Mytilus trossulus

Overview

Scientific Name: Mytilus trossulus

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Bivalvia

Order: Mytilida

Family: Mytilidae

Genus: Mytilus

Species:

trossulus [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate Northern Pacific, Temperate Northern Atlantic, Arctic

Native Region:

Origin Location:

CONFLICT: the southern limit of M. t. in Japan is Oshima Peninsula, south of Hokkaido, not extended to Honshu. (Okutani ed. 2000) Temperate Northern Pacific North Pacific (Elliott et al. 2008) STATED Northeast Pacific (Wonham 2004) STATED Western coast of North America, north of San Francisco Bay (McDonald et al. 1991, cited in Heath et al. 1995; Sarver & Loudenslager 1991, cited in Heath et al. 1995; Geller et al. 1994, cited in Heath et al. 1995; Wawson and Hilbish 1995, cited in Heath et al. 1995) STATED [Northwest Pacific] Peter the Great Bay (the Sea of Japan); coasts of Honshu and Hokkaido islands in Japan (Kartavtsev et al. 2014) STATED Alaska to Monterey Bay, California, and circumpolar in the north Pacific (Wonham 2004) STATUS NOT STATED Northern Pacific ocean (Maloy et al. 2003) STATUS NOT STATED [Northeast Pacific] California to the Shumagin Islands, Alaska (McDonald et al. 1991, cited in Blanchard & Feder 1997; Geller et al. 1994, cited in Blanchard & Feder 1997) STATUS NOT STATED [Northwest Pacific] Peter the Great Bay (the Sea of Japan); coasts of Honshu and Hokkaido islands in Japan (Kartavtsev et al. 2014) STATED [Japan] Hokkaido (Okutani ed. 2000, Kuwahara 2001) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Northern Atlantic North Atlantic (Elliott et al. 2008) STATED Parts of the eastern coast of Canada (McDonald et al. 1991, cited in Heath et al. 1995; Sarver & Loudenslager 1991, cited in Heath et al. 1995; Geller et al. 1994, cited in Heath et al. 1995; Wawson and Hilbish 1995, cited in Heath et al. 1995) STATED Northwest Atlantic, and Baltic (Wonham 2004) STATUS NOT STATED [East coast North America] Maine, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland (Toro et al. 2002) STATUS NOT STATED [Northeast Atlantic] found in northern Europe (Gardner & Thompson 2001) STATUS NOT STATED Baltic sea, northwestern Atlantic ocean (Maloy et al. 2003) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

Alaska to Monterey Bay, California, and circumpolar in the north Pacific (Wonham 2004) Newfoundland to Maine (Toro et al. 2002) Northern Europe (Gardner & Thompson 2001) and the Baltic Sea (Maloy et al. 2003) Sea of Japan (Kartavtsev et al. 2014) [Japan] Distributed along Pacific coast from Oshima Peninsula to the east end of Hokkaido and around Abashiri (Kuwahara 2001).

General Diversity:

Hybrid zones between M.g. and M. trossulus exist in the North Pacific in Japan, California, and possibly East Asia. A hybrid zone between M.g., M.t., and M. edulis exists in Puget Sound. There are hybrid zones between M.t. and M.e. in the western Atlantic and the Baltic Sea (many authors, cited in Braby & Somero 2006) Hybrid zones between M.t. and M.e. in the Canadian Maritimes and in Scandinavia (Riginos & Cuggingham 2005). This source calls M.t. colonizing/invading in the Atlantic, but it is in regards to natural spread rather than human movement. [Japan] Hybrid zones between M.g. and M. t. in Hokkaido (Watanabe 2001, Kuwahara 2001).

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015)

Non-native Region:

Not applicable

Invasion Propens:

Not applicable

Status Date Non-native:

Not applicable

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

see details

Second Vector:

see details

Vector Details:

RELATED: Introduction vector [Mytilus spp.] planktonic larval stage allows transport in ballast water (Carlton & Geller 1993, cited in Wonham 2004), byssal threads allow for transport on hulls (Carlton & Hodder 1995, cited in Wonham 2004; Apte et al. 2000, cited in Wonham 2004), introduced for aquaculture (Heath et al. 1995, cited in Wonham 2004; Couturier 2003, cited in Wonham 2004). [Mytilus spp.] hull fouling on recreational boats (Clarke Murray et al. 2011). Secondary vector [North America]: [Mytilus spp.] hull fouling on recreational boats (Clarke Murray et al. 2011).

Spread Rate:

Not applicable

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

Not applicable

Global Impact:

Not applicable

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Cold water, Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, See details

Native Temperature Range:

[Newfoundland] -1 to 20ºC (Gardner & Thompson 2001) [Central California] 3.5ºC to 28.0ºC (Braby & Somero 2006) [Port Valdez, Alaska] SST ranges from -2ºC to 14ºC (Blanchard & Feder 1997) [Baltic] Shallow site (10m) ranged from 2.2 to 19.4ºC, averaging 8.3ºC; deeper site (40m) ranged from 1.2 to 13.4ºC, averaging 8.3ºC (Wolowicz et al. 2006) Cold water, cool temperate, mild temperate, warm temperate (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Marine Mytilus spp.] Common in virtually all temperate and sub-arctic marine environments (Koehn 1991, cited in Heath et al. 1995; McDonald et al. 1991, cited in Heath et al. 1995)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Not applicable

Non-native Temperature Range:

Not applicable

Native Salinity Regime:

Freshwater, Oligohaline, Mesohaline, Polyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

[Newfoundland] 10 - 32 psu (Gardner & Thompson 2001) [Western Baltic] 15 psu (Theede 1963, cited by Tedengren & Kautsky 1986, in Gardner & Thompson 2001) [Central California] 8.2psu to 34.8psu (Braby & Somero 2006) [Port Valdez, Alaska] salinity can approach 0 psu during peak runoff; reaches a high of 33 psu (Blanchard & Feder 1997) [Baltic] Both sites varies in salinity. Shallow site (10m) averaged 7.3psu; deeper site (40m) averaged 7.6psu (Wolowicz et al. 2006)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Not applicable

Temperature Regime Survival:

See details

Temperature Range Survival:

[Oregon, USA] [Mytilus trossulus] 70% mortality after exposure to 33ºC air, within a 40 day recovery period (Dowd & Somero 2013) [Puget Sound] [Mytilus trossulus] survived body temperatures from 5ºC to 30ºC (winter low and summer high during the tidal cycles) (Hofmann & Somero 1995) RELATED: [Marine Mytilus spp.] Common in virtually all temperate and sub-arctic marine environments (Koehn 1991, cited in Heath et al. 1995; McDonald et al. 1991, cited in Heath et al. 1995)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

See details

Temperature Range Reproduction:

[Maine] Mussels spawning in the laboratory had been kept in 9ºC-10ºC (Rawson et al. 2003) [Maine] Spawning was induced in the laboratory by increasing water temperature from ~9ºC to ~19ºC (Rawson et al. 2003) [Port Valdez, Alaska] no evidence of a critical lower temperature for gametogenic development. Air temperature of -10ºC and SST of 0ºC are common (Blanchard & Feder 1997) [Baltic] gametogenic differentiation close to 0ºC (Kautsky 1982, cited in Blanchard & Feder 1997) [Maine] larvae survived longer at 5ºC than at 10ºC, 15ºC or 20ºC (Hayhurst & Rawson 2009)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Mesohaline, Polyhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

[Pacific] Unaffected by moderate estuarine conditions (~20 psu, Sarver & Foltz 1993, cited in Riginos & Cuggingham 2005; Matson et al. 2003, cited in Riginos & Cuggingham 2005) [Gulf of St. Lawrence] None of the adults survived 6 days at 5 psu. At 10 psu, half of the adults spawned within three hours, then died before day 6; <40% of the remaining adults survived. 80% of adults survived 15 psu, and all adults survived 20 and 25 psu. When this experiment was repeated, all adults survived from 10 - 25 psu (Qiu et al. 2002)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

[Gulf of St. Lawrence] at salinities ≤10 psu, no oocytes developed into swimming embryos; 25% of developed at 15 psu; >90% developed at 20 psu and 25 psu (Qiu et al. 2002) [Gulf of St. Lawrence] swimming embryos were first noted at 7 hours after mixing sperm and oocytes at 25 psu; 20 hours at 20 psu; 44 hours at 15 psu (Qiu et al. 2002) [Gulf of St. Lawrence] 15% of swimming embryos developed into D-veligers after 72 hours at 15psu, 91% at 20psu, and 84% at 25psu (Qiu et al. 2002) [Gulf of St. Lawrence] Swimming embryos first developed into D-veligers after 44 hours at 15psu, 39 at 20psu, and 26 at 25psu (Qiu et al. 2002) [Gulf of St. Lawrence] 40% of D-veligers completed development at 25 psu, taking 24 to 26 days. 61% of D-veligers survived to development, developing at 26 days at 20 psu. No larvae survived 5 psu. 70% of larvae survived the initial shock at 10 psu, but were sluggish as they swam and grew slowly. 90% of larvae survived the initial shock at 15psu, but grew slowly. After 1-2 weeks, the larvae in 10 and 15psu died, having never developed (Qiu et al. 2002) [Gulf of St. Lawrence] None of the eyed-veligers metamorphosed at ≤10 psu. 13% metamorphosed at 15 psu; 37% at 20psu; 42% at 25 psu (Qiu et al. 2002) [Gulf of St. Lawrence] No juveniles survived 5 psu; >63% survived 10psu; all juveniles survived at 15 psu, 20 psu, and 25 psu. When this experiment results were the same (Qiu et al. 2002)

Depth Regime:

Lower intertidal; Shallow subtidal, Deep subtidal, See details

Depth Range:

[Baltic] highest abundance and biomass at 7–12m; maximum depth of 20–25m in 1960s, but expanded to have dense beds below 20m by the end of the 1980s; also found at 40-50m (Osowiecki 2000, cited in Wolowicz et al. 2006); Littoral zone (Wolowicz et al. 2006) RELATED: [Not specified] [Mytilus spp.] intertidal and sublittoral zones (Dowd & Somero 2013) note: the source and metadata both seem to indicate the splash zone, though unfortunately with different terms

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Abundant, common, See details

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

external

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

None

Development Mode:

Planktotrophic planktonic larva (feeding)

Asexual Reproduction:

Does not reproduce asexually

Reproduction Details:

Males and females separate (only 6/698 mussels were hermaphrodites); broadcast spawning (Toto et al. 2002) RELATED: [Mytilus spp.] planktonic larvae (Riginos & Cuggingham 2005) [Mytilus galloprovincialis] Does not reproduce asexually (Lee II & Reusser 2012) [Mytilus spp.] planktotrophic larval development (Rawson et al. 2003) [Mytilus spp.] External fertilization (Rawson et al. 2003)

Adult Mobility:

Sessile

Adult Mobility Details:

[Puget Sound] Sessile; lacks the ability to seek shelter (Hofmann & Somero 1995) RELATED: [Mytilus spp.] sedentary adult phase (Rawson et al. 2003)

Maturity Size:

[Newfoundland] Smallest mature mussels were a male with shell length 0.69cm and a female with shell length 0.89cm (Toro et al. 2002)

Maturity Age:

[British Columbia] Cultured M.t. reach sexual maturity and spawning at approximately 1 year of age, after which there is mass mortality (Emmett et al. 1987, cited in Heath et al. 1995; Bower 1989, cited in Heath et al. 1995)

Reproduction Lifespan:

[Newfoundland] Late spring to early autumn; released gametes over a 12-15 week period (Toro et al. 2002) [Alaska] Some spawning occurred from March until October, with the peak between April and July (Blanchard & Feder 1997) [Vancouver Island, BC] gamete development begins in March, spawning occurs from summer to autumn (Emmett et al. 1987, cited in Blanchard & Feder 1997)

Longevity:

[British Columbia] Cultured M.t. experience high levels of mortality after 1 year of age, shortly after spawning (Emmett et al. 1987, cited in Heath et al. 1995; Bower 1989, cited in Heath et al. 1995)

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

[Newfoundland] Seawater temperature was raised to at most 22ºC to induce spawning (Toro et al. 2002) [Maine] Spawning was induced in the laboratory by increasing water temperature from ~9ºC to ~19ºC (Rawson et al. 2003) RELATED: [Mytilus spp.] temperature and food availability are the main cues, but timing can be flexible because mussels can adapt to local environments (Lowe et al. 1994, cited in Blanchard & Feder 1997) [Mytilus edulis] thermal cycling, pricking of the adductor muscle, and addition of algal solution (Utting & Spencer 1991, cited in Hayhurst & Rawson 2009; Breese & Malouf 1975, cited in Hayhurst & Rawson 2009; Loosanoff & Davis 1963, cited in Hayhurst & Rawson 2009) [California] [M. californianus] spawned after shock treatment (scraping or byssus puling; found effective in air and under water), being exposed to gametes from crushed gonads (most effective when both male and female gametes present); stimuli more effective when repeated; stimuli more effect when mussels are grouped instead of isolated; temperature stimuli were inconclusive. Wave action, exposure to air, or pull of a starfish hypothesized to stimulate spawning (Young 1945)

Reproduction Time:

[Newfoundland] Late spring to early autumn; released gametes over a 12-15 week period (Toro et al. 2002) [Maine] Gametogenic activity increased in spring (corresponding with increasing water temperature); major spawning event in late July (Maloy et al. 2003) [Alaska] Some spawning occurred from March until October, with the peak between April and July (Blanchard & Feder 1997) [Vancouver Island, BC] gamete development begins in March, spawning occurs from summer to autumn (Emmett et al. 1987, cited in Blanchard & Feder 1997) [Baltic] spawning begins in May/June when water temperature rises (Jurga and Wołowicz 1994, cited in Wolowicz et al. 2006)

Fecundity:

RELATED: [M. edulis] One female can produce up to 8x10^10 oocytes (70um diameter) (Bayne et al. 1978, cited in Toro et al. 2002), but greater output was observed for M. trossulus than M. edulis, when each had a shell length of 38-42 mm) (Toro et al. 2002)

Egg Size:

[Newfoundland] Pre-spawned egg area ranges from ~1300-1500 um^2; Pre-spawned egg diameter ranges from ~50-55um (Toro et al. 2002) [Newfoundland] Spawned egg area was approximately 1900um^2 and diameter was approximately 63um (Toro et al. 2002) [Maine] Highest mean oocyte area was 530.1 um^2; average yearly oocyte area was 308.2um^2 (Maloy et al. 2003) [Maine] fertilized eggs were greater than 20um across (Hayhurst & Rawson 2009)

Egg Duration:

[Gulf of St. Lawrence] swimming embryos were first noted at 7 hours after mixing sperm and oocytes at 25 psu; 20 hours at 20 psu; 44 hours at 15 psu (Qiu et al. 2002) RELATED: [Mytilus edulis] 6 hours to develop from fertilization until swimming embryo at 20ºC and 30 psu (Bayne 1965, cited in Qiu et al. 2002; Strathmann 1987, cited in Qiu et al. 2002)

Early Life Growth Rate:

[Gulf of St. Lawrence] swimming embryos were first noted at 7 hours after mixing sperm and oocytes at 25 psu; 20 hours at 20 psu; 44 hours at 15 psu (Qiu et al. 2002) [Gulf of St. Lawrence] Swimming embryos first developed into D-veligers after 44 hours at 15psu, 39 at 20psu, and 26 at 25psu (Qiu et al. 2002) RELATED: [Mytilus spp.] Larval development takes three to four weeks (Widdows 1991, cited in Hayhurst & Rawson 2009) [Mytilus edulis] 2 days to develop from a swimming embryo to a D-veliger, and 1 month to develop from a D-veliger to an eyed-veliger at 20ºC and 30 psu (Bayne 1965, cited in Qiu et al. 2002; Strathmann 1987, cited in Qiu et al. 2002)

Adult Growth Rate:

[California] restricted maximum size of 50mm (Braby & Somero 2006) [Oregon] size distribution peaks at 40mm (Braby & Somero 2006) [Nova Scotia] In adults sized 20-30mm, average shell length growth rate was ~0.115 mm/day, height growth rate was ~0.055mm/day, and width growth rate was 0.015mm/day (Mallet & Carver 1995) [Nova Scotia] In adults sized 45-55mm, average shell length growth rate was ~0.030 mm/day, height growth rate was ~0.015mm/day, and width growth rate was 0.015mm/day (Mallet & Carver 1995)

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

[Monterey Bay and San Francisco Bay]Proportion of M.t. in mussel populations increased from the 1900s to the 2000s (Braby & Somero 2006) [North of San Francisco Bay] M.t. decreased in the 2000s relative to 1990s sampling (Braby & Somero 2006)

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Rocky intertidal, Fouling, Coastal shore, See details

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic, See details

Substrate:

Sand, Mixed fine sediment, Rock, Artificial substrate, See details

Exposure:

Exposed, protected

Habitat Expansion:

Expansion

Habitat Details:

Expansion: [Baltic] Maximum depth of 20–25m in 1960s, but expanded to have dense beds below 20m by the end of the 1980s. In the Gulf of Gdansk, much greater abundance in the 40-50m depth range observed in the 1990s, where it had previously not been found (Osowiecki 2000, cited in Wolowicz et al. 2006) [Newport Harbor, Oregon, USA] [Mytilus trossulus] floating docks (Dowd & Somero 2013) [Puget Sound] Found in the rocky intertidal zone (Hofmann & Somero 1995) [Washington and Oregon] Common in protected waters and on the outer coast (Suchanek 1978, cited in Hofmann & Somero 1995) [Baltic] Epifaunal; sandy and muddy-sandy bottoms of the littoral zone (Wolowicz et al. 2006) RELATED: [Marine Mytilus spp.] Common in the intertidal zone of virtually all temperate and sub-arctic marine environments (Koehn 1991, cited in Heath et al. 1995; McDonald et al. 1991, cited in Heath et al. 1995) [British Columbia] [Mytilus spp.] mussels were found on dock floatation units (Heath et al. 1995) [Not specified] [Mytilus spp.] Found on wharf pilings, floats, docks, rocks; occasionally found on outer coast (Carlton 2007) [Mytilus spp.] adult mussels are abundant intertidally and rare in the subtidal. Juveniles settle subtidally on algae or directly within mussel beds (Blanchard & Feder 1997) [Mytilus spp.] Rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal (Hayhurst & Rawson 2009)

Trophic Level:

Suspension feeder

Trophic Details:

Suspension-feeding (Wolowicz et al. 2006)

Forage Mode:

Selective

Forage Details:

RELATED: [Mytilus edulis] experiments indicate that this species can modulate the retention efficiency of food particle size in relation to resources availability (Strohmeier et al. 2012)

Natural Control:

PREDATION [Predation] [California] Eaten by Nucella spp. (Braby & Somero 2006) PARASITES [Parasites] [Alaska] the digenetic trematode Bucephalus sp. was present, with more at sites that had untreated sewage. Thigmotrichs (ciliates) were also present on the gills, with presence not related to sewage (Moles & Hale 2003) DISEASE [Disease] [Northeast Pacific] suffers from haemolytic neoplasia (Matson 1998, cited in Branch & Steffani 2004; Many authors, cited in Ciocan & Sunila 2005), reducing probability of survival to a large size (Matson 1998, cited in Branch & Steffani 2004) RELATED: PREDATION [Mytilus sp.] [Predation] Larval phase is vulnerable to predation (Beaumont et al. 2004) [Mytilus spp.] [Predation] Eaten by sea stars (Young 1945, Dowd & Somero 2013) [Mytilus sp.] [Predation] [west coast of South Africa] Major intertidal predators are whelks (Nucella species) and birds (mainly Haematopus moquini). (Griffiths & Hockey 1987, cited in Xavier et al. 2007; Branch & Steffani 2004, cited in Xavier et al. 2007)

Associated Species:

PARASITES [Parasites] [Alaska] the digenetic trematode Bucephalus sp. was present, with more at sites that had untreated sewage. Thigmotrichs (ciliates) were also present on the gills, with presence not related to sewage (Moles & Hale 2003) RELATED: TRAVELLERS [Mytilus spp.] [Travellers] Barnacles, hydroids, bryozoans, ascidians, etc. attach to the outside of mussel shells (Kozloff 1993)

References and Notes

References:

Beaumont AR et al. (2004) Hybridisations between Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis and performance of pure species and hybrid veliger larvae at different temperatures. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 302: 177–188. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098103005161 Blanchard A, Feder HM (1997) Reproductive timing and nutritional storage cycles of Mytilus trossulus Gould, 1850, in Port Valdez, Alaska, site of a marine oil terminal. Veliger 40: 121-130. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/134483#page/135/mode/1up Braby CE & Somero GN (2006) Ecological gradients and relative abundance of native (Mytilus trossulus) and invasive (Mytilus galloprovincialis) blue mussels in the California hybrid zone. Marine Biology 148: 1249-1262. link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00227-005-0177-0 Branch GM & Steffani CN (2004) Can we predict the effects of alien species? A case-history of the invasion of South Africa by Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 300: 189-215. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098104000061# Carlton, JT (2007) The Light and Smith manual: intertidal invertebrates from central California to Oregon. London, England: University of California Press, Ltd Ciocan C & Sunila I (2005) Disseminated neoplasia in blue mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, from the Black Sea, Romania. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50(11): 1335-1339. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X05002006 Clarke Murray C, Pakhomov EA, Therriault TW (2011) Recreational boating: a large unregulated vector transporting marine invasive species. Diversity and Distributions 17: 1161-1172. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00798.x/full Dowd WW & Somero GN (2013) Behavior and survival of Mytilus congeners following episodes of elevated body temperature in air and seawater. Journal of Experimental Biology 216: 502-514. jeb.biologists.org/content/216/3/502 Elliot J et al. (2008) Differences in morphology and habitat use among the native mussel Mytilus trossulus, the non-native M. galloprovincialis, and their hybrids in Puget Sound, Washington. Marine Biology 156: 39-53. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-008-1063-3 Gardner JPA & Thompson RJ (2001) The effects of coastal and estuarine conditions on the physiology and survivorship of the mussels Mytilus edulis, M. trossulus and their hybrids. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 265: 119-140. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098101003288 Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.Global Invasive Species Database.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&x=0&y=0&sn=mytilus+trossulus&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN Access date: 16-07-2015 Hayhurst S, Rawson, PD (2009) Species-specific variation in larval survival and patterns of distribution for the blue mussels Mytilus edulis and Mytilus trossulus in the Gulf of Maine. Journal of Molluscan Studies 75: 215. http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=43423366&site=ehost-live&scope=site Heath DD, Rawson PD, Hilbish TJ (1995) PCR-based nuclear markers identify alien blue mussel (Mytilus spp.) genotypes on the west coast of Canada. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52: 2621-2627. http://www.nrcresearchpress.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/abs/10.1139/f95-851 Hofmann G & Somero G (1995) Evidence for protein damage at environmental temperatures: seasonal changes in levels of ubiquitin conjugates and hsp70 in the intertidal mussel Mytilus trossulus. Journal of Experimental Biology 198: 1509-1518. jeb.biologists.org/content/198/7/1509 Kartavtsev YPh et al. (2014) A population genetic study of the hybrid zone of Mytilus trossulus Gould, 1850 and an introduced species, M. galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819, (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) in peter the great bay in the Sea of Japan. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 40: 208-216. link.springer.com/article/10.1134%2FS1063074014030055 Kozloff EN (1993) Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press Kuwahara Y (2001) Mytilus trossulus and Mytilus galloprovincialis in Hokkaido. In: Black-clad Invader - the latest review of the introduced sessile bivalves. Kajihara & Okutani eds., Koseisha-koseikaku inc., Tokyo: 7-26. (in Japanese) Lee II H and Reusser DA (2012) Atlas of Nonindigenous Marine and Estuarine Species in the North Pacific. Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, EPA/600/R/12/631. Mallet AL, Carver CE (1995) Comparative growth and survival patterns of Mytilus trossulus and Mytilus edulis. in Atlantic Canada. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 52: 1873–1880. www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f95-780 Maloy AP, Barber BJ, Rawson P (2003) Gametogenesis in a sympatric population of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis and Mytilus trossulus, from Cobscook Bay (USA). Journal of Shellfish Research 22: 119-123. http://ia700404.us.archive.org/28/items/journalofshellfi22nati/journalofshellfi22nati.pdf Moles A & Hale N (2003) Use of physiological responses in Mytilus trossulus as integrative bioindicators of sewage pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46(8): 954-958. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X03001085 Okutani T ed. (2000) Marine molluscs in Japan. Tokai University press, Tokyo: 1173pp. (in Japanese) Rawson PD, Slaughter C, Yund PO (2003) Patterns of gamete incompatibility between the blue mussels Mytilus edulis and M. trossulus. Marine Biology 143: 317-325. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-003-1084-x#page-1 Riginos G & Cuggingham CW (2005) Local adaptation and species segregation in two mussel (Mytilus edulis × Mytilus trossulus) hybrid zones. Molecular Ecology 14: 381-400. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02379.x/full Strohmeier T, Strand Ø, Alunno-Bruscia M, Duinker A, Cranford PJ (2012) Variability in particle retention efficiency by the mussel Mytilus edulis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 412: 96-102. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098111005053 Toro JE, Thompson RJ, Innes DJ (2002) Reproductive isolation and reproductive output in two sympatric mussel species (Mytilus edulis, M. trossulus ) and their hybrids from Newfoundland. Marine Biology 141: 897-909. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-002-0897-3 Qiu JW, Tremblay R, Bourget E (2002) Ontogenetic changes in hyposaline tolerance in the mussels Mytilus edulis and M. trossulus: implications for distribution. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 228: 143–152.www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v228/p143-152/ Wolowicz M, Sokolowski A, Bawazir AS, Lasota R (2006) Effect of eutrophication on the distribution and ecophysiology of the mussel Mytilus trossulus (Bivalvia) in southern Baltic Sea (the Gulf of Gdansk). Limnology and Oceanography 51: 580-590. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0580/abstract Wonham MJ (2004) Mini-review: distribution of the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae), and hybrids in the northeast Pacific. Journal of Shellfish Research 23: 535-543. http://www.math.ualberta.ca/~mwonham/reprints/Wonham.2004.Gallo.pdf Xavier BM, Branch GM & Wieters E (2007) Abundance, growth and recruitment of Mytilus galloprovincialis on the west coast of South Africa in relation to upwelling. Marine Ecology Progress Series 346: 189-201. www.int-res.com/articles/meps2007/346/m346p189.pdf Young RT (1945) Stimulation of Spawning in the Mussel (Mytilus Californianus). Ecology 26: 58-69. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1931914?seq=1

Literature:

Substantial scientific information; non-peer-reviewed information; data specific to the region; supported by recent data (within the last 10 years) or research

Notes:

NA