Hydrodendron gracile

Overview

Scientific Name: Hydrodendron gracile

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Hydrozoa

Order: Leptothecata

Family: Haleciidae

Genus: Hydrodendron

Species:

gracile (in WoRMs and OBIS as H. gracilis) According to Dr. Kubota (pers. comm.), this species has never been recorded in Japanese waters. And was not included in the list of Japanese hidrozaons by Kubota (1998). [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate Northern Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Tropical Atlantic, Temperate Southern Africa

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Temperate Northern Pacific British Columbia, Canada (Calder et al. 2014) *Type locality Northeast Pacific (Calder et al. 2014) STATED [Plumularia magellanic moneroni (synonimised taxon)] Sea of Japan and Kurile islands (Naumov 1960, cited in Calder et al. 2014) STATUS NOT STATED [H. gracilis (alternative spelling)] Sea of Japan and the Kurile Islands (Antsulevich 1987, cited in Calder et al. 2014) STATUS NOT STATED [H. gracilis (alternative spelling)] Kurile Islands (Antsulevich 1992) STATUS NOT STATED Race rocks, BC, Canada (Brinkmann-Voss 1996) STATUS NOT STATED Pacific coast of North America (Millard 1973) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific French Indo-China (Millard 1973) STATUS NOT STATED Tropical Atlantic the West Indies (Millard 1973) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Southern Africa South Africa (Millard 1973) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

-131.700012207031 52,-131 54.2000007629395 (OBIS 2015) Kurile islands (Naumov 1960, cited in Calder et al. 2014; Antsulevich 1987, cited in Calder et al. 2014) to French Indo-China (Millard 1973) The West Indies to South Africa (Millard 1973)

General Diversity:

NF

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015)

Non-native Region:

Not applicable

Invasion Propens:

Not applicable

Status Date Non-native:

Not applicable

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Other

Second Vector:

Not applicable

Vector Details:

Introduction vector: Found on tsunami debris (Calder et al. 2014)

Spread Rate:

Not applicable

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

Not applicable

Global Impact:

Not applicable

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

NF

Native Temperature Range:

NF

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Not applicable

Non-native Temperature Range:

Not applicable

Native Salinity Regime:

NF

Native Salinity Range:

NF

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Not applicable

Temperature Regime Survival:

See details

Temperature Range Survival:

Neither tropical nor subtropical (Antsulevich 1992) [British Columbia, Canada] Sea surface temperature varies from 7 - 12 ºC (Brinckmann-Voss 1996) RELATED: [Hydrodendron spp.] -1.565 - 18.121 ºC (OBIS 2016)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

NF

Temperature Range Reproduction:

NF

Salinity Regime Survival:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

[British Columbia, Canada] 29-30 psu (Brinckmann-Voss 1996)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

NF

Depth Regime:

Lower intertidal, Shallow subtidal

Depth Range:

Infralittoral fringe, lower intertidal, and subtidal areas, to 18 m depth (Brinckmann-Voss 1996)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

NF

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

See details

Reproduction Mode:

NF

Spawning Type:

NA

Development Mode:

Lecithotrophic planktonic larva (non-feeding)

Asexual Reproduction:

See details

Reproduction Details:

Female known, male unknown (Rees & Vervoort 1987) RELATED: [Obelia sp. as a representative example of class Hydrozoa] Medusae have separate sexes. Males release sperm; eggs are fertilized while still in the gonads. Planula lavae (Kozloff 1990) *Note: entered as lecithotrophic because planula larvae are non-feeding and planktonic; other sources for Obelia spp. contradict where eggs are fertilized (see two Obelia entries) [Hydroids] Rapidly colonize through asexual proliferation (Denny & Gaines 2007)

Adult Mobility:

Sessile

Adult Mobility Details:

RELATED: [Hydroids] Sessile (Denny & Gaines 2007)

Maturity Size:

NF

Maturity Age:

NF

Reproduction Lifespan:

NF

Longevity:

NF

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

NF

Reproduction Time:

NF

Fecundity:

NF

Egg Size:

NF

Egg Duration:

NF

Early Life Growth Rate:

NF

Adult Growth Rate:

NF

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

NF

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Rocky intertidal, Rocky subtidal, Flotsam

Habitat Type:

NF

Substrate:

NF

Exposure:

Semi-exposed

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

Adjacent to a tide pool; protected outer coast surrounded by rocks and reefs; swept by tidal rapids up to 3 m/s velocity (Brinckmann-Voss 1996) Found on tsunami debris (Calder et al. 2014)

Trophic Level:

Suspension feeder

Trophic Details:

RELATED: [Hydroids] Suspension-feeding or carnivorous (Denny & Gaines 2007) [Obelia sp. as a representative example of class Hydrozoa] Suitable food organisms are imobilized by nematocysts after touching one or more tentacles, then the tentacles bring the food to the mouth (Kozloff 1990)

Forage Mode:

NF

Forage Details:

NF

Natural Control:

RELATED: PREDATION [Hydroids] [Predation] Hydranths may be eaten by nudibranchs, pyconogonids, fish, and the polychaete Procerastea halleziana (Denny & Gaines 2007) PARASITES [Hydroids] [Parasites] Pycnogonid larvae may parasitize and develop in hydranths (Denny & Gaines 2007)

Associated Species:

RELATED: SYMBIONTS [Hydroids] [Symbionts] Act as microhabitats for many other species, including other hydroids, gammarid amphiods, and mussel recruits (Denny & Gaines 2007) PARASITES [Hydroids] [Parasites] Pycnogonid larvae may parasitize and develop in hydranths (Denny & Gaines 2007)

References and Notes

References:

Antsulevich AE (1992) Observations on the hydroid fauna of the Kurile Islands. Scientia Marina 56(2-3): 213-216. www.icm.csic.es/scimar/pdf/56/sm56n2213.pdf Brinckmann-Voss A (1996) Seasonality of hydroids (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) from an intertidal pool and adjacent subtidal habitats at Race Rocks, off Vancouver Island, Canada. Scientia Marina 60(1): 89-97. www.icm.csic.es/scimar/index.php/secId/6/IdArt/2740/ Brunel P, Bossé L, Lamarche G (1998) Catalogue of the Marine Invertebrates of the Estuary and Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 126. www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/223686.pdf Calder DR, Choong HHC, Carlton JT, Chapman JW, Miller JA, Geller J (2014) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Japanese tsunami marine debris washing ashore in the northwestern United States. Aquatic Invasions 9(4): 425-440. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/267394881_Calder_D.R._Choong_H.H.C._Carlton_J.T._Chapman_J.W._Miller_J.A._and_Geller_J._2014._Hydroids_%28Cnidaria_Hydrozoa%29_from_Japanese_tsunami_marine_debris_washing_ashore_in_the_northwestern_United_States._Aquatic_Invasions_9_425-440 Denny MW & Gaines SD (2007) Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=tss&st=tss&fr=1&x=0&y=0&li=6&tn=Hydrodendron&lang=EN Access date: 30-11-2015 Kozloff EN (1990) Invertebrates. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders College Publishing Millard NAH (1973) AUTO-EPIZOISM IN SOUTH AFRICAN HYDROIDS. PUBLICATIONS OF THE SETO MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY 20: 23-34. repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/175792 OBIS. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper/ Access date: 30-11-2015 OBIS. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper/ Access date: 30-08-2016 *Note: genus level data Rees WJ & Vervoort W (1987) Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen 237: 3-207. dare.uva.nl/cgi/arno/show.cgi?fid=148867

Literature:

NA

Notes:

Kubota (1998) A list of hydrozoans (8 orders) in Japan. Nanki-Seibutus 40: 13-21. (in Japanese)