Orthopyxis platycarpa

Overview

Scientific Name: Orthopyxis platycarpa

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Hydrozoa

Order: Leptothecata

Family: Campanulariidae

Genus: Orthopyxis

Species:

platycarpa (Note: WoRMS has this as a junior synonym to O. crenata) [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Arctic, Temperate Northern Atlantic, Temperate Northern Pacific, Temperate South America, Temperate Australasia

Native Region:

Origin Location:

CONFLICT: Northeast Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific Japan, China and Russia (multiple authors, cited in Calder et al. 2014) STATUS NOT STATED Northwest Sea of Japan (Chapygina 2006) STATUS NOT STATED Asamushi, Japan (Oliveira & Marques 2007) STATUS NOT STATED South Kurilean area (Kurile Islands, Russia) (Antsulevich 1992) STATUS NOT STATED Japan (Moritaka 1973) STATUS NOT STATED Geojedo Island, Korea (Park 1998) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Asamushi, Japan (Tsuchiya & Osanai 1978, Oliveira & Marques 2007) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido. (Yamada 1950) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Tobishima Island, Imaizumi, Nezugaseki, Yamagata Prefecture at the Japan Sea coast. (Suzuki 1979) STATUS NOT STATED [Campanularia platycarpa (synonymized taxon)] [Sagami Bay] Hayama, Sajima, off Nagai, Moroiso off Misaki, and Suzaki. (Hirohito 1995) STATUS NOT STATED [Campanularia platycarpa (synonymized taxon)] [Japan] Seto Inland Sea. (Inaba 1988) STATUS NOT STATED [Campanularia crenata (synonymised to O. crenata, which WoRMS has as the accepted name for O.p.)] Arctic waters of both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Yukon Harbor and Shumagin Islands, Alaska (Schuchert 2001) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Northern Atlantic [Campanularia crenata (synonymised to O. crenata, which WoRMS has as the accepted name for O.p.)] Southern Gaspé waters (Baie des Chaleurs, Gaspé Bay to American, Orphan and Bradelle banks; eastern Bradelle valley in the east) and Middle North Shore (from Sept-Iles to Cape Whittle, including the Mingan Islands) (Brunel et al. 1998) STATUS NOT STATED [O. crenata (synonymised taxon)] [Mediterranean] Eastern and western Mediterranean; circumglobal (Soto Angel & Peña Cantero 2013) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate South America [O. crenata (synonymised taxon)] Magellan area (Cantero & Carrascosa 1999) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Australasia [O. crenata (synonymised taxon)] Southern New Zealand (Batham 1956) STATUS NOT STATED Arctic [Campanularia crenata (synonymised to O. crenata, which WoRMS has as the accepted name for O.p.)] Arctic waters of both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Yukon Harbor and Shumagin Islands, Alaska. Western and southern Greenland. Not present in eastern Greenland or Iceland (Schuchert 2001) STATUS NOT STATED Uncertain realm [O. crenata (synonymised taxon)] Magellan area; circum-tropical (Cantero & Carrascosa 1999) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

0-43°N both at the Pacific and the Japan Sea side. (Inaba 1988) [Orthopyxis crenata (taxon synonymised in WoRMS)] -177.700012207031 -46,178.100006103516 -36.6999969482422 (OBIS 2015) Western Greenland (Schuchert 2001) to [O. crenata (synonymised taxon)] Magellan area (Cantero & Carrascosa 1999) Yukon Harbour and Shumagin Islands, Alaska (Schuchert 2001) to [O. crenata (synonymised taxon)] Southern New Zealand (Batham 1956)

General Diversity:

NF

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015)

Non-native Region:

Northeast Pacific

Invasion Propens:

CONFLICT: Northeast Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific Not previously known from the northeast Pacific; collected from Oregon, USA (Calder et al. 2014) *Status not known

Status Date Non-native:

Oregon, USA: February 2013 (Calder et al. 2014)

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Other

Second Vector:

NF

Vector Details:

Introduction vector: Found on tsunami debris (Calder et al. 2014)

Spread Rate:

NF

Date First Observed in Japan:

NF

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Oregon, USA: February 2013 (Calder et al. 2014) STATUS NOT STATED

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

NF

Global Impact:

NF

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

See details

Native Temperature Range:

[Campanularia crenata (synonymised to O. crenata, which WoRMS has as the accepted name for O.p.)] [St. Lawrence estuary] Surface layer is ice-cold in the winter; surface layer summer temperatures range from 6 to greater than 20 ºC (Brunel et al. 1998) [O. crenata (synonymised taxon)] [New Zealand] Monthly average sea temperature ranges from 6 ºC to 16 ºC (July and January, repectively); cold temperate zone (Batham 1956)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

NF

Non-native Temperature Range:

NF

Native Salinity Regime:

See details

Native Salinity Range:

[Campanularia crenata (synonymised to O. crenata, which WoRMS has as the accepted name for O.p.)] [St. Lawrence estuary] Surface layer in summer ranges from 0.5 to 32 ppt (Brunel et al. 1998)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

NF

Temperature Regime Survival:

See details

Temperature Range Survival:

[Orthopyxis crenata (taxon synonymised in WoRMS)] 13.747 ºC (OBIS 2015) RELATED: [Orthopyxis spp.] -1.022 - 13.747 ºC (OBIS 2016)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

NF

Temperature Range Reproduction:

[O. crenata (synonymised taxon)] [Mediterranean] Fertile colonies reported in March, July and October (Soto Angel & Peña Cantero 2013) *samples were from Malta [Mellieha, Malta] Average sea temperatures in March, July and October are 15.3, 25.3, and 23.4ºC, respectively (SeaTemperature.org 2016) [O. crenata [synonymised taxon)] [Tossa de Mar, Spain] Gonophores observed late October - early December; most recuits in November (but from both sexual and asexual recruitment) (Llobet et al. 1991) [Tossa del Mar, Spain] Average sea temperatures in October, November and december are 20.9, 17.7, and 15.1ºC, respectively (SeaTemperature.org 2016b)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Oligohaline

Salinity Range Survival:

[Orthopyxis crenata (taxon synonymised in WoRMS)] 4.851 pps (OBIS 2015)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

NF

Depth Regime:

Lower intertidal, Shallow subtidal

Depth Range:

[Japan] Around the low water mark on rocky shores (Moritaka 1973) [O. crenata (synonymised taxon)] [Mediterranean] Reported from near the tidal level, down to 25 m depth (Soto Angel & Peña Cantero 2013) Zero to several meters at the coast of Hokkaido and Tohoku region. (Iwasa & Yamada 1988) Intertidal to 20-30m at Seto Inland Sea. (Inaba 1988) [Campanularia platycarpa (synonymised taxon)] 3-40m at Sagami Bay. (Hirohito 1995)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Abundant, Common

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

external

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

NA

Development Mode:

Lecithotrophic planktonic larva (non-feeding)

Asexual Reproduction:

See details

Reproduction Details:

[Orthopyxis platycarpa] Females extrude acrocysts from gonophores rather than eumedusoids (Calder et al. 2014) [O. crenata [synonymised taxon)] Liberable eumedusoids or swimming gonophores (Faucci & Boero 2000) [O. crenata [synonymised taxon)] [Northwest Mediterranean] Planula larvae; no free medusa; planula larvae released from retained gonomedusae (Llobet et al. 1991) RELATED: [Orthopyxis sp.] Medusae are relased one at a time and are unable to feed; they spawn immediately then die (Kozloff 1990) *Entered as broadcast spawning [Obelia sp. as a representative example of class Hydrozoa] Medusae have separate sexes. Males release sperm; eggs are fertilized while still in the gonads. Planula lavae (Kozloff 1990) *Note: entered as lecithotrophic because planula larvae are non-feeding and planktonic; other sources for Obelia spp. contradict where eggs are fertilized (see two Obelia entries) [Hydroids] Rapidly colonize through asexual proliferation (Denny & Gaines 2007)

Adult Mobility:

Sessile

Adult Mobility Details:

RELATED: [Hydroids] Sessile (Denny & Gaines 2007)

Maturity Size:

NF

Maturity Age:

NF

Reproduction Lifespan:

NF

Longevity:

[O. crenata [synonymised taxon)] [Northwest Mediterranean] Cohorts lived for a maximum of about 6 weeks in winter (Llobet et al. 1991)

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

NF

Reproduction Time:

Breeding season at Asamushi, Mutsu Bay is between April and September. (Tsuchiya & Osanai 1978) Breeding season at around Asamushi, Mutsu Bay is about April, May and October. (Kakinuma 1961) [O. crenata (synonymised taxon)] [Mediterranean] Fertile colonies reported in March, July and October (Soto Angel & Peña Cantero 2013) [O. crenata [synonymised taxon)] [Northwest Mediterranean] Gonophores observed late October - early December; most recuits in November (but from both sexual and asexual recruitment) (Llobet et al. 1991)

Fecundity:

NF

Egg Size:

NF

Egg Duration:

NF

Early Life Growth Rate:

[O. crenata [synonymised taxon)] [Northwest Mediterranean] One cohort's mean colony size of 4 hydranths (11 colonies) grew to mean size 30.3 hydranths per colony (7 colonies) in ~3 weeks in summer. An average of 6 cohorts showed an increase from 4.5±4.4 hydranths per colony to 22.3±6.2 in ~2 weeks, and to 65.4±37.9 hydranths after ~4 weeks (Llobet et al. 1991)

Adult Growth Rate:

NF

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

[O. crenata [synonymised taxon)] [Northwest Mediterranean] Seasonal variation: most abundant from November to April, when colonies are largest; relatively scarce in summer, with only small colonies present (Llobet et al. 1991)

Habitat

Ecosystem:

SAV, Rocky intertidal, Rocky subtidal, Mussel reef, Macroalgal beds, Kelp forest, Fouling, Flotsam, Other

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic, Epizoic, Epiphytic

Substrate:

Rock, Biogenic, Artificial substrate

Exposure:

Protected

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

VARIABILITY Collected from tsunami debris (Calder et al. 2014) Fouling wharves (Chapygina 2006) Found on Sargassum tortile, S. hemiphyllum, S. thunbergii, Phyllospadix iwatensis, Zostera marina (Oliveira & Marques 2007) On algae; preferentially colonizes Sargassum hemiphyllum around the low water mark on rocky shores (Moritaka 1973) [Japan] Found attached to eel-grass and algae in Hokkaido. (Yamada 1950) Found attached to Sargassum spp. and rocks. (Suzuki 1979) A large number of colonies are found on brown algae at Asamushi in spring and autumn. (Kakinuma 1961) [Campanularia platycarpa (synonymized taxon)] Colony generally growing on algae, sometimes on molluscan shells, bryozoans, or rocks. (Hirohito 1995) Rocky subtidal, Mussel reef (M. Otani, pers. comm.) [O. crenata [synonymised taxon)] On Cystoseira sp. (Faucci & Boero 2000) [O. crenata (synonymised taxon)] [Mediterranean] Exclusively epibiotic; found on algae, seagrasses (such as Halimeda tuna, Dyctiopteris sp.), and invertebrates (Soto Angel & Peña Cantero 2013) [O. crenata (synonymised taxon)] [New Zealand] Sheltered rocky shore; kelp zone on Macrocystis fronds (Batham 1956)

Trophic Level:

Suspension feeder

Trophic Details:

RELATED: [Hydroids] Suspension-feeding or carnivorous (Denny & Gaines 2007) [Obelia sp. as a representative example of class Hydrozoa] Suitable food organisms are imobilized by nematocysts after touching one or more tentacles, then the tentacles bring the food to the mouth (Kozloff 1990)

Forage Mode:

Generalist

Forage Details:

[Hydroids] They consume completely small animals like small crustacea, mollusc, annelida and juvenile fish. (Uchida 1961)

Natural Control:

COMPETITON [Competition] On the seaweed, influenced by Obelia dichotoma, O. platycarpa has a tendency to decrease the colony size and the number of polyps. Furthermore, when Sertularella miurensis develops its colony in the same situation of the plant with O. platycarpa, the latter tends to decrease. (Kato et al. 1961) [O. crenata [synonymised taxon)] [Northwest Mediterranean] [Competition] Growth is faster when epiphytic algae is less abundant (Llobet et al. 1991) RELATED: PREDATION [Hydroids] [Predation] Hydranths may be eaten by nudibranchs, pyconogonids, fish, and the polychaete Procerastea halleziana (Denny & Gaines 2007) PARASITES [Hydroids] [Parasites] Pycnogonid larvae may parasitize and develop in hydranths (Denny & Gaines 2007)

Associated Species:

RELATED: SYMBIONTS [Hydroids] [Symbionts] Act as microhabitats for many other species, including other hydroids, gammarid amphiods, and mussel recruits (Denny & Gaines 2007) PARASITES [Hydroids] [Parasites] Pycnogonid larvae may parasitize and develop in hydranths (Denny & Gaines 2007)

References and Notes

References:

Antsulevich AE (1992) Observastion on the hydroid fauna of the Kurile Islands. Aspects of Hydrozoan Biology. Boullon J, Boero F, Cicogna F, Gili JM, Hughes RG (Eds.). Sci. Mar. 56(2-3): 213-216. www.icm.csic.es/scimar/pdf/56/sm56n2213.pdf Batham EJ (1956) Ecology of Southern New Zealand Sheltered Rocky Shore. Transaction of the Royal Society of New Zealand 84(2): 447-465. rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_84/rsnz_84_02_003740.pdf Brunel P, Bossé L, Lamarche G (1998) Catalogue of the Marine Invertebrates of the Estuary and Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 126. www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/223686.pdf Calder DR, Choong HHC, Carlton JT, Chapman JW, Miller JA, Geller J (2014) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Japanese tsunami marine debris washing ashore in the northwestern United States. Aquatic Invasions 9(4): 425-440. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/267394881_Calder_D.R._Choong_H.H.C._Carlton_J.T._Chapman_J.W._Miller_J.A._and_Geller_J._2014._Hydroids_%28Cnidaria_Hydrozoa%29_from_Japanese_tsunami_marine_debris_washing_ashore_in_the_northwestern_United_States._Aquatic_Invasions_9_425-440 Cantero ALP & Carrascosa AMG (1999) Biogeographical distribution of the benthic thecate hydroids collected during the Spanish Antartida 8611 expedition and comparison between Antarctic and Magellan benthic hydroid faunas. Scientia Marina 63(S1): 209-218. scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/viewArticle/905 Denny MW & Gaines SD (2007) Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press Faucci A & Boero F (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure Scientia Marina 64(s1): 255-264. scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/viewArticle/816 Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=tss&st=tss&fr=1&x=5&y=5&li=7&tn=Orthopyxis+platycarpa&lang=EN Access date: 17-09-2015 Hirohito (1995) The Hydroids of Sagami Bay II. Biological Laboratory Imperial Household, Tokyo: 355pp Inaba A (1988) Fauna and flora of the Seto Inland Sea. Second edition II. Mukaishima Marine Biological Station of Hiroshima University: 1-475. (in Japanese) Iwasa M & Yamada M (1988) Orthopyxis platicarpa. In: New Illustrated encyclopedia of the fauna of Japan, Okada Y (ed.). Hokuryukan Co. Ltd., Tokyo: 190. (in Japanese) Kakinuma Y (1961) Investigetions on the life cycles of some hydrozoans and scyphozoans from near Asamushi. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Aomori Prefecture 4: 10-17. (in Japanese) Kato M, Nakamura K, Hirai E, Kakinuma Y (1961) The distribution pattern of Hydrozoa on seaweed with some notes on the so-called coaction among hydrozoan species. Bulletin of the Marine Biological Station of Asamushi, Tohoku University 10: 195-202. Kozloff EN (1990) Invertebrates. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders College Publishing Llobet I, Coma R, Zabala M, Gili JM, Hughes RG (1991) The population dynamics of Orthopyxis crenata (Hartlaub, 1901) (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria), an epiphyte of Halimeda tuna in the northwestern Mediterranean. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 150(2): 283-292. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022098191900725 Moritaka N (1973) ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF EPIPHYTIC HYDROZOA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SERTULARELLA MIURENSIS. PUBLICATIONS OF THE SETO MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY 20: 401-418. repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/175768 OBIS. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper/ Access date: 17-12-2015 OBIS. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper/ Access date: 29-08-2016 *Note: genus level data Oliveira OMP & Marques AC (2007) Epiphytic hydroids (Hydrozoa: Anthoathecata and Leptothecata) of the World. Checklist 3(1): 21-38. SeaTemperature.org. Malta. http://www.seatemperature.org/europe/malta/mellieha-august.htm Access date: 29-08-2016 SeaTemperature.org b. Tossa de Mar, Spain. http://www.seatemperature.org/europe/spain/tossa-de-mar-august.htm Access date: 29-08-2016 Tsuchiya M & Osanai K (1978) Experimental marine organisms collected o the neighborhood of the Asamushi Marine Biological Station. Bulletin of the Marine Biological Station of Asamushi 16: 29-58. Uchida T (1961) Coelenterata. In: Animal systematics. Uchida T (ed.) Nakayama-shoten Co. Ltd., Tokyo: 55-204. (in Japanese) Yamada M (1950) The Fauna of Akkeshi Bay：ⅩⅦ. Hydroids (with 1 Plate). Journal of the Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Ser. VI, Zoology 10: 1-20. http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/27072/1/10%281%29_P1-20.pdf

Literature:

NA

Notes:

The taxonomy of this species is very convoluted. See Calder et al. (2014) and Cunha et al. (2015) from Obelia entries