Mytilus coruscus

Overview

Scientific Name: Mytilus coruscus

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Bivalvia

Order: Mytilida

Family: Mytilidae

Genus: Mytilus

Species:

coruscus [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperature Northern Pacific

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Temperate Northern Pacific Endemic to temperate zones along the coasts of Korea (Je et al. 1990, cited in Yang et al. 2015a; An and Lee 2012, cited in Yang et al. 2015a), China (Ye et al. 2012, cited in Yang et al. 2015a), and Japan (Okutani 2000, cited in Yang et al. 2015a) STATED Eastern coast of China (Chang & Wu 2007, cited in Wang et al. 2015; Liao et al. 2013, cited in Wang et al. 2015) STATUS NOT STATED East China Sea (Zhang et al. 2009, cited in Wang et al. 2015) STATUS NOT STATED Yellow Sea and Sea of Japan (Kulikova et al. 2011) STATUS NOT STATED From Liaoning to Fujian Province of China (Zhongyan ed. 2004) STATUS NOT STATED From Hokkaido to Kyushu, Japan (Okutani ed. 2000) STATUS NOT STATED Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, South Korea, Kanto-shu (China) (Uchihashi 1951)

Geographic Range:

From Japan (Okutani 2000, cited in Yang et al. 2015a) to Zhejiang Province, China (Wang et al. 2015) [Japan] From 31ºN to 42ºN at Pacific side and to 43ºN at Japan Sea side (Inaba 1982)

General Diversity:

NF

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015)

Non-native Region:

Not applicable

Invasion Propens:

Not applicable

Status Date Non-native:

Not applicable

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

see details

Second Vector:

see details

Vector Details:

RELATED: Introduction vector [Mytilus spp.] planktonic larval stage allows transport in ballast water (Carlton & Geller 1993, cited in Wonham 2004), byssal threads allow for transport on hulls (Carlton & Hodder 1995, cited in Wonham 2004; Apte et al. 2000, cited in Wonham 2004), introduced for aquaculture (Heath et al. 1995, cited in Wonham 2004; Couturier 2003, cited in Wonham 2004). [Mytilus spp.] hull fouling on recreational boats (Clarke Murray et al. 2011). Secondary vector [North America]: [Mytilus spp.] hull fouling on recreational boats (Clarke Murray et al. 2011).

Spread Rate:

Not applicable

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

Not applicable

Global Impact:

Not applicable

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Cold water, Mild temperate, Subtropical, See details

Native Temperature Range:

[Zhejiang Province] 24.5ºC when collected in 2013 (Wang et al. 2015) [East China Sea] subtidal temperature ranges from 10ºC to 25ºC (Zhang et al. 2009, cited in Wang et al. 2015) [East coast of Korea] cold water mussel (Yang et al. 2015a) [East coast of Korea] temperature at 10-20m depth ranges from 7.8 to 20.4ºC (cited in Yang et al. 2015a) Subtropical species (Kulikova et al. 2011) [Sea of Japan] larvae occurred in plankton where SST ranged from 14.5ºC to 23.5ºC (Kulikova et al. 2011) Mild temperate (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Not applicable

Non-native Temperature Range:

Not applicable

Native Salinity Regime:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

[Zhejiang Province] 25.0 psu when collected in 2013 (Wang et al. 2015) [Japan] Sea water specific gravity is more than 1.025 at 15ºC (Corresponding value to salinity is 34.3 psu) (Uchihashi 1951)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Not applicable

Temperature Regime Survival:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, See details

Temperature Range Survival:

[Korea] 90% of M.c. survived at 20ºC and 25ºC for 9 days. 50% of M.c. died after 9 days at 27.1ºC. Vital signs decreased between 25ºC and 30ºC (Shin et al. 2004) [Japan and China] Mild temperate to Subtropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, See details

Temperature Range Reproduction:

[Japan and China] Mild temperate to Subtropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Mesohaline, Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

[Korea] 50% of M.c. died after 9 days at 17.01 psu at 10ºC, 19.95 psu at 15ºC, and 21.79 psu at 25ºC (Shin et al. 2004) Euhaline (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

NF

Depth Regime:

Lower intertidal, Shallow subtidal

Depth Range:

[Zhejiang Province] Subtidal zones (Wang et al. 2015) [East coast of Korea] shallow subtidal from 5-20m (Yang et al. 2015a) [Southern Primorye] 0.2-3m (Vekhova 2013) [Japan] lower intertidal to 20 m depth (abundant between 5 and 10 m depth) (Uchihashi 1951, Inaba 1982)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Common

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

external

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

None

Development Mode:

Planktonic larva (type unspecified)

Asexual Reproduction:

Does not reproduce asexually

Reproduction Details:

[Sea of Japan] Planktonic larval phase lasted from June until September, with a peak of larval abundance in each of June and September (Kulikova et al. 2011) note: development, reproduction, distribution, population dynamics of larvae in the plankton are not known for this species (Kulikova et al. 2011) [Korea] dioecious (Wi et al. 2003) Sex ratio varies according to their size: mostly males at size of less than 9.75 cm SL (shell length) but females exceed males at size of 11.25 cm (Uchihashi 1951) Spawning season: March to September at Tokushima prefecture, late February to early March at Sendai, Japan and January to June at Pusan, Korea (Uchihashi 1951) RELATED: [Mytilus galloprovincialis] Does not reproduce asexually (Lee II & Reusser 2012) [Mytilus spp.] External fertilization (Rawson et al. 2003) [Mytilus spp.] planktonic larval phase (Yang et al. 2014; Yang et al. 2015b)

Adult Mobility:

Facultatively mobile (Species with limited mobility, in particular to repositioning themselves in response to environmental disturbances (e.g., sea anemones))

Adult Mobility Details:

Limited mobility at the time of the old and new change of byssus was observed experimentally (Uchihashi 1951) RELATED: [Mytilus spp.] benthic adult phase (Yang et al. 2014) [Mytilus spp.] mussels can detach by cutting their byssal threads, and reattach on a new habitat (Petrone 2013, cited in Yang et al. 2015b) [Mytilus spp.] Juveniles can detach and reattach on alternative habitats (AKA plantigrades) (many authors, cited in Yang et al. 2014)

Maturity Size:

[Korea] More than 50% of M.c. were sexually mature between 40.1 and 50.0mm; 100% were mature over 50.1mm (Lee et al. 2007) [Japan] 49.5 mm SL and weight 8.4 gr (Tamura 1960)

Maturity Age:

[Japan] Two to three years old (Tanita 1960, Tamura 1960)

Reproduction Lifespan:

[Sea of Japan] Gametes mature in late July to early August. Spawning season started in mid-August and continued until mid-September (one month) (Kulikova et al. 2011) [M. coruscus] Spawning season: March to September at Tokushima prefecture, late February to early March at Sendai, Japan and January to June at Pusan, Korea (Uchihashi 1951)

Longevity:

[Vostok Bay] Growth measurements were taken on mussels up to 14-15 years old (Vekhova 2013) No information was present about whether they have been recorded older [Japan] Six years (Inoue 1965), roughly above 11 years and probably reachs approximately 20 years (Ito & Yamamoto 1984)

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

[Korea] Temperature: spawning season begins in late spring, when the temperature is 20-25ºC (Shen & Teng 2009, cited in Kulikova et al. 2011) RELATED: [California] [M. californianus] spawned after shock treatment (scraping or byssus puling; found effective in air and under water), being exposed to gametes from crushed gonads (most effective when both male and female gametes present); stimuli more effective when repeated; stimuli more effect when mussels are grouped instead of isolated; temperature stimuli were inconclusive. Wave action, exposure to air, or pull of a starfish hypothesized to stimulate spawning (Young 1945)

Reproduction Time:

[Sea of Japan] Gametes mature in late July to early August. Spawning season started in mid-August and continued until mid-September (Kulikova et al. 2011) [Korea] spawning season begins in late spring, when the temperature is 20-25ºC (Shen & Teng 2009, cited in Kulikova et al. 2011) [Hansan Bay, Korea] main spawning occurs between February and March (Wi et al. 2003) [Korea] Spawning period was between February to April, with the peak between February and March (Lee et al. 2007) [Japan] Spawning season: March to September at Tokushima prefecture, late February to early March at Sendai (Uchihashi 1951) and November to May at Yamaguchi prefecture (Inoue 1958) Spawning season is from November to May, with the peak from December to April. (locality unknown) (Ohshima et al. eds. 1967)

Fecundity:

[Sea of Japan] Density of larvae in the plankton ranged from 50 to 4500 individuals per cubic metre, varying by month, year, and location (Kulikova et al. 2011) [Japan] 75 million of eggs at the size of 163.6 mm SL and 250 thousand of eggs at the size of 58.7 mm at Yamaguchi prefecture (Inoue 1958)

Egg Size:

[Sea of Japan] Eggs in the gonads ranged from 50-70um, with varying levels of maturity (Kulikova et al. 2011) [Japan] 42 μm in October. 98 - 112 μm between March and May at Yamaguchi prefecture (Inoue 1958)

Egg Duration:

NF

Early Life Growth Rate:

[Sea of Japan] Size of larvae in plankton ranged from 150-175um in early July to 250-325 in early August, just before settling (Kulikova et al. 2011) [Japan] Size of D-larvae ranged from 105 to 110 μm at Tokushima prefecture (Tanaka 1979) Size of full-grown larvae is 0.32 mm in shell length and 0.29 mm in shell height at Yamaguchi prefecture (Uchihashi 1951)

Adult Growth Rate:

[Vostok Bay] Annual growth of the shell is ~15–20 mm in the first four years, 5–9 mm in the next 3–4 years, and not more than 1-2 mm in 14 to 15 year old M. coruscus Vekhova 2013) [Japan] M. cruscus grows up to 3 cm for one year, 8.3 cm for two years, 10.7 cm for three and a half years and 12.4 cm for four and a half years at Yamaguchi prefecture (Inoue 1965)

Population Growth Rate:

[Japan] Biomass of M. coruscus varied between 18.6 kg and 41.6 kg/m2 at Kurushima strait of Ehime prefecture (Ito & Yamamoto 1984)

Population Variablity:

The fish catches of M. c. was 1,500 ton in 1905 at Mie Prefecture. It declined by 98 ton of next year and continued decreasing afterward so as to disappear from the fisheries statistic book of Mie Prefecture during 1920s. (Yoshimura 2013) The fish catches of M. c. was about 5,000 ton in the times when export was prosperous. It declined and is consumed only locally in 1960s. (Ohshima et al. eds. 1965)

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Rocky intertidal, Rocky subtidal

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic

Substrate:

Rock

Exposure:

Exposed, semi-exposed

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

[Zhejiang Province] attaches to hard substrates (Wang et al. 2015) [East coast of Korea] rocky substrata in the subtidal zone (Yang et al. 2015a) [Sea of Japan] this mussel settles in areas with high hydrodynamics (Selin & Vekhova 2004, cited in Kulikova et al. 2011; Semenikhina & Kolotukhina 2001, cited in Kulikova et al. 2011) [Southern Primorye] Colonizes open, relatively surf-beaten, rocky areas of the coast (Vekhova 2013) [Vostok Bay] Sampled from a moderately protected cape of the third bionomic type of the sublittoral (Vekhova 2013) (note: entered as semi-exposed because the third bionomic type is characterized by maximum surf) [Japan] M. coruscus is a dominant species at the rocky bottom from several meter to over 40 m depth under the influence of rapid tidal current at Inland Sea (Ito & Yamamoto 1984)

Trophic Level:

Suspension feeder

Trophic Details:

Fed Chlorella spp. (algae) during the experiment; used to calculate the clearance rate of the suspended microalgae (Wang et al. 2015) RELATED: [Mytilus spp.] suspension feeders (Wolowicz et al. 2006)

Forage Mode:

See details

Forage Details:

RELATED: [Mytilus edulis] experiments indicate that this species can modulate the retention efficiency of food particle size in relation to resources availability (Strohmeier et al. 2012)

Natural Control:

PARASITES [Parasites] [Korea] The copepod, Modiolicola gracilicaudus, was present in samples from fish markets (Ho & Kim 1991) RELATED: PREDATION [Mytilus sp.] [Predation] Larval phase is vulnerable to predation (Beaumont et al. 2004) [Mytilus spp.] [Predation] Eaten by sea stars (Young 1945, Dowd & Somero 2013) [Mytilus sp.] [Predation] [west coast of South Africa] Major intertidal predators are whelks (Nucella species) and birds (mainly Haematopus moquini) (Griffiths & Hockey 1987, cited in Xavier et al. 2007; Branch & Steffani 2004, cited in Xavier et al. 2007) [Mytilus spp.] [Predation] [California] Eaten by Nucella spp. (Braby & Somero 2006)

Associated Species:

PARASITES [Parasites] [Korea] The copepod, Modiolicola gracilicaudus, was present in samples from fish markets (Ho & Kim 1991) RELATED: TRAVELLERS [Mytilus spp.] [Travellers] Barnacles, hydroids, bryozoans, ascidians, etc. attach to the outside of mussel shells (Kozloff 1993)

References and Notes

References:

Beaumont AR et al. (2004) Hybridisations between Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis and performance of pure species and hybrid veliger larvae at different temperatures. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 302: 177–188. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098103005161 Braby CE & Somero GN (2006) Ecological gradients and relative abundance of native (Mytilus trossulus) and invasive (Mytilus galloprovincialis) blue mussels in the California hybrid zone. Marine Biology 148: 1249-1262. link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00227-005-0177-0 Clarke Murray C, Pakhomov EA, Therriault TW (2011) Recreational boating: a large unregulated vector transporting marine invasive species. Diversity and Distributions 17: 1161-1172. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00798.x/full Dowd WW & Somero GN (2013) Behavior and survival of Mytilus congeners following episodes of elevated body temperature in air and seawater. Journal of Experimental Biology 216: 502-514. jeb.biologists.org/content/216/3/502 Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.Global Invasive Species Database.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&x=13&y=9&sn=mytilus+coruscus&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN Access date: 24-07-2015 Ho JS & Kim IH (1991) Copepod Parasites of Commercial Bivalves in Korea II. Copepods from Cultured Bivalves. Bulletin of the Korean Fisheries Society 24(6): 369-396. kosficfile.jnu.ac.kr/korea_journal/102120/102120-024-0006-002.pdf Inaba A (1982) Molluscan fauna of the Inland Sea, Japan. Hiroshima shell club, Hiroshima: 181pp. (in Japanese) Inoue Y (1958) On the spawning season of Igai (Mytilus crassitesta LISCHKE). Aquaculture Science 6: 13-17. (in Japanese) Inoue Y (1965) Igai (Mytilus coruscus) in 60 speceis of shallow water aquaculture. Taisei Shuppan Inc., Tokyo: 418pp. (in Japanese) Ito T & Yamamoto Y (1984) Estimation of production of Mytilus coruscus population in the Kurushima Strait, Inland Sea of Japan. Marine Fouling 5: 29-39. (in Japanese with English abstract) Lee IH, Chung EY, Son PW, Shin MS (2007) Reproductive Ecology of the Hard Shelled Mussel, Mytilus coruscus in Western Korea. Korean Journal of Malacology 23: 199-208. http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=GPRHB@_2007_v23n2_199 Kulikova VA, Lyashenko SA, Kolotukhina NK (2011) Seasonal and interannual dynamics of larval abundance of Mytilus coruscus Gould, 1861 (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) in Amursky Bay (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 37: 342-347. link.springer.com/article/10.1134%2FS1063074011050087 Kozloff EN (1993) Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press Lee II H and Reusser DA (2012) Atlas of Nonindigenous Marine and Estuarine Species in the North Pacific. Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, EPA/600/R/12/631. Ohshima et al. eds. (1965) Shallow water aquaculture of 60 species. Taisei-shuppansha Inc., Tokyo: 418pp. (in Japanese) Okutani T (ed) (2000) Marine mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo: 1173pp. (in Japanese) Rawson PD, Slaughter C, Yund PO (2003) Patterns of gamete incompatibility between the blue mussels Mytilus edulis and M. trossulus. Marine Biology 143: 317-325. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-003-1084-x#page-1 Shin YK & Wi CH (2004) Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Survival and Metabolism of the hard shelled mussel Mytilus coruscus, Bivalve: Mytilidae. Journal of Aquaculture 17: 103-108. www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/PDFView?id=527390 Strohmeier T, Strand Ø, Alunno-Bruscia M, Duinker A, Cranford PJ (2012) Variability in particle retention efficiency by the mussel Mytilus edulis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 412: 96-102. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098111005053 Tamura T (1960) Shallow sea aquaculture. Series of fisheries science 2. Koseisha-koseikaku Inc., Tokyo: 368pp. (in Japanese) Tanaka Y (1979) Identification for the larvae of Bivalves. Aquabiology 3: 43-50. (in Japanese) Tanita S (1960) Fisheries zoology. Series of fisheries science 8. Koseisha-koseikaku Inc., Tokyo: 254pp. (in Japanese) Uchihashi K (1951) Aquaculture of Mytilus. The Fisheries Industry 807: 42-64. (in Japanese) Vekhova EE (2013) Growth and shell morphology of three mytilidae (Bivalvia) species from the Sea of Japan. Biology Bulletin 40: 728-737. link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1062359013090112 Wolowicz M, Sokolowski A, Bawazir AS, Lasota R (2006) Effect of eutrophication on the distribution and ecophysiology of the mussel Mytilus trossulus (Bivalvia) in southern Baltic Sea (the Gulf of Gdansk). Limnology and Oceanography 51: 580-590. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0580/abstract Wang Y, Li L, Hu M, Lu W (2015) Physiological energetics of the thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus exposed to seawater acidification and thermal stress. Science of the Total Environment 514: 261-272. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971500114X Wi CH, Chang YJ, Lee SJ, Hur YB, Lee JS (2003) Sexual Maturation and Gametogenic Cycle of the Hard Shelled Mussel, Mytilus coruscus (Bivalvia: Mytilidae). Journal of Aquaculture 16: 245-251. www.dbpia.co.kr/openurl/?issn=1226-0193&year=2003&volume=16&issue=4&page=245 Wonham MJ (2004) Mini-review: distribution of the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae), and hybrids in the northeast Pacific. Journal of Shellfish Research 23: 535-543. http://www.math.ualberta.ca/~mwonham/reprints/Wonham.2004.Gallo.pdf Xavier BM, Branch GM & Wieters E (2007) Abundance, growth and recruitment of Mytilus galloprovincialis on the west coast of South Africa in relation to upwelling. Marine Ecology Progress Series 346: 189-201. www.int-res.com/articles/meps2007/346/m346p189.pdf Yang JL, Li X, Liang X, Bao WY, Shen HD & Li JL (2014) Effects of natural biofilms on settlement of plantigrades of the mussel Mytilus coruscus. Aquaculture 424–425, 228–233. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004484861400012X Yang HS, Hong HK, Donaghy L, Noh CH, Park HS, Kim DS, Choi KS (2015a) Morphology and Immune-related activities of hemocytes of the mussel Mytilus coruscus (Gould, 1861) from East Sea of Korea. Ocean Science Journal 50: 77-85. link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12601-015-0006-4 Yang JL, Zhou X, Li YF, Guo XP, Liang X, Li JL (2015b) Plantigrade settlement of the mussel Mytilus coruscus in response to natural biofilms on different surfaces. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 94: 1639-1649. journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=6&fid=9398208&jid=MBI&volumeId=94&issueId=08&aid=9398207&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0025315414001039 Yoshimura T (2013) The analysis of the fish, production and processing by female divers in modern times by several statistics. Resume of the conference of female divers : 1-18. (in Japanese) Young RT (1945) Stimulation of Spawning in the Mussel (Mytilus Californianus). Ecology 26: 58-69. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1931914?seq=1 Zhongyan Q (ed) (2004) Seashells of China. China Ocean Press, Beijing: 418pp.

Literature:

Moderate level of information; data from comparable regions or older data (more than 10 years) from the area of interest

Notes:

NA