) Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa 4019: 207–239. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2015/f/zt04019p239.pdf Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/search.php. Access date: 10-06-2016 Hutchings, P. A., A. Reid and R. S. Wilson, 1991. Perinereis (Polychaeta, Nereididae) from Australia, with redescriptions of six additional species. Records of the Australian Museum 43: 241–274. http://australianmuseum.net.au/uploads/journals/17748/47_complete.pdf Hutchings P, Glasby C, Capa M, Sampey A (2014) Kimberley marine biota. Historical data:polychaetes (Annelida). Records of the Western Australian Museum supplement 84: 133-159. museum.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/SuppWAMuseum_2014_84_133to159_HUTCHINGSetal.pdf Imajima M (1996) Polychaetous annelids. Syllidae, Nereididae, Nephtydae, Spionidae, Maldanidae and Serpulidaie. Seibutsu Kenkyusha Co. Ltd., Tokyo: 530pp. (in Japanese) Imajima M (2015) Polychaetous annelids IV. Seibutsu Kenkyusha Co. Ltd., Tokyo: 332pp. (in Japanese) James PSBR, Thomas PA, Pilla CSG, Kumaraswamy Achari GP, Thomas MM, James DB (1969) Catalogue of Types and of Sponges, Corals, Polychaetes, Crabs and Echinoderms in the Reference Collections of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. Technical Report. CMFRI. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/567/ Kohn AJ & Nybakken (1975) Ecology of Conus on eastern Indian Ocean fringing reefs: Diversity of species and resource utilization. Marine Biology 29(3): 211-234. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00391848 Kozloff EN (1990) Invertebrates. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders College Publishing Magalhães WF & Bailey-Brock JH (2014) Polychaete assemblages associated with the invasive green alga Avrainvillea amadelpha and surrounding bare sediment patches in Hawaii. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 71: 161–168. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269811448_Polychaete_assemblages_associated_with_the_invasive_green_alga_Avrainvillea_amadelpha_and_surrounding_bare_sediment_patches_in_Hawaii MOHAMMAD MBM (1980) Polychaete annelids from Kuwaitian islands, Arabian Gulf, with descriptions of four new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 69: 31–42. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1980.tb01931.x/abstract;jsessionid=CF788FF9CBBE5F5C42886D891AB4DDB0.f01t01 Muir AI & Hossain MM (2014) The intertidal polychaete (Annelida) fauna of the Sitakunda coast (Chittagong, Bangladesh), with notes on the Capitellidae, Glyceridae, Lumbrineridae, Nephtyidae, Nereididae and Phyllodocidae of the “Northern Bay of Bengal Ecoregion”. ZooKeys 419: 1–27. Naim O (1988) Distributional patterns of mobile fauna associated with Halimeda on the Tiahura coral-reef complex (Moorea, French Polynesia). Coral Reefs 6(3): 237-250. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00302020 OBIS. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper/ Access date: 10-06-2016 OBIS b. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper/ Access date: 30-08-2016 *Note: genus level data Pamungkas J & Glasby CJ (2015) Taxonomy of reproductive Nereididae (Annelida) in multispecies swarms at Ambon Island, Indonesia. Zokeys 520: 1-25. www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov/pmc/articles/PMC4591719/ Pati SK, Swain D, Sahu KC, Sharma RM (2015) Diversity and Distribution of Polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) Along Maharashtra Coast, India. In: Aquatick Ecosystem: Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation. pp 53-65. link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-81-322-2178-4_5 Prevedelli D (1991) Influence of temperature and diet on survival of Perinereis rullieri pilato (Polychaeta, Nereididae). Boletino di Zoologia 58(3): 225-228. www-tandfonline-com/doi/abs/10.1080/11250009109355757 Rajasekaran R & Fernando OJ (2009) POLYCHAETES (ANNELIDA) FROM GREAT NICOBAR ISLAND, INDIA: I. FAMILY: NEREIDAE. Rec. zool. Surv. India 108(part-4): 21-36. faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/records/108/04/0021-0036.pdf Reish DJ (1968) The Polychaetous Annelids of the Marshall Islands. Pacific Science 22(2): 208-231. scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/6824 Rouabah A & Scaps P (2003) Life Cycle and Population Dynamics of the Polychaete Perinereis cultrifera from the Algerian Mediterranean Coast. Marine Ecology 24(2): 85-99. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1439-0485.2003.03796.x/full Rouhi A, Sif J, Gillet P, Deutsch B (2008) Reproduction and population dynamics of Perinereis cultrifera (Polychaeta: Nereididae) of the Atlantic coast, El Jadida, Morocco. Cah. Biol. Mar. 49: 151-160. lms.uco.fr/chamilo/main/upload/users/13969/13969/Gillet_et_al_p151-160cahiers_bio_mar.pdf Ruiping S & Dejian Y (2004) Annelida Polycaheta II. Nereidida (=Nereimorpha) Nereididae, Syllidae, Hesionidae, Pilargidae, Nephtyidae. Fauna Sinica, Invertebrata 33. Science Press, Beijing: 520pp. (in Chinese) Satheesh S & Wesley SG (2013) Seasonal changes of motile polychaetes in thefouling assemblage developed on test panelssubmerged on a tropical coast. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93(6): 1525-1531. journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8966437&fileId=S0025315413000076 Singh A & Aung T (2008) Salinity, temperature and turbidity structure in the Suva Lagoon, Fiji. American Journal of Environmental Sciences 4: 266-275. http://repository.usp.ac.fj/6830/1/Singh-Aung_AJES_2008.pdf Subba Rao NV & Sastry DRK (2005) Fauna of Marine National Park, Gulf of Kachchh (Gujarat): An Overview. Conservation Area Series 23: 1-79. faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/cas/023/index.pdf Taylor JD (1983) The food of coral-reef Drupa (Gastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 78(4): 299-316. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1975.tb02262.x/abstract Yamada Y (1967) Polychaeta. In: Systematic Zoology, Uchida T (ed.). Nakayama Shoten Inc., Tokyo: 24-106. (in Japanese)

Literature:

Limited information; expert opinion based on observational information or circumstantial evidence

Notes:

NA