Orthopyxis caliculata

Overview

Scientific Name: Orthopyxis caliculata

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Hydrozoa

Order: Leptothecata

Family: Campanulariidae

Genus: Orthopyxis

Species:

caliculata Note: Carlton (2007), Brunel et al. (1998), and ITIS.gov gives Eucopella caliculata as a junior synonym to Orthopyxis integra, and do not mention O. caliculata. WoRMS gives E. caliculata as a junior synonym to O. caliculata and has O. integra separately. Calder (2014) mention that O. integra and O. caliculata are sometimes synonymised, but argue that they should be kept separate [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Arctic, Temperate Northern Atlantic, Tropical Atlantic, Temperate South America, Temperate Southern Africa, Temperate Northern Pacific, Temperate Australasia

Native Region:

Origin Location:

CONFLICT: NORTHEAST PACIFIC Temperate Northern Atlantic British Isles (Calder et al. 2014) *Location of original description Pegwell Bay, England (Hincks 1853, cited in Cunha et al. 2015) *Type locality North America: Davis strait to New England; Norway; Sweden; Iceland; Britain; Mediterranean (multiple authors, cited in Blanco 1964) STATUS NOT STATED Aegean Sea (Yamada 1965, cited in Morri & Bianchi 1999; Marinopoulos 1979, cited in Morri & Bianchi 1999) STATUS NOT STATED Mediterranean: Ajaccio (Corsica), Naples, Rovigno (Yamada 1965) STATUS NOT STATED Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia (Brahim et al. 2010) STATUS NOT STATED Piraeus harbor, Aegean Sea, Greece. (Yamada 1965) STATUS NOT STATED North America: Labrador, New England. Norway, Arctic Sea, Greenland, Iceland, Sweden, British coasts, Mediterranean (multiple authors, cited in Nutting 1915) STATUS NOT STATED [Campanularia caliculata (synonymised taxon)] Pegwell Bay, England (Ralph 1957, cited in Cornelius 1982) *Type locality [Campanularia caliculata (synonymised taxon)] Co Cork, Ireland (Cornelius 1982) *Syntype [O. integra, here given as a synonym to O. caliculata] Coast of Turkey (Çinar et al. 2014) *Stated as not alien [Eucopella caliculata, which WoRMS gives as a synonym to O. caliculata] Lower Bay of Fundy, Canada (Magee et al. 1999) STATUS NOT STATED [O. integra, here given as a synonym to O. caliculata] Sea of Marmara, Aegean Sea (Çinar et al. 2014) STATUS NOT STATED [Orthopyxis integra, given here as synonym to Eucopella caliculata, which is a synonym to O. caliculata] Estuary and gulf of St. Lawrence (Brunel et al. 1998) STATUS NOT STATED [Campanularia caliculata, synonymised taxon in WoRMS] Gullmar fjord (Segerstedt 1889, cited in Calder 2012) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Northern Pacific North America: Alaska to California; Japan (multiple authors, cited in Blanco 1964) STATUS NOT STATED Washington, USA (Calder et al. 2014); Korea (Park 1990, cited in Calder et al. 2014); Sakhalin, Russia (Hirohito 1995, cited in Calder et al. 2014) STATUS NOT STATED Matsuyama and Shironohana, Japan (Yamada 1958) STATUS NOT STATED California Coast, Alaska, Puget Sound, Japan (multiple authors, cited in Nutting 1915) STATUS NOT STATED [Campanularia caliculata (synonymised taxon)] Hayama and Suzaki, Kanagawa Prefecture, in Sagami Bay. (Hirohito 1995) STATUS NOT STATED [Campanularia sp. (synonymised taxon of Campanularia caliculata which is a synomym of O caliculata)] West coast of Kii Paninsula, Wakayama Prefecture. (Inaba 1892) STATUS NOT STATED Thorought the Seto Inland Sea including Aki in Miyajima Island as one specific locality. (Inaba 1988) STATUS NOT STATED [Eucopella caliculata, here given as a synonym to O. caliculata] Tomioka, Birojima (Hiryujima), and an islet of Matsushima group in Amakusa Islands, Kyushu. (Hirohito 1969) STATUS NOT STATED [Orthopyxis integra, given here as synonym to Eucopella caliculata, which is a synonym to O. caliculata] Cosmopolitan; Alaska to Southern California (Fraser 1937, 1946, cited in Carlton 2007) STATUS NOT STATED [Orthopyxis integra f. caliculata] Northwestern Sea of Japan (Chaplygina 2006) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate South America Argentina (Estrecho de Magallanes to Puerto Williams); Chile (multiple authors, cited in Blanco 1964) STATUS NOT STATED Brazil: São Paula, Santos Bay, Santo Amaro Island, Itanhaém, Rio de Janeiro, France Island, Búzios, Santa Catarina, Penha, Bombinhas. Uruguay: Rocha, La Coronilla. Argentina: Chabut, Puerto Madryn, Santa Cruz, San Julián, Punta Peñas (multiple authors, cited in Cunha et al. 2015) STATUS NOT STATED Patagonia, Magellan Straits, Chile (multiple authors, cited in Nutting 1915) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Australasia New Zealand (multiple authors, cited in Blanco 1964) STATUS NOT STATED Eaglehawk Neck, Bicheno, Oyster Bay, and Rheban, Tasmania (Hodgsno 1949) STATUS NOT STATED Lyttelton Harbour; Wellington Harbour; Dunedin; New Brighton; Woodpecker Bay, west coast; Anawhata, Auckland (New Zealand, multiple authors, cited in Ralph 1956) STATUS NOT STATED New Zealand (multiple authors, cited in Nutting 1915) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Southern Africa South Africa: Port Natal (multiple authors, cited in Blanco 1964) STATUS NOT STATED Africa (Port Natal) (multiple authors, cited in Nutting 1915) STATUS NOT STATED Arctic Arctic; Greenland; Iceland; Spitzbergen (multiple authors, cited in Blanco 1964) STATUS NOT STATED Davis Straits, Bering Sea, Spitzbergen (multiple authors, cited in Nutting 1915) STATUS NOT STATED Uncertain realm Australia (multiple authors, cited in Blanco 1964) STATUS NOT STATED Worldwide distribution (Yamada 1958, Yamada 1965) STATUS NOT STATED Australia (multiple authors, cited in Nutting 1915) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

-132.200012207031 38.5,138.700012207031 54.1000022888184 (OBIS 2015) Davis strait to Port Natal, Africa (multiple authors, cited in Blanco 1964) Alaska (Fraser 1937, 1946, cited in Carlton 2007) to Chile (Jaderholm, cited in Blanco 1964)

General Diversity:

NF

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

CONFLICT No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015) Cryptogenic in Alaska (Ruiz et al. 2006)

Non-native Region:

Northeast Pacific

Invasion Propens:

CONFLICT: Northeast Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific Kachemak Bay, Alaska (Ruiz et al. 2006) *Cryptogenic

Status Date Non-native:

Kachemak Bay, Alaska: 2000 (Ruiz et al. 2006)

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Other

Second Vector:

NF

Vector Details:

Introduction vector: Found on tsunami debris (Calder et al. 2014)

Spread Rate:

NF

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

NF

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

NF

Global Impact:

NF

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

See details

Native Temperature Range:

[Tunisia] Sampled at 27 - 30 ºC (Brahim et al. 2010) [Orthopyxis integra, given here as synonym to Eucopella caliculata, which is a synonym to O. caliculata] [St. Lawrence estuary] Surface layer is ice-cold in the winter; surface layer summer temperatures range from 6 to greater than 20 ºC (Brunel et al. 1998)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

NF

Non-native Temperature Range:

NF

Native Salinity Regime:

Oligohaline, Mesohaline, Polyhaline, Euhaline, Hypersaline

Native Salinity Range:

[Tunisia] Sampled at 38 - 40 psu (Brahim et al. 2010) [Orthopyxis integra, given here as synonym to Eucopella caliculata, which is a synonym to O. caliculata] [St. Lawrence estuary] Surface layer in summer ranges from 0.5 to 32 ppt (Brunel et al. 1998)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

NF

Temperature Regime Survival:

See details

Temperature Range Survival:

Sampled at 1.772 ºC (OBIS 2015) RELATED: [Orthopyxis spp.] -1.022 - 13.747 ºC (OBIS 2016)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

NF

Temperature Range Reproduction:

NF

Salinity Regime Survival:

Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

Sampled at 34.081 pps (OBIS 2015) RELATED: [Orthopyxis spp.] 27.165 - 34.947 PPS (OBIS 2016)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

NF

Depth Regime:

Lower intertidal, Shallow subtidal, Deep subtidal, Bathyal

Depth Range:

Sampled at 344 m (OBIS 2015) Just below low tide level (Hodgson 1949) Sampled from 0 - 1 m depth (Yamada 1965) 0 - 100 fathoms (Nutting 1915) 0 to several meters. (Iwasa & Yamada 1988) 3-15m in Sagami Bay. (Hirohito 1995) [Orthopyxis integra, given here as synonym to Eucopella caliculata, which is a synonym to O. caliculata] Low tide to 439 m (Fraser 1937, 1946, cited in Carlton 2007) [Orthopyxis integra, given here as synonym to Eucopella caliculata, which is a synonym to O. caliculata] Intertidal zone (mediolittoral; "Entre marées hautes de vive eau moyennes et marées basses de vive eau moyennes"); infralittoral and circalittoral: 0 - 200 m (Brunel et al. 1998) [Campanularia caliculata, synonymised taxon in WoRMS] 10 - 50 m (Segerstedt 1889, cited in Calder 2012) [O. integra, here given as a synonym to O. caliculata] 0 - 50 m (Çinar et al. 2014)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Common

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

See details

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

NA

Development Mode:

Lecithotrophic planktonic larva (non-feeding)

Asexual Reproduction:

Budding/fragmentation (Splitting into unequal parts. Buds may form on the body of the “parent”)

Reproduction Details:

VARIABILITY within related information for fertilization, spawning type RELATED: [Orthopyxis sp.] Medusae are relased one at a time and are unable to feed; they spawn immediately then die (Kozloff 1990) *Entered as broadcast spawning [Orthopyxis integra] Liberable eumedusoids or swimming gonophores (Faucci & Boero 2000) [Obelia sp. as a representative example of class Hydrozoa] Medusae have separate sexes. Males release sperm; eggs are fertilized while still in the gonads. Planula lavae (Kozloff 1990) *Note: entered as lecithotrophic because planula larvae are non-feeding and planktonic [Obelia longissima] Sessile colonial, vegetative hydroid stage, free-living sexual medusoid stage, and a planula larval stage. Medusoid stage lasts 7 - 30 days; pelagic planula larvae lasts up to 21 days. Lecithotrophic planula larva. Gonochoristic/dioecious. External fertilzation; both eggs and sperm are released into water. Asexual reproduction by budding. Larval/juvenile stage may disperse over 10 km (BIOTIC 2015) [Hydroids] Rapidly colonize through asexual proliferation (Denny & Gaines 2007)

Adult Mobility:

Sessile

Adult Mobility Details:

RELATED: [Hydroids] Sessile (Denny & Gaines 2007)

Maturity Size:

NF

Maturity Age:

NF

Reproduction Lifespan:

NF

Longevity:

NF

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

NF

Reproduction Time:

RELATED: [Orthopyxis integra] Medusae recorded May - November in Britain (Russell 1953, cited in Cornelius 1982); June - September in France (Teissier 1965, cited in Cornelius 1982); July and December - February in Naples, Italy (Lo Bianco 1909, cited in Cornelius 1982)

Fecundity:

NF

Egg Size:

RELATED: [Orthopyxis compressa] Egg diameter 195 - 205 µm (Freeman & Miller 1982)

Egg Duration:

NF

Early Life Growth Rate:

NF

Adult Growth Rate:

NF

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

NF

Habitat

Ecosystem:

SAV, Rocky subtidal, Mussel reef, Macroalgal bed, Kelp forest, Fouling, Flotsam

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic, Epizoic, Epiphytic

Substrate:

Rock, Biogenic, Artificial substrate

Exposure:

See details

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

On algae (Yamada 1958; Yamada 1965; Blanco 1964) Fouling on a floating dock, which floated from Japan (Calder et al. 2014) Epizoic on Plumularia setacea; also found on algae (Hodgson 1949) [Tunisia] Grows on the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (Brahim et al. 2010) [O. integra, here given as a synonym to O. caliculata] Hard substratum, which may include algae, sponge, mussels, etc. (Çinar et al. 2014) [Campanularia caliculata (synonymised taxon)] Found on Laminaria sp. and Phycodrys rubens (red alga) (Cornelius 1982) On algae (Yamada 1958; Yamada 1965; Blanco 1964; Inaba 1988; Iwasa & Yamada 1988) Found on Sargassum sp. (Inaba 1892) RELATED: [Orthopyxis integra] Found at both exposed and sheltered sites, on Cystoseira compressa, C. barbata, and C. amentace (Faucci & Boero 2000)

Trophic Level:

Suspension feeder

Trophic Details:

RELATED: [Hydroids] Suspension-feeding or carnivorous (Denny & Gaines 2007) [Obelia sp. as a representative example of class Hydrozoa] Suitable food organisms are imobilized by nematocysts after touching one or more tentacles, then the tentacles bring the food to the mouth (Kozloff 1990)

Forage Mode:

Generalist

Forage Details:

RELATED: [Hydroids] They consume completely small animals like small crustacea, mollusc, annelida and juvenile fish. (Uchida 1961)

Natural Control:

RELATED: PREDATION [Hydroids] [Predation] Hydranths may be eaten by nudibranchs, pyconogonids, fish, and the polychaete Procerastea halleziana (Denny & Gaines 2007) PARASITES [Hydroids] [Parasites] Pycnogonid larvae may parasitize and develop in hydranths (Denny & Gaines 2007)

Associated Species:

RELATED: SYMBIONTS [Hydroids] [Symbionts] Act as microhabitats for many other species, including other hydroids, gammarid amphiods, and mussel recruits (Denny & Gaines 2007) PARASITES [Hydroids] [Parasites] Pycnogonid larvae may parasitize and develop in hydranths (Denny & Gaines 2007)

References and Notes

References:

BIOTIC (2015) Biological Traits Information Catalogue of The Marine Life Information Network for Britain & Ireland. http://www.marlin.ac.uk/biotic/biotic.php. Access Date: 02-12-2015 Blanco OM (1964) ALGUNOS CAMPANULARIDOS ARGENTINOS. Zoología No. 61: 149-173. aquaticcommons.org/2081/2/515.pdf Brahim MB et al. (2010) Variability in the structure of epiphytic assemblages of Posidonia oceanica in relation to human interferences in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia. Marine Environmental Research 70(5): 411-421. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141113610001200 Brunel P, Bossé L, Lamarche G (1998) Catalogue of the Marine Invertebrates of the Estuary and Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 126. www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/223686.pdf Calder DR (2012) On a collection of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroidolina) from the west coast of Sweden, with a checklist of species from the region. Zootaxa 3171: 1-77. www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/zt03171p077.pdf Calder DR, Choong HHC, Carlton JT, Chapman JW, Miller JA, Geller J (2014) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Japanese tsunami marine debris washing ashore in the northwestern United States. Aquatic Invasions 9(4): 425-440. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/267394881_Calder_D.R._Choong_H.H.C._Carlton_J.T._Chapman_J.W._Miller_J.A._and_Geller_J._2014._Hydroids_%28Cnidaria_Hydrozoa%29_from_Japanese_tsunami_marine_debris_washing_ashore_in_the_northwestern_United_States._Aquatic_Invasions_9_425-440 Carlton JT (2007) The Light and Smith manual: intertidal invertebrates from central California to Oregon. London, England: University of California Press, Ltd Chaplygina CF (2006) Vertical Distribution of Hydroids in Wharf Fouling in the Northwestern Sea of Japan. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 32(2): 75-81. link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1063074006020015 Çinar ME, Yokes MB, Açik S, Bakir AK (2014) Checklist of Cnidaria and Ctenophora from the coasts of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology 38(6): 677-697. dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/tbtkzoology/article/view/5000106840 Cornelius PFS (1982) Hydroids and medusae of the family Companulariidae recorded from the eastern north Atlantic, with a world synopsis of genera. British Museum of Natural History (Zoology) 42(2): 37-148. biodiversityheritagelibrary.org/page/2273804#page/51/mode/1up Cunha AF, Genzano GN, Marques AC (2015) Reassessment of Morphological Diagnostic Characters and Species Boundaries Requires Taxonomical Changes for the Genus Orthopyxis L. Agassiz, 1862 (Campanulariidae, Hydrozoa) and Some Related Campanulariids. PLoS ONE 10(2): 1-35. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=101318452&site=ehost-live&scope=site Denny MW & Gaines SD (2007) Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press Faucci A & Boero F (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure Scientia Marina 64(s1): 255-264. scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/viewArticle/816 Freeman G & Miller RL (1982) Hydrozoan eggs can only be fertilized at the site of polar body formation. Developmental Biology 94(1): 142-152. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001216068290077X Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=tss&st=tss&fr=1&x=35&y=8&li=7&tn=Orthopyxis+caliculata&lang=EN Access date: 14-12-2015 Hirohito (1969) Some hydroids of the Amakusa Islands. Biogogical Laboratory Imperial Household, Tokyo: 32pp. Hirohito (1995) The Hydroids of Sagami Bay II. Biological Laboratory Imperial Household, Tokyo: 355pp Hodgson MM (1949) A Revision of the Tasmanian Hydroida. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. eprints.utas.edu.au/13669/1/1949_Hodgson_revision_of_Tasmanian_hydroida.pdf Inaba A (1988) Fauna and flora of the Seto Inland Sea. Second edition II. Mukaishima Marine Biological Station of Hiroshima University: 1-475. (in Japanese) Inaba M (1892) Hydroida of the west coast of Kishu. Zoological Magazine 4: 265-271. (in Japanese) Iwasa M & Yamada M (1988) Orthopyxis caliculata. In: New Illustrated encyclopedia of the fauna of Japan, Okada Y (ed.). Hokuryukan Co. Ltd., Tokyo: 190. (in Japanese) Kozloff EN (1990) Invertebrates. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders College Publishing Magee S, Kenchington E, Roddick D, Davis D, Butler M (1999) Diversity and Distribution of Associated Fauna of Commercial Scallop Grounds in the Lower Bay of Fundy. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 2285. www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/237759.pdf Morri C & Bianchi CN (1999) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Aegean Sea, mostly epiphytic on algae. Cah. Biol. Mar 40: 238-291. elnais.hcmr.gr/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Morri-Bianchi-1999.pdf Nutting CC (1915) American hydroids part III. The Campanularidae and the Bonneviellidae, with twenty-seven plates. Smithsonian Institution. United States National Museum. Washington, USA: Government Printing office. OBIS. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper/ Access date: 14-12-2015 OBIS. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper/ Access date: 28-08-2016 *Note: genus level data Ralph PM (1956) New Zealand Thecate Hydroids. Part 1.-Campanulariidae and Campanulinidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 84(4)- 811-854. rsnz.natlib Ruiz GM et al. (2006) Biological Invasions in Alaska’s Coastal Marine Ecosystems: Establishing a Baseline. Prince William Sound Regional Citizens’ Advisory Council & U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. www.uaf.edu/files/ces/aiswg/resources/BioInvasionsAKCoastal.pdf Uchida T (1961) Coelenterata. In: Animal systematics. Uchida T (ed.) Nakayama-shoten Co. Ltd., Tokyo: 55-204. (in Japanese) Yamada M (1958) Hydroids from the Japanese Inland Sea, mostly from Matsuyama and its vicinity. JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF SCIENCE HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY Series ⅤⅠ. ZOOLOGY 14(1): 51-63. eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/27286 Yamada M (1965) Marine hydroids from Greece. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 12(5): 395-362. repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/175380/1/fia0125_359.pdf

Literature:

NA

Notes:

Note: Carlton (2007), Brunel et al. (1998), and ITIS.gov gives Eucopella caliculata as a junior synonym to Orthopyxis integra, and do not mention O. caliculata. WoRMS gives E. caliculata as a junior synonym to O. caliculata and has O. integra separately. Calder (2014) mention that O. integra and O. caliculata are sometimes synonymised, but argue that they should be kept separate