Mytilisepta virgata

Overview

Scientific Name: Mytilisepta virgata

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Bivalvia

Order: Mytilida

Family: Mytilidae

Genus: Mytilisepta

Species:

virgata [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate N. Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Temperate Northern Pacific From south western part of Hokkaido to Kyushu, Japan (Okutani ed. 2000) STATUS NOT STATED Zhejiang (Zhongyan ed. 2004) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific Hong kong (Zhongyan ed. 2004) STATUS NOT STATED Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan Province (Zhongyan ed. 2004) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

From 14ºN to 42ºN at Pacific side and to 45ºN at Japan Sea side (Inaba 1982)

General Diversity:

Not applicable

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015)

Non-native Region:

Not applicable

Invasion Propens:

Not applicable

Status Date Non-native:

Not applicable

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Not applicable

Second Vector:

Not applicable

Vector Details:

Not applicable

Spread Rate:

Not applicable

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

Not applicable

Global Impact:

Not applicable

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Cool temperate, mild temperate, warm temperate, subtropical, tropiccal

Native Temperature Range:

Sea temperatures ranged from 27.3°C in July on the lower shore, and 30.4°C in August on the middle shore (Liu and Morton, 1994)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Not applicable

Non-native Temperature Range:

Not applicable

Native Salinity Regime:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

[Japan] It is presumed that S. virgatus cannot live in the water where salinity under 10-13 psu continues for a long time. (Yamamoto et al. 2013)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Not applicable

Temperature Regime Survival:

Cool temperate, mild temperate, warm temperate, subtropical, tropiccal

Temperature Range Survival:

RELATED: [Septifer spp.] 15.125 - 28.496ºC (OBIS 2016)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

Cool temperate, mild temperate, warm temperate, subtropical, tropiccal

Temperature Range Reproduction:

NF

Salinity Regime Survival:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

[Japan] It is presumed that S. virgatus cannot live in the water where salinity under 10-13 psu continues for a long time. (Yamamoto et al. 2013) RELATED: [Septifer spp.] 34.440 - 35.618 PPS (OBIS 2016)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

NF

Depth Regime:

Upper intertidal, mid intertidal, lower intertidal

Depth Range:

VARIABILITY [Japan] From 190 cm to 50 cm above the datum line at Shirahama, Wakayama prefecture (changed the value in Iwasaki 1994 where the height is represented as from +80 cm down to -60 cm) From mean sea level to low tidal level at Sanriku coast, Miyagi and Iwate prefecture (Hata & Matsutani 2011) From mean sea level to low tidal level

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Common, Abundant

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

external

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

None

Development Mode:

Planktonic larva (type unspecified)

Asexual Reproduction:

Does not reproduce asexually

Reproduction Details:

[Japan] Metamorphose into veliger larvae after fertilizaion in 34 hours and this phase lasts 96 hours after fertilization at 20 ºC at Kesenmuma (Sasaki 1984)

Adult Mobility:

Sessile

Adult Mobility Details:

NF

Maturity Size:

[Japan] 15 mm in shell length at Kesennuma Bay (Sasaki 1984)

Maturity Age:

[Japan] Two years old (Sasaki 1984)

Reproduction Lifespan:

[Japan] Spawning season is August and September at Kesennuma (Sasaki 1984), from July to August and from September to October at Uranouchi Inlet, Kochi prefecture (Yamada et al. 2010), from March to December at Minabe, Wakayama prefecture (Ohgaki 1996)

Longevity:

NF

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

[Japan] Spawned by byssus cutting, by subtle stimulation by cleaning and by warming in the laboratory (Sasaki 1984) Sea wave at rough sea at the surface seawater temperature 20-22 ºC influences the spawning at Kesennuma Bay (Sasaki 1984)

Reproduction Time:

[Japan] Spawning season is August and September at Kesennuma (Sasaki 1984), from July to August and from September to October at Uranouchi Inlet, Kochi prefecture (Yamada et al. 2010), from March to December at Minabe, Wakayama prefecture (Ohgaki 1996)

Fecundity:

[Japan] 66,000-156,000 (mean 104,000) per inds. at Kesennuma (Sasaki 1984)

Egg Size:

[Japan] 112-128 (120±3.1) μm at Kesennuma (Sasaki 1984)

Egg Duration:

[Japan] 18 hours until trochophore larva at 20 ºC in the laboratory (Sasaki 1984)

Early Life Growth Rate:

[Japan] Size of plankton larvae is 180-190 μm and that of full-grown larvae is 190-230 μm at Kesennuma (Sasaki 1984)

Adult Growth Rate:

NF

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

[Japan] S. virgatus did not show a decrease in shore-to-shore mean density from the 1970s to the 2000s, but repeated increases and decreases between successive survey dates (Kurihara & Kosuge 2010)

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Rocky intertidal, Mussel reef

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic, Epizoic

Substrate:

Rock, Biogenic

Exposure:

Exposed

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

[Japan] S. virgatus forms contiguous mussel bed vertically on rocky substrata from upper to mid intertidal zone at exposed shore at Shirahama, Wakayama prefecture (Iwasaki 1994) On the platform or slope of rock at wave-exposed shore (Ohgaki 1996)

Trophic Level:

Suspension feeder

Trophic Details:

[Japan] Pvloa lutheri and/or Chaetoceros calcirans were used for rearing floting larvae of S. virgatus (Sasaki 1984)

Forage Mode:

NF

Forage Details:

NF

Natural Control:

[Parasites] [Japan] Lichomolgus sadoensis was parasitic on S. virgatus from Tssha Bay, Sado Island, Japan Sea (Ho 1980) Lichomolgus bidentipes was parasitic on mantle cavity of S. virgatus from Shirahama, Wakayama prefecture (Ho 1980) Pseudomyicola spinosus was parasitic from Shirahama, Wakayama prefecture (Ho 1980)

Associated Species:

[Parasites] [Japan] Lichomolgus sadoensis was parasitic on S. virgatus from Tssha Bay, Sado Island, Japan Sea (Ho 1980) Lichomolgus bidentipes was parasitic on mantle cavity of S. virgatus from Shirahama, Wakayama prefecture (Ho 1980) Pseudomyicola spinosus was parasitic from Shirahama, Wakayama prefecture (Ho 1980)

References and Notes

References:

Association for the Research of Littoral Organisms in Osaka Bay (2012) Rocky shore macrobiota of southeastern Osaka Bay. Results of surveys carried out in the years 2006-2010. Shizenshi-Kenkyu 211-224. (in Japanese with English abstract) Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&sn=septifer+virgatus&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN&x=14&y=8. Access Date: 31-Jul-2015) Hata M & Matsutani T (2011) Microscopic distribution of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Septifer virgatus. Sessile Organisms 28: 57. (in Japanese) Ho J (1980) Origin and dispersal of Mytilus edulis in Japan deduced from its present status of copepod parasitism. Publications of the Seto Marin Biological Laboratory 25: 293-313. Hoshiai T (1964) Synecological study on intertidal communities V. The interrlation between Septifer virgatus and Mytylus edulis. Bulletin of the marine biological station of Asamushi. 7: 37-41. Inaba A (1982) Molluscan fauna of the Inland Sea, Japan. Hiroshima shell club, Hiroshima: 181pp. (in Japanese) Iwasaki K (1994) Distribution and bed structure of the two intertidal mussels, Septifer virgatus (Wiegmann) and Hormomya mutabilis (Gould). Publications of the Seto Mrine Biological Laboratory 36: 223-247. Kurihara et al. (2010) Evidence of a sharper decrease in a non-indigenous mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis than in indigenous bivalves from 1978 to 2006 on Japanese rocky shores. Biological Invasions 12: 2671–2681. DOI 10.1007/s10530-009-9673-3 Liu J H and Morton B (1994) The temperature tolerances of Tetraclita squamosa (Crustacea: Cirripedia) and Septifer virgatus (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) on a sub-tropical rocky shore in Hong Kong. Journal of Zoology 234: 325-339 OBIS. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper/ Access date: 23-09-2016 *Note: for genus level data Ohgaki S (1996) Seasonal changes in size structure and gonad weight of the two mussels, Hormomya mutabilis and Septifer virgatus in relation to the fluctuation in their distribution. Venus 55: 317-327. (in Japanese with English abstract) Okutani T (ed) (2000) Marine mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo: 1173pp. (in Japanese) Sasaki R (1984) On the early life history of Septifer virgatus at Kesennuma Bay. The Aquiculture 4: 214-219. (in Japanese) Yamada C et al. (2010) A comparison of the reproductive seasons of three mytilid species in Uranouchi Inlet, Kochi, Japan. Kuroshio Science 3: 138-143. (in Japanese) Yamamoto K et al. (2013) Effect of low salinity on vetilation in the purplish bifurcate mussel Septifer virgatus. Journal on National Fisheries University 62: 9-12. (in Japanese with English abstract) Zhongyan Q (ed) (2004) Seashells of China. China Ocean Press, Beijing: 418pp.

Literature:

Substantial scientific information; non-peer-reviewed information; data specific to the region; supported by recent data (within the last 10 years) or research

Notes:

NA