Mopalia seta

Overview

Scientific Name: Mopalia seta

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Polyplacophora

Order: Chitonida

Family: Mopaliidae

Genus: Mopalia

Species:

seta [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate Northern Pacific

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Temperate Northern Pacific Vostok (East) Bay, Sea of Japan (Kelly & Eernisse 2008) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Around Akkeshi Town and from Cape Nosappu to Muroran at the Pacific side and Ishikari Bay at Japan Sea side. (Saito 1994) STATUS NOT STATED [Russia] Southern part of Kurile Island and west coast of Sakhalin. (Sirenko 1985, cited in Saito & Okutani 1991) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

NF

General Diversity:

NF

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015, 2016)

Non-native Region:

Not applicable

Invasion Propens:

Not applicable

Status Date Non-native:

Not applicable

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Not applicable

Second Vector:

Not applicable

Vector Details:

Not applicable

Spread Rate:

Not applicable

Date First Observed in Japan:

NF

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

NF

Global Impact:

Not applicable

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Cold water, Cool temperate, See details

Native Temperature Range:

The average monthly temperature range during 2005 and 2014 at Kushiro adjacent to Akkeshi Town is from -0.1 to 17.5 ºC. (Hokkaido National Fisheries Institute. Accessed 25 Sept 2015) Cold water, Cool temperate (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Not applicable

Non-native Temperature Range:

Not applicable

Native Salinity Regime:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

Polyhaline, euhaline (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Not applicable

Temperature Regime Survival:

Cold water, Cool temperate

Temperature Range Survival:

The average monthly temperature range during 2005 and 2014 at Kushiro adjacent to Akkeshi Town is from -0.1 to 17.5 ºC. (Hokkaido National Fisheries Institute) Cold water, Cool temperate (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

Cold water, Cool temperate

Temperature Range Reproduction:

The average monthly temperature range during 2005 and 2014 at Kushiro adjacent to Akkeshi Town is from -0.1 to 17.5 ºC. (Hokkaido National Fisheries Institute) Cold water, Cool temperate (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

Polyhaline, euhaline (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Depth Regime:

Mid intertidal, Lower intertidal, Shallow subtidal

Depth Range:

Mopalia seta not found in deep water; most Mopalia species not found in deep water (Kelly & Eernisse 2008) Intertidal to 51 m deep. (Saito 1994, Kass & van Belle 1994) RELATED: [Mopalia ciliata] mid to low intertidal (Cowles 2010)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Common

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

See details

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

None

Development Mode:

Planktonic larva (type unspecified)

Asexual Reproduction:

Does not reproduce asexually

Reproduction Details:

Does not reproduce asexually (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Mopalia ciliata] eggs are 0.2 mm in diameter and gray-green; free-swimming larvae develop all 8 valves; In CA they settle around day 8, metamorphose to juveniles by day 16; adults grow 11-40 mm per year (Cowles 2010) [Mopalia muscosa] larvae will settle on rocks or shells covered with an algal film (Cowles 2005) [Polyplacophora] chitons have separate sexes; eggs can be fertilized externally or in mantle cavity; trocophore larva is free-swimming and feeding; however, some produce yolky eggs and brood their young (Kozloff 1990) [Polyplacophora] Spawning is generally initiated by emission of spermatozoids by one or more male individuals. (Kass & van Belle 1985) [Polyplacophora] The eggs are issued one or two at a time, sometimes free, but moslty held together by a slimy mass, either aggregated into clusters, or in long strings. (Kass & van Belle 1985)

Adult Mobility:

Actively mobile (Mobility is a normal part of at least part of the adult life cycle - at least in spurts. Not dependent upon distance traveled)

Adult Mobility Details:

RELATED: [Mopalia ciliata] grazers (Cowles 2010) [Mopalia muscosa] moves at speeds of 25 cm/hour (Kozloff 1990) [Polyplacophora] Chitons are little mobile animals. Creeping is slow, performed by antero-posterior contracton waves of the muscles in the foot. It is molstly done in the dark, when they leave their shelter to feed. (Kass & van Belle 1985)

Maturity Size:

NF

Maturity Age:

NF

Reproduction Lifespan:

NF

Longevity:

Among chitons, it is known that the species lives for 17 like Katharina tunicata and for 40 years like Cryptochiton stelleri. (e. g. Lord 2012)

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

RELATED: [Polyplacophora] Spawning is generally initiated by emission of spermatozoids by one or more male individuals. (Kass & van Belle 1985)

Reproduction Time:

NF

Fecundity:

NF

Egg Size:

RELATED: [Mopalia ciliata] eggs are 0.2 mm in diameter and gray-green (Cowles 2010) [Cryptochiton stelleri] 301 μm (SD = 3.16, n = 15) in diameter. (Loard 2011)

Egg Duration:

RELATED: [Mopalia ciliata] eggs are 0.2 mm in diameter and gray-green (Cowles 2010) [Leptochiton asellus] The escape of the trochophores begins about twenty hours after fertilization of the eggs (Christiansen 1954, cited in Kass & van Belle 1985., but for another species it takes three or four days. (Hoffman 1931, cited in Kass & van Belle 1985)

Early Life Growth Rate:

RELATED: [Mopalia ciliata] free-swimming larvae develop all 8 valves; In CA they settle around day 8, metamorphose to juveniles by day 16 (Cowles 2010) [Polyplacophore] Three or four days after the larvae are hatched metamorphosis begins with a dorso-ventral flattenening of the trocophore, marking the places where the valves I-VII are to be formed. The shell plates are rapidoly developing before their settling on the bottom, the tail plate appearing last. (Kass & van Belle 1985) [Cryptochiton stelleri] At 46 hours the early trocophore hatched. At about 5 days after fertilization (3 days posthatching), larvae developed seven shell plate rudiments and settled to bottom of culture dishes. (Lord 2011)

Adult Growth Rate:

RELATED: [Mopalia ciliata] adults grow 11-40 mm per year (Cowles 2010) [Cryptochiton stelleri] About three months after from the settlement, juveniles grew an averate of 1.96 mm or 0.14 g per month and were c. 30 mm long in 11 months in culture dishes. [Cryptochiton stelleri] This growth rate appears to be similar to that in the field. (Loard 2011)

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

NF

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Rocky intertidal, Rocky subtidal, Macroalgal beds, See details

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic, Under rock, See details

Substrate:

Rock, Cobble, See details

Exposure:

Exposed, Semi-exposed, See details

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

They live on rocks covered with sea weeds or on the underside of large stones in the littoral and sublittoral zones. (Saito & Okutani 1991) Exposed, Semi-exposed (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Mopalia ciliata] Rocky intertidal, floats; common in rock crevices, underneath rocks, and downward-facing slopes of rocks; may be among mussels (Cowles 2010) [Mopalia muscosa] found in areas of low to moderate surf, on rocks; found in estuaries; some home to a special place on the rock; larvae will settle on rocks or shells covered with an algal film (Cowles 2005) [Polyplacophora] rocky habitats, shelly bottoms; foot is well adapted to cling to hard surfaces; the low profile, shell, and strong foot of a chiton are adapted to live in high wave shock as well as water loss risk during low tide (Kozloff 1990)

Trophic Level:

See details

Trophic Details:

Herbivore (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Mopalia ciliata] grazes on algae, hydroids, bryozoans, sponges, other small animals (Cowles 2010) [Mopalia muscosa] feeds on red alga Mastocarpus papillata and Endocladia muricata, green alga Cladophora (Cowles 2005) [genus Mopalia] consume animal matter: hydroids, bryozoans, and sponges (Kozloff 1990)

Forage Mode:

See details

Forage Details:

Specialist (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Mopalia ciliata] feeds at night and on foggy/cloudy days (Cowles 2010) [Mopalia muscosa] Moves at night at high tides (Cowles 2005) [Mopalia muscosa] forages at night when it is underwater; unselective consumer of small algae; grazes at speeds of 25 cm/hour; has homing behavior (Kozloff 1990)

Natural Control:

RELATED: PREDATION [Predation] [Mopalia ciliata] Pisaster ochraceus is a predator (Cowles 2010)

Associated Species:

NF

References and Notes

References:

Cowles D (2010) Mopalia ciliata. http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Mollusca/Polyplacophora/Mopalia_ciliata.html Access Date: 4-Mar-16. Cowles D (2005) Mopalia muscosa. http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Mollusca/Polyplacophora/Mopalia_muscosa.html Access Date: 4-Mar-16. Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/search.php Access Date: 25-Sept-2015 and 4-Mar-16 Hokkaido National Fisheries Institute http://hnf.fra.affrc.go.jp/suion/suionjoho.html. Date: 25-Sept-2015. Kass P & van Belle RA (1985) Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polypacophora). Volume 1. Order Neoloricata: Lepidopleurina. E. J. Brill, Leiden, Netherland: 237pp. Kass P & van Belle RA (1994) Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polypacophora). Volume 5. Suborder Ischnochitonina: Ischnochitonidae: Ischnochitoninae (concluded), additions to Volume 1-4. E. J. Brill, Leiden, Netherland: 402pp. Kelly RP, Eernisse DJ (2008) Reconstructing a radiation: the chiton genus Mopalia in the north Pacific. Invertebrate Systematics. 22(1):17-28. Kozloff EN (1990) Invertebrates. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders College Publishing Lord JP (2011) Larval development, metamorphosis and early growth of the gumboot chiton Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorff, 1847) (Polyplacophora: Mopaliidae) on the Oregon Coast. Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 182-188. Lord JP (2012) Longevity and growth rates of the gumboot chiton, Cryptochiton stelleri, and the black leather chiton, Katharina tunicata. Malacologia 55 : 43-54. Saito H (1994) The shallow-water chiton fauna of eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Memoirs of the National Science Museum 27: 93-104. Saito H & Okutani T (1991) Taxonomy of Japanese species of the genera Mopalia and Plaxiphora (Polyplacophora: Mopaliidae). The Veliger 34: 172-194.

Literature:

Limited information; expert opinion based on observational information or circumstantial evidence

Notes:

NA