Patiria pectinifera

Overview

Scientific Name: Patiria pectinifera

Phylum: Echinodermata

Class: Asteroidea

Order: Valvatida

Family: Asterinidae

Genus: Patiria

Species:

pectinifera [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate Northern Pacific

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Temperate Northern Pacific Japan and Russia (Gillespie et al. 2012) STATED [Japan] P. p. (as Asterina pectinifera) is known as an endemic species in Japanes waters. (Uchida & Hayashi 1974) STATED [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan (Davydov et al. 1988) STATUS NOT STATED Seto Inland Sea, Japan (Kato 1996) STATUS NOT STATED Vostok Gulf, Sea of Japan (Latyshev et al. 2001) STATUS NOT STATED Ussuri Gulf, Sea of Japan (Manchenko 1976; Manchenko & Serov 1976a, b) STATUS NOT STATED Vladivostok, Russia (Moshchenko & Zvyaginstev 2010) STATUS NOT STATED [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Tokyo Bay, Otsuchi Bay, Kagoshima area, Japan (Nakachi et al. 2006) STATUS NOT STATED Dokdo, Republic of Korea (Ryu et al. 2012) STATUS NOT STATED Tomarihama, Oshika Peninsula, along the Sanriku Coast of Japan (Won et al. 2013) STATUS NOT STATED Peter the Great Gulf, Sea of Japan (Yakolevich 2013) STATUS NOT STATED *note, has both P. pectinifera and the synonimized Asterina pectinifera in their species list [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, in Aniva Bay and along the Southern Kuril Islands (Kashenko 2005) STATUS NOT STATED Yubudo Island, South Korea (Hwang et al. 2015) STATUS NOT STATED Very widely distributed in Japan, being found in Hokkaido, both on the Pacific coast and the Japan Sea side of the main island, the Inland Sea, and Kyushu. Goto has also specimens from Cheefoo, Port Arthur, Cape Kolokoltsof (northern Korea) and Saghalin. (Goto 1914) Goto's specimens are from Otaru and Shikuzushi, Hokkaido; Inubosaki Cape, Chiba Prefecture; Isogo, Tokyo Bay; Misaki, Kanagawa Prefecture; Miyazu, Kyoto Prefecrue; Fukuoka, northern Kyushu. (See Goto 1914) STATUS NOT STATED At the west coast of Peshi-misaki Point, and at the south of the ferry terminal of Oshidomari Port, Rishiri Island, Hokkaido. (Komatsu et al. 2007) STATUS NOT STATED At the coast of Fukaura Town, the Japan Sea side of Aomori Prefecture. (Matsuoka 2011) STATUS NOT STATED Off the coast of Yokohama Town, Mutsu Bay, Aomori Prefceture. (Sato et al. 1994) STATUS NOT STATED Along the coast of Yamagata Prefecture, the Japan Sea. (Suzuki 1979) STATUS NOT STATED Sagami Bay: Misaki; Samejima, Hayama; Arasaki; off Jogasaki; Suzaki. (Hayashi 1973) STATUS NOT STATED Osaka Bay. (Association for the Research of Littoral Organisims in Osaka Bay (1993, 2007) STATUS NOT STATED Seto Inland Sea. (Inaba 1988) STATUS NOT STATED Saiki Bay, Kyushu. (Hayashi 1973) STATUS NOT STATED Off Niihama City, Kagawa Prefecrure, Seto Inland Sea. (Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association 1990) STATUS NOT STATED Yamashita Park, Yokohama City. (Yokohama Institute of Environmental Science 2014) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

120 35,140.800003051758 41.8000030517578 (OBIS 2016) Vladivostok, Russia (Moshchenko & Zvyaginstev 2010) to Yubudo Island, South Korea (Hwang et al. 2015) [Japan] 31º N - 50º N at the Pacific side and the Japan Sea side. (Inaba 1988)

General Diversity:

NF

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015)

Non-native Region:

Not applicable

Invasion Propens:

Not applicable

Status Date Non-native:

Not applicable

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Not applicable

Second Vector:

Not applicable

Vector Details:

Not applicable

Spread Rate:

Not applicable

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

Not applicable

Global Impact:

Not applicable

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Cold water, Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, See details

Native Temperature Range:

[Vostok Bay] Temperature at collection: 20.5 ºC (Kashenko 2003) [Japan] [Yamashita Park, Yokohama City] 9.6 - 26.8 ºC during 2012 and 2013. (Yokohama Institute of Environmental Science 2014) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Subtropical-low-boreal species. Temperature at collection: 20.9 ºC; usual temperature of Vostok Bay during reproduction is 22.4 ºC (Kashenko 2005) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] [Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan] Temperature increases from 14 ºC to 25 ºC in the summer (Kashenko 2006) Cold water, Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Not applicable

Non-native Temperature Range:

Not applicable

Native Salinity Regime:

Mesohaline, Polyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

[Vostok Bay] 32 - 33 psu (Kashenko 2003) [Japan] [Yamashita Park, Yokohama City] 26.6 - 30.2 psu during 2013 and 2014. (Yokohama Institute of Environmental Science 2014) [Amurskii Bay, Sea of Japan] 25 - 26 psu (summer) and 34 - 35 psu (winter) (Mikulich & Biryulina 1970, cited in Kashenko 2003) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Salinity at collection: 33.4 psu (Kashenko 2005) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] [Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan] Salinity ranges from 12 to 34 psu in the summer (Kashenko 2006)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Not applicable

Temperature Regime Survival:

See details

Temperature Range Survival:

12.319 ºC (OBIS 2016) P. p. can tolerate considerable rise of sea temperature. They do not die at 25 ºC. (Uchida & Hayashi 1974) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Fertilization to metamorphosis took 27–28 days at 22°C (and 33–33.4 psu); 22.4 ºC is characteristic of the water temperature of Vostok Bay during the reproduction period of P.p. Insemination took place at 22 ºC (Kashenko 2005) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] [Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan] Embryonal development completed successfully from 20 - 22 ºC (and 26 - 34 psu); fertilization successful at 14, 17, 20, 22 and 25 ºC (all tested temperatures). Needs temperatures ≥ 17 ºC (and the absence of direct light) for normal completion of metamorphasis (Kashenko 2006)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

See details

Temperature Range Reproduction:

[Japan] The temperature of spawning season is 20 ºC - 22 ºC in Toyama Bay. (Komatsu 2001) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Insemination took place at 22 ºC . Fertilization to metamorphosis took 27–28 days at 22°C (and 33–33.4 psu); 22.4 ºC is characteristic of the water temperature of Vostok Bay during the reproduction period of P.p. (Kashenko 2005) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] [Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan] Embryonal development completed successfully from 20 - 22 ºC (and 26 - 34 psu); fertilization successful at 14, 17, 20, 22 and 25 ºC (all tested temperatures). Needs temperatures ≥ 17 ºC (and the absence of direct light) for normal completion of metamorphasis (Kashenko 2006)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Mesohaline, polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

31.5 PPS (OBIS 2016) [Vostok Bay] Lower salinity desalination resistance found to be 18 psu; seastars started dying at 16 and lower psu. Can survive a sharp drop to 6 or 8 psu (6 to 32 psu, at 2 psu intervals, tested; Kashenko 2003) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] [Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan] Embryonal development completed successfully from 26 - 34 psu (and 20 - 22 ºC); fertilization successful from 22 - 34 psu (tested from 12 - 34 psu, in 2 psu steps) (Kashenko 2006)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

[Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Fertilization to metamorphosis took 27–28 days at 33–33.4 psu (and 22°C); insemination took place at 33.2 psu (Kashenko 2005) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] [Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan] Salinity ranges from 12 to 34 psu during the early stages of P.p. development (Kashenko 2006) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] [Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan] Embryonal development completed successfully from 26 - 34 psu (and 20 - 22 ºC); fertilization successful from 22 - 34 psu (tested from 12 - 34 psu, in 2 psu steps) (Kashenko 2006)

Depth Regime:

Lower intertidal, Shallow subtidal, Deep subtidal, Bathyal

Depth Range:

Sampled from 17 - 24 (OBIS 2016) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] 1 to 15 m depth (Davydov et al. 1988) Littoral and sublittoral zones; sampled from 0.8 - 1.5 m depth (Kashenko 2003) [Nakhodka Bay] Measured at high density at 7 m depth (Kashin et al. 2003) Lower intertidal (Kato 1996) [Japan] Along the coast of Yamagata Prefecture, Japan Sea: 15 - 300 m deep. (Suzuki 1979) [Japan] Wakasa Bay: 0 - 100 m deep. (Kurihara 1996) [Japan] Osaka Bay: Intertidal zone. (Association for the Research of Littoral Organisims in Osaka Bay (1993, 2007) [Japan] Off Jogashima, Sagami Bay: 85 m in deep. (Hayashi 1973) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Intertidal zone to 49 - 68 m deep (multiple authors, cited in Kashenko 2005)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Common, Abundant

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

external

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

None

Development Mode:

Planktotrophic planktonic larva (feeding)

Asexual Reproduction:

See details

Reproduction Details:

[Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Dipleurula is 320 µm long (Davydov et al. 1988) Separate sexes (Seitkalieva et al. 2015) Broadcast spawning; planktotrophic; bipinnaria and brachiolaria larvae. Eggs are negatively buoyant (Byrne et al. 2006) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] A bacterial-algal fiml is sufficient for settlement substrate (Kashenko 2005) RELATED: [Class Asteroidea] Asexual reproduction often by fission (Smith & Armistead 2014) [Class Asteroidea] Planktotrophic (Chia et al. 1993) [Class Asteroidea] Broadcast spawners, generally; external fertilization (Chia et al. 1993)

Adult Mobility:

Actively mobile (Mobility is a normal part of at least part of the adult life cycle - at least in spurts. Not dependent upon distance traveled)

Adult Mobility Details:

Mobile (Ryu et al. 2012) RELATED: [Aquilonastra minor] Most of the sea stars were observed to prefer crevices and eroded sites when they are inactive, while they were found attached to smooth and flat surfaces covered with various food during their active periods. (Soliman et al. 1986)

Maturity Size:

Arm length of 3 to 4 cm (Manchenko 1976) Minimum maturity size is 4.4 cm in arm length and 24.6 g in body weight at Rishiri Island, Hokkaido, Japan. (Takahashi 1979)

Maturity Age:

NF

Reproduction Lifespan:

NF

Longevity:

NF

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

[Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Gamete release was stimulated by 1-methyl-adenine (Davydov et al. 1988; Kashenko 2005)

Reproduction Time:

Present in the meroplankton from June to September (Omel'yanenko et al. 2004) [Japan] Risihri Island, Hokkaido: From late August to mid September. (Takahashi 1979) [Japan] Asamushi, Mutsu Bay, northern Honshu: September (Arai & Kobayashi 1978, cited in Takahashi 1979) or mid August to late September (Tsuchiya & Osanai 1978) [Japan] Misaki, Sagami Bay, the Pacific side of central Honshu: From April to May. (Arai & Kobayashi 1978, cited in Takahashi 1979) [Japan] Noto Peninsula, the Japan Sea side: From July to August. (Arai & Kobayashi 1978, cited in Takahashi 1979) [Japan] Toyama Bay: From July to August. (Komatsu 2001)

Fecundity:

NF

Egg Size:

Oocytes I of various sizes observed: 20 to 145 µm. Oocytes II range from 150 - 170 µm (Aisenshtadt & Vassetzky 1986) Egg diameter 170 µm (Byrne et al. 2006) Nearly 160 µm at Rishiri Island, Japan. (Takahashi 1979) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] 170 µm (Davydov et al. 1988) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Eggs 184.4±6.0 µm were used for the experiment (Kashenko 2005)

Egg Duration:

It continues three and half hours after fertilization. (Komatsu 2001) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Swimming ciliary blastula released from egg envelopes 13 hours after fertilization (Kashenko 2005)

Early Life Growth Rate:

[Japan] It develops to gastrula in 15 hours and to bipinnaria in 40 hours after fertilization at 20 - 22 ºC. The size of gastrula is 300 µm x 200 µm (length x width) in 30 hours and that of bipinnaria is 350 µm x 280 µm in two days, 550 µm x 350 µm in three days and 800 µm x 450 µm in four days. (Komatsu 201) Passing through these stages, it settles to the bottom in 20 days after fertilization. (Komatsu 2001) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Dipleurula develops into early bipinnaria on the 3rd day (Davydov et al. 1988) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Larvae begin to settle around the 30th day of development. Newly settled seastars are 410 - 485 µm (Davydov et al. 1988) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Fertilization to metamorphosis took 27–28 days (at 22°C and 33–33.4 psu). The brachiolaria developed the differentiated primordium of a juvenile starfish by the 24th–25th day (Kashenko 2005) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Embryonic development took 13 hours at 22 ºC; doubling to 26 hours at 14 ºC (Kashenko 2006)

Adult Growth Rate:

Animals 1.5 - 2 cm [dimension not specified] nearly doubled in size in 2 - 3 months (kept ≤ 9 ºC) (Aisenshtadt & Vassetzky 1986) The size of juveniles is 350 µm in arm length shourtly after the metamophosis. It develops into 1.1 mm in two months, 1.7 mm in five months, 4.0 mm in 10 months and 8.0 mm of arm length in 13 months after metamorphosis respectively. (Kano & Komatsu 1978)

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

P. p. is one of the easily detectable species at the intertidal or subtidal zone in Tanabe Bay including the coast around Seto marine biological laboratory, Wakayama Prefecture, until 1996. After 1996, it became hard to discover the species there. (Tanase et al. 2007)

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Tide flats, Sediment subtidal, Rocky subtidal, Mussel reef, Coralline algae, Kelp forest, Fouling

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic

Substrate:

Mud, Sand, Mixed sediments, Gravel, Rock, Biogenic, Artificial substrate

Exposure:

Exposed, Semi-exposed, Protected

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

Mytilus trossulus assemblage; Laminaria japonica and Costaria costata assemblage; fouling community (Kahin et al. 2003) Pebbly-sandy bottom (Motavkin 1986) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Crustose coralline algae bed; kelp bed (Won et al. 2013) Shelves of open, sandy beaches, where strong winds can strand individuals on shore (Djakonov 1938, cited in Jangoux & Lawrence 1996; Levin et al. 1987, cited in Jangoux & Lawrence 1996) Sand and mud in the intertidal zone (Hwang et al. 2015) [Japan] Along the coast of Yamagata Prefecture, Japan Sea: On the jetty and on the bottom of mud, sand and mud, fine sand, sand, coarse sand, and rock. (Suzuki 1979) [Japan] Pebbly area, Asamushi, Mutsu Bay. (Tsuchiya & Osanai 1978) [Japan] P. p. is a dominant species on the muddy bottom of 40 - 100 m deep in Wakasa Bay.( Kurihara 1996) [Japan] On the sea-wall at Yamashita Park, Yokohama City. (Yokohama Institute of Environmental Science 2014) Semi-exposed, Protected (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Trophic Level:

See details

Trophic Details:

VARIABILITY Predator (Gillespie et al. 2012) Carnivore (Kato 1996) Animal food not predominant in diet. Diet consists mainly of bacteria associated with detritus or epibiont film. Detritophage and scavenger; elements of carnivorism (Latyshev et al. 2001) Carnivore, Herbivore, Scavenger: Foods are sea urchin, dead fish, small sessile animals, seaweed, and seagrass. (Nojima 2001) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Consumes the juveniles of abalone Haliotis discus hannai (Won et al. 2013) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Omnivore; predator on mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms, fish (multiple authors, cited in Kashenko 2005)

Forage Mode:

Generalist

Forage Details:

Animal food not predominant in diet. Diet consists mainly of bacteria associated with detritus or epibiont film. Detritophage and scavenger; elements of carnivorism (Latyshev et al. 2001) Carnivore, Herbivore, Scavenger: Foods are sea urchin, dead fish, small sessile animals, seaweed, and seagrass. (Nojima 2001) [Asterina pectinifera (synonymized taxon)] Omnivore; predator on mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms, fish (multiple authors, cited in Kashenko 2005)

Natural Control:

DISTURBANCE [Disturbance] Strong winds can strand P.p. on shore, where they die (Djakonov 1938, cited in Jangoux & Lawrence 1996; Levin et al. 1987, cited in Jangoux & Lawrence 1996) RELATED: PARASITE [Asterina] [Parasite] Several species of Ciliophora, Copepoda, Cirripedia and Amphipoda are reported from the surface of Asterina. (Uchida & Hayashi 1974)

Associated Species:

RELATED: PARASITE [Asterina] [Parasite] Several species of Ciliophora, Copepoda, Cirripedia and Amphipoda are reported from the surface of Asterina. (Uchida & Hayashi 1974)

References and Notes

References:

Aisenshtadt TB & Vassetzky SG (1986) Fine Structures of Oocytes and Accessory Cells of the Ovary in the Starfish Patiria (Asterina) pectinifera at Different Stages of Oogenesis and After 1-MethyladenineInduced Maturation. Develop. Growth and Differ. 28(5): 449-460. Association for the Research of Littoral Organisms in Osaka Bay (1993) Rocky shore macrobiota of southeastern Osaka Bay: Results of surveys carried out in the years 1986 - 1990. Shizenshi-Kenkyu 2: 129-141. (in Japanese with English abstract) Association for the Research of Littoral Organisms in Osaka Bay (2007) Rocky shore macrobiota of southeastern Osaka Bay: Results of surveys carried out in the years 2001 - 2005. Shizenshi-Kenkyu 3: 93-106. (in Japanese with English abstract) Byrne M (2006) Life history diversity and evolution in the Asterinidae. Integrative and Comparative Biology 46(3): 243-254. icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/46/3/243.full Byrne M & Barker MF (1991) Embryogenesis and Larval Development of the Asteroid Patiriella regularis Viewed by Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Biological Bulletin 180(3): 332-345. www.biolbull.org/content/180/3/332.short Chia FS, Oguro C, Komatsu M (1993) Sea-star (Asteroid) Development. Oceanography and Marine Biology, An Annual Review 31: 223-257. https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FWXuFTGsn8YC&oi=fnd&pg=PA221&dq=Aphelasterias+spawn&ots=ABYpay6pWV&sig=twwgR57bEyCWSzNwzgO8zi8xJ7s#v=onepage&q=aphelasterias&f=false Davydov PV, Shubravi OI, Vassetzky SG (1988) Larval Development of Starfishes as Revealed by Long-term Culture of the Embryos. Development, Growth & Differentiation 30(5): 463-469. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1440-169X.1988.00463.x/abstract Gillespie GE, Bower SM, Marcus KL, Kieser D (2012) Biological synopsises for three exotic molluscs, Manila Clam (Venerupis philippinarum), Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and Japanese Scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) licensed for Aquaculture in British Columbia. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Research Document 2012/2013. www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Csas-sccs/publications/resdocs-docrech/2012/2012_013-eng.pdf Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&x=6&y=8&sn=Patiria+pectinifera&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN Access date: 29-10-2015 Goto S (1914) A descriptive monograph of Japanese Asteroidea. Journal of the College of Science, Tokyo Imperial University 29: 1-808. Hwang et al. (2015) Invertebrates fauna in the intertidal regions of Yubudo Island, South Korea. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 8(1): 66-71. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2287884X15000084 Jangoux M & Lawrence JM (1996) Echinoderm Studies Volume 5. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A. A. Balkema Publishers. https://books.google.ca/books?id=y0dWlx-MfpAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Hayashi R (1973) The sea stars of Sagami Bay. Biological Laboratory Imperial Household: 1-114 (English part). Inaba A (1988) Fauna and flora of the Seto Inland Sea. Second edition II. Mukaishima Marine Biological Station of Hiroshima University : 1-475. (in Japanese) Japan Fisheries Resources Conservation Association (1990) Echinoderms from continental shelf and slope around Japan. I. The intensive research of unexploited fishery resources on continental slopes. Japan Fisheries Resources Conservation Association, Tokyo: 159pp. (in Japanese ) Kano Y & Komatsu M (1978) Morphological changes of the sea-star, Asterina pectinifera during postmetamorphic growth. Dobutsugaku Zasshi 87: 322. (in Japanese) Kashenko SD (2003) The Reaction of the Starfish Asterias amurensis and Patiria pectinifera (Asteroidea) from Vostok Bay (Sea of Japan) to a Salinity Decrease. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29(2): 110-114. link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1023952524166 Kashenko SD (2005) Chronology of Development in the Starfish Asterina pectinifera from Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 31(4): 261-264. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11179-005-0084-8 Kashenko SD (2006) The combined effect of temperature and salinity on development of the sea star Asterina pectinifera. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 32(1): 37-44. link.springer.com/article/10.1134%2FS1063074006010056#/page-1 Kashin IA, Bagaveeva EV, Chaplygina SF (2003) Fouling Communities of Hydrotechnical Constructions in Nakhodka Bay (Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29(5): 267-283. link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1026399826165 Kato M (1996) The unique intertidal subterranean habitat and filtering system of a limpet-like brachiopod, Discinisca sparselineata. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74(11): 1983-1988. www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z96-225 Komatsu M (2001) On the world of juveniles. In: starfish and other echinoderms, Motokawa T (ed.). Tokai University Press, Tokyo: 25-45. (in Japanese) Komatsu M et al. (2007) Echinoderms in the littoral region of Rishiri Island. Rishiri Research 26: 1-14. (in Japanese with English abstract) http://www.town.rishiri.hokkaido.jp/rishiri/secure/4639/2601.pdf Kurihara T (1996) Effects of sediment and depth on species composition of starfishes (Asteroidea) in Wakasa Bay, Japan Sea. Benthos Research 50: 1-10. (in Japanese with English abstract) https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/benthos1990/1996/50/1996_50_1/_pdf Latyshev NA, Khardin AS, Kiyashko SI (2001) Fatty Acids As Markers of Starfish Food Sources. Doklady Biological Sciences 380(1): 489-491. link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1012391909338?LI=true Manchenko GP (1976) Electrophoretic research on the proteins of starfish (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). Communication I. The genetic variability of isoenzymes of malate dehydrogenase in the starfish Patiria pectinifera. FISHERIES AND MARINE SERVICE Translation Series No. 3979. www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/114090.pdf Manchenko GP & Serov OL (1976a) Electrophotetic research on some Hydrolases of the starfish Patina pectinifera and Asterias argonauta. FISHERIES AND MARINE SERVICE Translation Series No. 3973. www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/114085.pdf Manchenko GP & Serov OL (1976b) Electrophoretic spectra of isomerases, transferases and oxidoreductases of the starfish Patina pectinifera. FISHERIES AND MARINE SERVICE Translation Series No. 3985. www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/114093.pdf Matsuoka K (2011) Echinoderm fauna in Japan Sea and Mutsu Bay of Aomori Prefecture. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University 13: 29-32. (in Japanese) http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010811417.pdf Moshchenko AV & Zvyagintsev AY (2010) Macrofouling communities in the cooling system of the Vladivostok heat and power plant. 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