Hiatella orientalis

Overview

Scientific Name: Hiatella orientalis

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Bivalvia

Order: Adapedonta

Family: Hiatellidae

Genus: Hiatella

Species:

orientalis ( = Hiatella arctica auctt.)*changed to H. actica on WoRMS **H. arctica most likely a species complex (Lee II H and Reusser DA 2012) [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Arctic, Temperate Northern Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Tropical Eastern Pacific

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Arctic [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Range extends from Arctic Ocean to Panama; circumpolar (Rudy et al. 2016) STATUS NOT STATED [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] North Iceland (Garcia et al. 2003, cited in Kilada et al. 2009) STATUS NOT STATED [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Greenland (Kilada et al. 2009) STATUS NOT STATED [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] White Sea, northern Russia (Matveeva and Maksimovich 1977, cited in Kilada et al. 2009) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Northern Pacific [Japan] Hokkaido to Kyushu along the Pacific coast., including Seto Inlland Sea. Oga Peninsula to northern Kyushu along the Japan Ses coast. West coast of Kyushu to Ryukyu Islands. (Higo et al. 1999, Inaba 1982) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Usujiri, near Hakodate City, Hokkaido. (Conchological Club of Northern Region 2009) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Mutsu Bay. (Kudo et al. 1999) [Japan] Souma, Fukushima Prefecture, the Pacific coast. (Ogawa & Matsuzaki 1985) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Kanazawa, Tokyo Bay. (Miyazaki 1938) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Wakasa Bay, Japan Sea. (Ito 1990, Lutaenko 1999) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Along the coasts of Wakayama Prefecture, Kii Peninsula. (Habe 1981) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Seto Inland Sea. (Inaba 1982) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Haneji Inlet, Okinawa Island. (Kubo & Kurozumi 1995) STATUS NOT STATED [Korea] Dokdo, Republic of Korea. (Ryu et al. 2012) STATUS NOT STATED [China] North China Sea. (Zhongyan ed. 2004) STATUS NOT STATED Nanao Bay, Sea of Japan (Hiyashi et al. 1992) STATUS NOT STATED From the central to the southern part of Japan (Miyazaki 1938) STATUS NOT STATED Pacific coast of Northern Japan, Fukushima prefecture, Souma County (Ogawa et al. 1985) STATUS NOT STATED Hokkaido to Kyushu, Japan, Korea to Bering Sea, East China Sea, Jiangsu, Shandong, Yellow Sea (Lam et al. 2008) STATUS NOT STATED [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Native to NE Pacific: Alaska, Canada, down to California (Lee II H and Reusser DA 2012) STATED [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Coos Bay: Pigeon Point, Oregon; range extends from Arctic Ocean to Panama; circumpolar (Rudy et al. 2016) STATUS NOT STATED [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Peter the Great Bay (East Sea) (Lutaenko et al. 2015) STATUS NOT STATED [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Minonosok Bay and Kit Bay (Proceedings of China-Russia Bilateral Symposium 2010) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific Northern Beibu Gulf, South China Sea (Yan et al. 2006) STATUS NOT STATED Hong Kong (Lam et al. 2008) STATUS NOT STATED West coast of Kyushu to Ryukyu Islands. (Higo et al. 1999, Inaba 1982) STATUS NOT STATED Tropical Eastern Pacific [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Range extends from Arctic Ocean to Panama (Rudy et al. 2016) STATUS NOT STATED Uncertain realm Taiwan (Lam et al. 2008) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

Hokkaido to Kyushu, Japan, Korea to Bering Sea, East China Sea, Jiangsu, Shandong, Yellow Sea, Taiwan, Hong Kong (Lam et al. 2008) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] geographic coverage: -178.800003051758 -71.1000061035156,175.400009155273 81.2000045776367 (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2016) [Japan and its vicinity] 25ºN-45ºN at the Pacific side and 25ºN-43ºN at the Japan Sea side. (Inaba 1982) Off the coast of Niigata Prefecture and Sado Island, Japan Sea: from 37º15.0'N to 38º21.0'N, from 138º04.4'E to 139º10.2'E. (Ito 1989)

General Diversity:

NF

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

CONFLICT: no records of invasion, and non-indigenous at the same time Cryptogenic in Azores (DAISIE 2016) Non-indigenous in Hawaii (Lee II H and Reusser DA 2012) No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2016)

Non-native Region:

Eastern Indo-Pacific, Southern Africa, Northeast Atlantic

Invasion Propens:

CONFLICT: no records of invasion, and non-indigenous at the same time Temperate Northern Atlantic [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Cryptogenic/unknown in Azores - Atlantic Ocean (DAISIE 2016) *Cryptogenic Eastern Indo-Pacific [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Non-indigenous in Hawaii; first recorded in Oahu, Hawaii; established (Carlton and Eldredge 2009, cited in Lee II H and Reusser DA 2012) *Non-indigenous Temperate Southern Africa [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] cryptogenic in South Africa (Mead et al. 2011, cited in Lee II H and Reusser DA 2012) *Cryptogenic Note: [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2016)

Status Date Non-native:

[H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] first recorded in Oahu, Hawaii before 1920 (Lee II H and Reusser DA 2012)

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Hull fouling (Not specified)

Second Vector:

NF

Vector Details:

[H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] vector: ship's hull fouling (Lee II H and Reusser DA 2012)

Spread Rate:

RELATED: [Hiatella spp.] larval dispersal can range from 1km-10km (Sejr et al. 2002, Greena & Grizzle 2007, Lebour 1938, cited in BIOTIC 2016)

Date First Observed in Japan:

NF

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

NF

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

[Japan] Oyster culture: Hiatella orientalis impacts Japanese oyster culture by fouling the oyster rafts, rivalling the oysters in space and food availablity; out of all the mollusks that settled on the rafts, Ostrea gigas, Mytilus edulis and Hiatella orientalis were the most abundant (Miyazaki 1938a)

Global Impact:

NF

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical, See details

Native Temperature Range:

[Japan] most abundant settling occurs within a water temperature range of 10 - 15°C (Miyazaki 1938a) [Japan] Judging from the Fig. 1-2 in Conchological Club of Northern Regions (2009), the water temperature varies from 1ºC in February to 22ºC in August at Usujiri, Hokkaido. [Japan] Mutsu Bay: minimum temperature varied between 4.28ºC and 7.88ºC in March or April and maximum varied between 23.37ºC and 24.31ºC in August by station. (Kudo et al. 1999) [Japan] Yokohama (near Kanazawa): max 24.5ºC in summer and min 9.5ºC in winter. (Clark et al. 2003) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] found in arctic and boreal regions (Carlton 2007) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Temperature: -1.393 - 24.978 °C (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2016) Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

NF

Non-native Temperature Range:

NF

Native Salinity Regime:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

Mutsu Bay: Salinity varied from 31.5 to 34.0psu at surface and from 33.0 to 34.5 at near bottom annually. (Ohtani & Terao 1973) Yokohama (near Kanazawa): max 33.5psu in dry period and min 8.0psu in wet period. (Clark et al. 2003) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] observed at 23-34.26 psu (Lee II H and Reusser DA 2012) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] [Coos Bay, Oregon] collected in low salinity, at 30 ppt (Rudy et al. 2016)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

NF

Temperature Regime Survival:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical, See details

Temperature Range Survival:

[Japan] most abundant settling occurs within a water temperature range of 10 - 15°C (Miyazaki 1938a) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] found in arctic and boreal regions (Carlton 2007) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Temperature: -1.393 - 24.978 °C (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2016) Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical, See details

Temperature Range Reproduction:

[Japan] most abundant settling occurs within a water temperature range of 10 - 15°C (Miyazaki 1938a) Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

[H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] observed at 23 - 34.26 psu; brackish/marine waters (Lee II H and Reusser DA 2012) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] [Coos Bay, Oregon] collected in low salinity, at 30 ppt (Rudy et al. 2016) Poyhaline, Euhaline (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Depth Regime:

Lower intertidal, Shallow subtidal, Deep subtidal, Bathyal, Abyssal

Depth Range:

[Nanao Bay, Sea of Japan] 5-40 m (Hiyashi et al. 1992) [central to southern Japan] shallow waters (Miyazaki 1938) Intertidal to 300 m deep (Lam et al. 2008) [northern Beibu Gulf, South China Sea] collected from buoy platforms at 20 m depth; collected from fixed oil platform at 30 m depth (Yan et al. 2006) [Pacific coast of Northern Japan, Fukushima prefecture] H. orientalis is epifaunal on hard substrate; found in subtidal zone; specimens collected from artificial breakwater, 2-4 m, muddy sand bottom (Ogawa et al. 1985) [Japan] Seto Inland Sea: lower intertidal to 20-30m deep. (Inaba 1982) [Japan] Coastal areas of Niigata coast and Sado Island, Japan Sea side: 49-254m. (Ito 1989) [Japan] Wakasa Bay: 41-161m. (Ito 1990) [China] Shallow waters in North China coast. (Zhongyan ed. 2004) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Intertidal to subtidal zone, up to 800 m depth (Sept 1999) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] observed 0 - 1190 m, prefers 0 m; found intertidal, shallow subtidal, deep subtidal, bathyal, abyssal (Lee II H and Reusser DA 2012) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] intertidal to 120 m deep; found in Coos Bay estuary, collected at 0.0 ft (Rudy et al. 2016) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Sample depth: -3 to - 1,189 m (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2016)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Few, Ephemeral, Common, Abundant

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

external

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

None

Development Mode:

Lecithotrophic planktonic larva (non-feeding)

Asexual Reproduction:

Does not reproduce asexually

Reproduction Details:

[Japan] settling season lasts from February to June; most abundant settling occurs within a water temperature range of 10 - 15°C (Miyazaki 1938a) [central to the southern part of Japan] breeding occurs during the cold season: from December to May; separate sexes, testis is milky white, ovary yellowish brown; freshly shed ovum is ca. 60μ in diameter, with a gelatinous coating that is ca. 18μ thick, with intact germinal vesicle; external fertilization; larvae are pelagic; veliger larva with apical cilia; almost grown veliger ca. 222×194μ in size; A full grown larva just prior to spatting is about 379μ in length and 357μ in height (Miyazaki 1938) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] gonochoristic/dioecious; planktonic larva (Lee II H and Reusser DA 2012) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] [North Iceland] A spat settlement study found that H. arctica spat was most abundant August-October; suggests that spawning season is probably a couple months prior, in June or July (Garcia et al. 2003, cited in Kilada et al. 2009) Planktonic larva (type unspecified). Does not reproduce asexually (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Hiatella spp.] lecithotrophic larva; no regeneration potential; external fertilization; reproduction occurs in the water column; gonochoristic; larval stage can disperse 1km-10km and lasts 1-2 months; larval settlement period is Summer-Autumn (Sejr et al. 2002, Greena & Grizzle 2007, Lebour 1938, cited in BIOTIC 2016) [Bivalvia] without copulatory organs, only suited for external insemination; release gametes into water, where fertilization occurs; gamete structure designed for necessity of water movement: spermatozoa have long tail; well developed mitochondria; acrosomes designed to destroy egg membranes (Drozdov 2009)

Adult Mobility:

Sessile, see details

Adult Mobility Details:

[northern Beibu Gulf, South China Sea] sessile organism (Yan et al. 2006) Always attached to roots of seaweeds by the byssus. (Zhongyan ed. 2004) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Permanent attachment (BIOTIC 2016) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] byssally attached, also capable of boring (Carlton 2007) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] nestles into pre-made burrows/ bores into soft rock (Kozloff 1996) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Adults can attach weakly to rock with byssus threads; Borer: using a rocking motion, bores into soft, uniform rock; opportunistic: moves into burrows made by boring clams (Sept 1999)

Maturity Size:

[H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] [White Sea, northern Russia] reaches sexual maturity at a 14 mm shell length (Matveeva and Maksimovich 1977, cited in Kilada et al. 2009)

Maturity Age:

[H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] [White Sea, northern Russia] reaches sexual maturity during 1st year of life (Matveeva and Maksimovich 1977, cited in Kilada et al. 2009)

Reproduction Lifespan:

[central to southern Japan] breeding occurs during the cold season: from December to May (Miyazaki 1938) Gonad begins to mature in December and its maturing continues until May or June in Tokyo Bay. (Miyazaki 1938) Settling season is during February and July with the peak during March and June at Kanazawa in Tokyo Bay. (Miyazaki 1938)

Longevity:

[H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] maximum recorded age: 134 years (at 34.4 mm in length) in Greenland (Kilada et al. 2009) RELATED: [Hiatella spp.] can live 100+ years (Sejr et al. 2002, Greena & Grizzle 2007, Lebour 1938, cited in BIOTIC 2016)

Broods per Year:

RELATED: [Hiatella spp.] reproductive frequency is annual episodic (Sejr et al. 2002, Greena & Grizzle 2007, Lebour 1938, cited in BIOTIC 2016)

Reproduction Cues:

[central to southern Japan] temperature: breeding occurs during the cold season: from December to May (Miyazaki 1938) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] [North Iceland] A spat settlement study found that H. arctica spat was most abundant August-October; suggests that spawning season is probably a couple months prior, in June or July (Garcia et al. 2003, cited in Kilada et al. 2009) RELATED: [Hiatella spp.] temperature/seasonal: reproductive season is Spring to Summer; frequency is annual episodic (Sejr et al. 2002, Greena & Grizzle 2007, Lebour 1938, cited in BIOTIC 2016) [Bivalvia] Among several reproduction cues including wave shock, the change of salinity, lunar age and tidal rhythm, the change of the water temperature is the most important factor. (Orton 1920 and etc., cited in Sumikawa 1994)

Reproduction Time:

[Central to southern Japan] Breeding occurs during the cold season: from December to May (Miyazaki 1938) Gonad begins to mature in December and its maturing continues until May or June in Tokyo Bay. (Miyazaki 1938) Settling season is during February and July with the peak during March and June at Kanazawa in Tokyo Bay. (Miyazaki 1938) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] [North Iceland] A spat settlement study found that H. arctica spat was most abundant August-October; suggests that spawning season is probably a couple months prior, in June or July (Garcia et al. 2003, cited in Kilada et al. 2009) RELATED: [Hiatella spp.] reproductive season is Spring to Summer; frequency is annual episodic; larval settlement period is Summer to Autumn (Sejr et al. 2002, Greena & Grizzle 2007, Lebour 1938, cited in BIOTIC 2016)

Fecundity:

NF

Egg Size:

Freshly shed ovum is ca. 60μm in diameter, with a gelatinous coating that is ca. 18μ thick; intact germinal vesicle (Miyazaki 1938) RELATED: [Hiatella spp.] egg size : 0.05mm (Sejr et al. 2002, Greena & Grizzle 2007, Lebour 1938, cited in BIOTIC 2016)

Egg Duration:

12-13 hours (Miyazaki 1938)

Early Life Growth Rate:

[Japan] almost grown veliger ca. 222×194μ in size; A full grown larva just before spatting is near 379μ in length and 357μ in height (Miyazaki 1938) 88 μm in shell length at 3 days veliger. 222 μm in shell length at umbo stage. 557 μm in shell length at spat naturally collected. (Miyazaki 1938) RELATED: [Hiatella spp.] larval stage lasts 1-2 months (Sejr et al. 2002, Greena & Grizzle 2007, Lebour 1938, cited in BIOTIC 2016)

Adult Growth Rate:

[H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] maximum recorded age: 134 years (at 34.4 mm in length) in Greenland (Kilada et al. 2009) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] size: 3-10 cm (small to medium) (BIOTIC 2016)

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

NF

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Sediment subtidal, Rocky intertidal, Rocky subtidal, Coral reef, Mussel reef, Macroalgal bed, Kelp forest, Fouling, Other

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic, Epizoic, Epiphytic, Borer

Substrate:

Mud, Sand, Mixed fine sediments, Rock, Biogenic, Artificial substrate

Exposure:

Semi-exposed, Protected

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

VARIABILITY Found in shallow waters from the central to the southern part of Japan (Miyazaki 1938) Found in submarine caves in Hong Kong, epibenthic on cave ceilings and walls; Attaches to rocks or roots of seaweed (Lam et al. 2008) [Northern Beibu Gulf, South China Sea] fouling of artificial structures: collected from a buoy and a fixed oil platform in a marine fouling study  (Yan et al. 2006) [Pacific coast of Northern Japan, Fukushima prefecture]  H. orientalis is epifaunal on hard substrate; found in subtidal zone; specimens collected from artificial breakwater, 2-4 m, muddy sand bottom (Ogawa et al. 1985) [Japan] Usujiri, near Hakodate City, Hokkaido: among roots of Saccharina japonica and Saccharina sculpera or attach to the aquaculture fasility of Patinopecten yessoensis. (Conchological Club of Northern Regions 2009) [Japan] Seto Inland Sea: on roots of algae. (Inaba 1982) [Japan] Haneji Islet, Okinawa Islan: on roots of algae. (Kubo & Kurozumi 1995) [China] North China coast: always attached to roots of seaweeds by the byssus, sometimes live in rock crevices. (Zhongyan ed. 2004) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] found in estuary, coastal bay, nearshore, shelf, and oceanic regimes; prefers bay and nearshore; sediment subtidal, rocky intertidal, subtidal rocky, coral reef, oyster/mussel reef, fouling, kelp forest; surficial, non-motile; epibenthic on consolidated and unconsolidated substrate; epiphytic, epizoic; bores in wood/rock, nestles in crevices; substrate type: mud, sand, and mixed fine sediments, rock, coral, mussel,  kelp, pilings, hull/ballast (Lee II H and Reusser DA 2012) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] byssally attached, also capable of boring; found "in bays, on pilings, in fouling clumps, open coast in algal holdfasts, abandoned pholad holes, and Mytilus beds" (Carlton 2007) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] finds protected habitat: nestles into algal holdfasts, and pre-made burrows by rock-boring bivalves; can also bore into soft rock and shell (Kozloff 1996) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Adults can attach weakly to rock with byssus threads;  Borer: using a rocking motion, bores into soft, uniform rock; opportunistic: moves into burrows made by boring clams (Sept 1999) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Habitat: bores into homogenous soft rock; Mytilus beds; pilings; open coasts in algal holdfasts; attaches byssally to hard surfaces; nestles in abandoned pholad burrows; found in Coos Bay estuary at 0.0 ft; intertidal to 120 m deep  (Rudy et al. 2016) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] [Peter the Great Bay] red alga Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis forms floating, mobile communities clustered 5 to 100 cm thick, at 1-30 m depths with up to 130 species of plants/animals;  settlement density of Hiatella arctica in Ahnfeltia communities: 30 individuals/m2 (Lutaenko et al. 2015) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] H. arctica enlarges already existing boreholes made by Phoronis hippocrepia and Potamilla reniformis on Leptopsammia pruvoti (cup coral); they bore into the base of the coral's skeleton and weaken it to the point that it can be easily detached (Manuel, 1988, Anonymous, 1999(f), Zibrowius, 1980, Herndl & Velimirov, 1985, Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897, cited in BIOTIC 2016) Semi-exposure, Protected (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Trophic Level:

Suspension feeder

Trophic Details:

Microalgae and other planktonic organisms of a similar size, such as detritus, silt and bacteria. (Ali 1970) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] suspension feeder (Rudy et al. 2016) [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Active suspension feeder; passive suspension feeder (BIOTIC 2016) RELATED: [Hiatella spp.] eats phytoplankton and detritus (BIOTIC 2016)

Forage Mode:

Generalist

Forage Details:

Microalgae and other planktonic organisms of a similar size, such as detritus, silt and bacteria. (Ali 1970) RELATED: [Hiatella spp.] Eat phytoplankton and detritus (BIOTIC 2016)

Natural Control:

PARASITES [Parasites] [Pacific coast of Northern Japan, Fukushima prefecture] parasitic Pycnogonid, Nymphonella tapetis, uses H. orientalis as a host; infesting season is early spring; N. tapetis found at a low parasite rate of 1.1 percent (Ogawa et al. 1985) [Parasites] [Japan] Nymphonella tapetis associates with H. o. at Souma, Fukushima Prefecture, Pacific coast of Japan. (Ogawa & Matsuzaki 1985) PREDATION [Predation] Asterias amurensis selectively feeds on Hiatella orientalis; shows highest feeding rate and preference for H. orientalis (Du et al. 2012) [Predation] [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Evasterias troschelii, mottled star, is a known predator (Sept 1999) [Predation] [H. arctica (synonymized taxon)] Nucella and other tooth snails can prey on H. arctica and other small nestling clams (Rudy et al. 2016)

Associated Species:

PARASITES [Parasites] [Pacific coast of Northern Japan, Fukushima prefecture] parasitic Pycnogonid, Nymphonella tapetis, uses H. orientalis as a host; infesting season is early spring; found at a low parasite rate of 1.1 percent (Ogawa et al. 1985) [Parasites] [Japan] Nymphonella tapetis associates with H. o. at Souma, Fukushima Prefecture, Pacific coast of Japan. (Ogawa & Matsuzaki 1985)

References and Notes

References:

Ali RM (1970) The influence of suspension density and temperature on the filtration rate of Hiatella arctica. Marine Bioligy 6: 291-302. BIOTIC 2015: Biological Traits Information Catalogue of The Marine Life Information Network for Britain & Ireland. http://www.marlin.ac.uk/biotic/biotic.php. Access Date: 20-Jan-2016 Carlton JT (2007) The Light and Smith manual: intertidal invertebrates from central California to Oregon. London, England: University of California Press, Ltd Clarke C, Hillard R, Junqueira AOR, Neto ACL, Polglaze J, Raaymakers S (2003) Ballast water risk assessment, Port of Sepetiba, Fedral Republic of Brazil. GloBallast Monograph Series 14: 1-63 + 7 Appendices. Conchological Club of Northern Region (2009) Molluscan fauna of Usujiri, Hokkaido. Faculty of Fisheries Sciences Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences: 76pp. Du MR, Fang JG, Mao YZ, Ge CZ, Gao YP, Liu DH (2012) Feeding rate and food preference of Asterias amurensis on four species of bivalves. Fishery Modernization. 39(2):25-47. DAISIE (Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe). Hiatella arctica. http://www.europe-aliens.org/speciesFactsheet.do?speciesId=53347# Access date: 27-Jan-2016 Drozdov AL, Sharina SN, Tyurin SA (2009) Sperm ultrastructure in representatives of six bivalve families from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. Russian Journal of Marine Biology. 35(3): 236-241 Global Invasive Species Database.http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=tss&st=tss&fr=1&x=32&y=12&li=6&tn=Hiatella&lang=EN Access Date: 20-Jan-16 and http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&sn=septifer+virgatus&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN&x=14&y=8. Access Date: 21-April-2016. Habe T (1981) A catalogue of molluscs of Wakayama Prefecture, the Province of Kii. I. Bivalvia, Scpaphoposa and Cephalopoda. The editorial commitiee of " a catalogure of molluscs of Wakayama Prefecture": 301pp. Hayashi I, Iguchi Y, Yoshida T, Takahashi T (1992) Macrobenthic Assemblages of Nanao Bay, Sea of Japan. Bull. Coast. Oceanogr. 30:91-107. Higo S, Callomon P, Goto Y (1999) Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell-bearing mollusca of Japan. Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplachophora, Scaphopoda. Shell Scientific Publications, Osaka: 748pp. Inaba A (1982) Molluscan fauna of the Inland Sea, Japan. Hiroshima shell club, Hiroshima: 181pp. (in Japanese) Ito K (1989) Distribution of molluscan shells in the coastal areas of Chuetsu, Kaetsu and Sado Island, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Bulletin of the Japan Sea Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory 39: 37-133 (in Japanese with English abstract) Ito K (1990) Distribution of molluscan shells in Wakasa Bay, Japan Sea. 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Literature:

Moderate level of information; data from comparable regions or older data (more than 10 years) from the area of interest

Notes:

NA