Eutima japonica

Overview

Scientific Name: Eutima japonica

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Hydrozoa

Order: Leptothecata

Family: Eirenidae

Genus: Eutima

Species:

japonica [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate Northern Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Western Indo-Pacific

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Temperate Northern Pacific Pacific Ocean and Seto Inland Sea coasts of Japan (Kubota 1983) *Noted as only known from Japan at this time, and likely endemic because it was noted in Japan before the invasion of Mytilus edulis from Europe Sea of Japan (Uchida 1925, cited in Kubota 1983) STATED Found on the Japanese coast from Hokkaido to Kyushu (Calder 2014) STATUS NOT STATED Sagami Bay (35.3°N, 139.2°E) to Funka Bay (42.3°N, 140.3°E) on the Pacific coast; Sea of Japan off the southern shore of Hokkaido (Kubota 1992a, cited in Baba et al. 2007) STATUS NOT STATED Inland Sea and Shikoku, Japan (Kubota 1990) STATUS NOT STATED Pacific Ocean, Inland Sea, and Sea of Japan coasts of Japan. Izu Peninsula to southern Hokkaido, south-western coast of Hokkaido, and occasionally in the south-eastern part of Hokkaido; coasts of the Inland Sea, occasionally on the coasts of Shikoku facing the Pacific. Kii Peninsula, Tsushima Island (off Kyushu) (Kubota 1992) STATUS NOT STATED Japan; Tsingtao, China (Kubota et al. 2010) STATUS NOT STATED Minami-Sanriku Town, Miyagi Prefecture located at the Pacific coast of Tohoku district, Japan. (Kubota et al. 2010) STATUS NOT STATED Noto Peninsula and Sado Island located at the middle coasts of Honshu, facing the Sea of Japan. (Kobayashi et al. 2009) STATUS NOT STATED Mikata, Toyo and Asou Bay in Tsushima Island located at the Tsushima Strait, Nagasaki Prefecture, Murotsu and Senzaki, Yamaguchi Prefecture at the coast of the Japan Sea (Kobayashi & Kubota 2009, Kubota 2012c) STATUS NOT STATED Hamada, Shimane Prefecture, located at the coast of the Japan Sea: 34°54'N, 132°03'E. (Kobayashi & Kubota 2009) STATUS NOT STATED Taisha, Izumo City, Shimane Prefecture and Udono fishing port, Mie Prefecture. (Kobayashi 2009) STATUS NOT STATED Koshima Island, Miyazaki Prefecture, located at the Pacific coast of Kyushu, south Japan. (Kubota 1997) STATUS NOT STATED At two ports of Fukushima Prefecture located at the Pacific caost of Tohoku district, Japan. (Kubota 2012b) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific South China Sea (Fan n.d.) STATUS NOT STATED Jiulong River estuary near Amoy, China (Zhenzu & Jiachi 1983, cited in Kubota 2000) STATUS NOT STATED Tomari Port, Okinawa Island. (Kubota 2003) STATUS NOT STATED Western Indo-Pacific Cochin backwater, India (Santhakumari et al. 1971, cited in Kubota 2000) STATUS NOT STATED *Note: According to Dr. Kubota (pers. comm.), the distribution of E. japonica in India is denied because the specimen from India is considered as different species, though scientific name is unknown. And he has not found a polyp nor medusa of E. japonica in India despite of his several visit there. Uncertain realm Medusae found in central part of the north Pacific (Kramp 1965, cited in Kubota 2000) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

[Japan] Sagami Bay (35.3°N, 139.2°E) to Funka Bay (42.3°N, 140.3°E) on the Pacific coast; Sea of Japan off the southern shore of Hokkaido (Kubota 1992a, cited in Baba et al. 2007) Japan (multiple authors) to the South China Sea (Fan n.d.) and Kerala, India (Santhakumari et al. 1971, cited in Kubota 2000) [Japan] Mikata, Tsushima Island in the Tsushima Strait, Nagasaki Prefecture: 34°17'N, 129°15'E. (Kobayashi & Kubota 2009) Murotsu and Senzaki, Yamaguchi Prefecture, located at the coast of the Japan Sea: 34°08'N, 130°53'E and 34°23'N, 131°11'E respectively. (Kobayashi & Kubota 2009) Hamada, Shimane Prefecture, located at the coast of the Japan Sea: 34°54'N, 132°03'E. (Kobayashi & Kubota 2009)

General Diversity:

NF

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

Introduced to the west coast of North America (Calder 2014)

Non-native Region:

Northeast Pacific

Invasion Propens:

Temperate Northern Pacific Introduced to Washington state, USA. Not yet known if established (Calder 2014) *Introduced

Status Date Non-native:

Washington state, USA: December 2012 (Calder 2014)

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Other

Second Vector:

NF

Vector Details:

Introduced to the west coast of North America via floating tsunami debris (Calder et al. 2014)

Spread Rate:

NF

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Washington state, USA: December 2012 (Calder 2014)

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

E.j. attaches to the tissues within the mantle cavity of bivalves (Multiple authors, cited in Bower & Rayyan 2009) Inhabitation of polyps on juvenile scallops (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) reduced shell length growth by 43%, and triglyceride accumulation in digestive glands by 24–47%. Polyps may act as an impediment to the feeding of juvenile scallops (Baba et al. 2007) Inhabit Mytilus galloprovincialis longer than 15 mm (Kubota 1983, cited in Baba et al. 2007)

Global Impact:

NF

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Tropical, See details

Native Temperature Range:

[Tsushima, Japan] Winter minimum temperature was 13.3 ºC. Summer maximum was ~30 ºC (Kobayashi & Kubota 2009) Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Eutima sp.] [Florida, USA] 25.05 - 26.32 ºC range between oyster and plankton sampling sites (Tolley et al. 2010)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

NF

Non-native Temperature Range:

NF

Native Salinity Regime:

See details

Native Salinity Range:

RELATED: [Eutima sp.] [Florida, USA] 12.33 - 33.40 psu range between oyster and plankton sampling sites, with the greatest prevalence (≥60%) at 17.4 - 36.6 psu (Tolley et al. 2010) *note: range for greatest prevalence outside of range reported for sampling, but not attributed to another study [Eutima sp.] [Florida, USA] Drop in polyp abundance when salinity lower than 20 psu (Samler 2001, cited in Tolley et al. 2010) [Eutima commensalis] Unable to tolerate salinities below 15 psu for greater than 24 hours (Santhakumari 1975, cited in Tolley et al. 2010)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

NF

Temperature Regime Survival:

See details

Temperature Range Survival:

Medusae reared from 18 - 24 ºC (Kubota 1997a) [Eucheilota intermedia (synonymised taxon)] 52 out of 56 medusae survived at 22±1 ºC. Six of the nine medusae produced at 14.5 or 12.5 ºC degenerated within 8 days (Kubota 1985b) Judging from the increase of death rate of southern form of E. japonica at 5-10ºC of water temperature, it is assumed that the overwintering probability is low on the Japan Sea side in western Honshu with the minimum temperature of 9.4ºC at Hamada, Shimane Prefecture, in 2004. (Kobayashi 2009) Northern form of E. japonica is assumed to have a low water temperature resistance less than 5ºC (Kobayashi 2009) RELATED: [Eutima spp.] 5.780 - 12.660 ºC (OBIS 2016)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

See details

Temperature Range Reproduction:

[Eucheilota intermedia (synonymised taxon)] Medusae were produced in the laboratory from 12.5 ºC to 22ºC (full range used), though more were produced at the higher temperature. Six of the nine medusae produced at the lower temperature died within eight days of liberation (Kubota 1985b) Medusae reared from 18 - 24 ºC (from several references cited in Kubota 1997a)

Salinity Regime Survival:

See details

Salinity Range Survival:

Reared polyp survived at 33psu. (Kobayashi 2009) RELATED: [Eutima spp.] 34.099 - 35.432 PPS (OBIS 2016)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

NF

Depth Regime:

Upper intertidal, Shallow subtidal

Depth Range:

Upper intertidal zone; subtidal zone (Kubota 1983)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Common

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

external

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

NA

Development Mode:

Lecithotrophic planktonic larva (non-feeding)

Asexual Reproduction:

Budding/fragmentation (Splitting into unequal parts. Buds may form on the body of the “parent”)

Reproduction Details:

Asexual reproduction: budding (Kubota 1983, cited in Baba et al. 2007; Piraino et al. 1994, cited in Baba et al. 2007) Medusae are released with immature gonads (Kubota 1983, cited in Kobayashi & Kubota 2009) Embryos metamorphose into planula larvae and settle into host bivalves to develop into primary polyps (Kobayashi & Kubota 2009) *Note: entered as lecithotrophic because planula larvae are non-feeding and planktonic [Eucheilota intermedia (synonymised taxon)] Mature medusae of one sex are liberated from host specimens. Medusae are separate sexes. Eggs are discharged (Kubota 1985b) Medusae and colonies occasionally produced larvae parthenogenetically (named as both E.j. and the synonimised Eucheilota intermedia) (Kubota 1991) Males and females (Kubota 1997a) Eggs spawned (Kubota 2012a) [Eucheilota intermedia (synonymised taxon)] Most female medusae survived from 15 - 29 days; two survived over 60 days. Half of the male medusae survived 15 - 29 days; half survived from 30 - 59 days. One female medusa was able to reproduce at 58 days of age after gametes matured again; both sexes were able to begin reproducing after the fourth day (Kubota 1985b) Lifespan of medusae of both sexes is about one month, but longer at lower temperatures (15 ºC compared to 22 ºC) (Kubota 1997a)

Adult Mobility:

Sessile

Adult Mobility Details:

RELATED: [Hydroids] Sessile (Denny & Gaines 2007)

Maturity Size:

[Eucheilota intermedia (synonymised taxon)] Polyp is up to 4.3 mm in length. Asexually produced daughter polyps measure about 0.5-0.6 mm in length. Gonad separates from stomach in medusa when diameter is 2.1-4.0 mm (Kubota 1985b) [Eucheilota intermedia (synonymised taxon)] Female medusae matured between 2.2 - 3.4 mm umbrellar diameter at 22 ºC; at 14.5 ºC, one female medusa matured at 2.6 mm, and the second at 2.9 mm; at 12.5 ºC, the female medusa matured at 3.4 mm. Males matured at 1.9 - 2.8 mm umbrellar diameter at 22 ºC (Kubota 1985b)

Maturity Age:

Medusae mature in 1 - 4 weeks after release (Kobayashi & Kubota 2009) Maturation of the medusae can occur as quickly as 9 days after release (Kubota 1985a) [Eucheilota intermedia (synonymised taxon)] Medusae of both sexes could reproduce after the fourth day. Female medusae matured at 4 - 6 days post liberation at 22 ºC; at 14.5 ºC, one female medusa matured at 10 days, and the second at 13 days; at 12.5 ºC, the female medusa matured at 17 days. Males matured at 2.5 - 5 days post liberation at 22 ºC (Kubota 1985b)

Reproduction Lifespan:

[Eucheilota intermedia (synonymised taxon)] Most female medusae survived from 15 - 29 days; two survived over 60 days. Half of the male medusae survived 15 - 29 days; half survived from 30 - 59 days. One female medusa was able to reproduce at 58 days of age after gametes matured again; both sexes were able to begin reproducing after the fourth day (Kubota 1985b) Lifespan of medusae of both sexes is about one month, but longer at lower temperatures (15 ºC compared to 22 ºC) (Kubota 1997a) RELATED: [Japanese commensal hydroids] Medusae usually survived for 2 - 3 months (Kubota 1983)

Longevity:

Although the exact life-span of one zooid or one colony has been unknown, judging from the supposition on the settlement and spread of the polyp within the host (cf. next section) the newly settled polyp might spend its life at least for one year at Oshoro, Hokkaido, asexually reproducing a number of polyps in the warm and mild season (August to October), and after resting in the cold and severe winter it may become to produce and liberate its medusa in the favorable season in the next year. (Kubota 1983)

Broods per Year:

Medusae spawn repeatedly until death (Kobayashi & Kubota 2009)

Reproduction Cues:

Cicadian peridocities; spawning controlled by photic stimuli (Kubota 1997, cited in Genzano 2003) Circadial spawning; spawns at night (Kubota 2012a)

Reproduction Time:

Sexual reproduction occurs between June and November (Kubota 1983, cited in Baba et al. 2007) Medusa-bud formation occurs January to December (Kubota 1983) [Tsushima Island, Japan] Sexual reproduction observed throughout the year; two peaks: December 2003 and April-June 2004 (Kobayashi & Kubota 2009) [Hamada, Japan] Sexual reproduction observed throughout the year (except in October 2004); peak in June 2004 (Kobayashi & Kubota 2009)

Fecundity:

Individual medusae of the northern form aged 37 - 37 days old released between 300 - 1625 eggs in 0 - 3.5 hours after dark. Individual medusae of the intermedia form of 12 - 16 day old medusae released 86 - 991 eggs in 0 - 2.5 hours after dark (Kubota 2012a)

Egg Size:

[Eucheilota intermedia (synonymised taxon)] Unfertilized eggs within 1 day old medusa (reared at 22±1 ºC) ranged from 64 - 72 µm (27 released). Newly discharged eggs from a specimen raised at 22 ºC and another at 14.5 ºC ranged from 72 - 88 µm [size range not divided by treatment] (Kubota 1985b) RELATED: [Japanese commensal hydroids] Eggs are usually 64-82 µm in diameter (Kubota 1983)

Egg Duration:

NF

Early Life Growth Rate:

[Eucheilota intermedia (synonymised taxon)] During the phase between the youngest medusa to the earliest developmental stage of the mature medusa, the umbrellar diameter increased by 0.4-0.5 mm per day (Kubota 1985b)

Adult Growth Rate:

NF

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

NF

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Fouling, Mangrove, Water column, Other, Flotsam

Habitat Type:

Pelagic, Other

Substrate:

Biogenic, Other

Exposure:

Protected

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

Fouling on marine debris. Found inside Mytilus galloprovincialis (Calder 2014) Inhabit the soft body parts of host bivalves (Baba et al. 2007) More frequently found in bays or within an inland sea than those facing open waters. More often associated with bivalves that are epibenthic than those that burrow. Most frequent association is with members of Mytilidae (Kubota 1983) Commensal with bivalve Paphia vernicosa (Kubota 1990) Mangrove (Fan n.d.) Medusae are released (Kubota 1983, cited in Kobayashi & Kubota 2009)

Trophic Level:

See details

Trophic Details:

Associated with bivalves (Kubota 1983) It was observed that the polyp sometimes swallow such a relatively large food as copepods, ostracods, etc. (Kubota 1983) RELATED: [Hydroids] Suspension-feeding or carnivorous (Denny & Gaines 2007)

Forage Mode:

NF

Forage Details:

NF

Natural Control:

RELATED: PREDATION [Hydroids] [Predation] Hydranths may be eaten by nudibranchs, pyconogonids, fish, and the polychaete Procerastea halleziana (Denny & Gaines 2007) PARASITES [Hydroids] [Parasites] Pycnogonid larvae may parasitize and develop in hydranths (Denny & Gaines 2007)

Associated Species:

RELATED: SYMBIONTS [Hydroids] [Symbionts] Act as microhabitats for many other species, including other hydroids, gammarid amphiods, and mussel recruits (Denny & Gaines 2007) PARASITES [Hydroids] [Parasites] Pycnogonid larvae may parasitize and develop in hydranths (Denny & Gaines 2007)

References and Notes

References:

Baba K, Miyazono A, Matsuyama K, Kohno S, Kubota S (2007) Occurrence and detrimental effects of the bivalve-inhabiting hydroid Eutima japonica on juveniles of the Japanese scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis in Funka Bay, Japan: relationship to juvenile massive mortality in 2003. Marine Biology 151(5): 1977-1987. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-007-0636-x Bower SM & Rayyan A (2009) Synopsis of Infectious Diseases and Parasites of Commercially Exploited Shellfish: Bivalve-inhabiting hydroids of Mussels. www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/aah-saa/diseases-maladies/hydroidsmu-eng.html Calder DR, Choong HHC, Carlton JT, Chapman JW, Miller JA, Geller J (2014) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Japanese tsunami marine debris washing ashore in the northwestern United States. Aquatic Invasions 9(4): 425-440. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/267394881_Calder_D.R._Choong_H.H.C._Carlton_J.T._Chapman_J.W._Miller_J.A._and_Geller_J._2014._Hydroids_%28Cnidaria_Hydrozoa%29_from_Japanese_tsunami_marine_debris_washing_ashore_in_the_northwestern_United_States._Aquatic_Invasions_9_425-440 Denny MW & Gaines SD (2007) Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press Fan H (n.d.) National Report on Mangroves in South China Sea. Guangxi Mangrove Research Center. www.unepscs.org/components/com_remository_files/downloads/National-Report-Mangroves-China.pdf Genzano GN (2003) Synchronous Mass Release of Mature Medusae from the Hydroid Halocordyle disticha (Hydrozoa, Halocordylidae) and Experimental Induction of Different Timing by Light Changes. PUBLICATIONS OF THE SETO MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY 39(4-6): 221-228. repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/176311 Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&x=26&y=6&sn=Eutima+japonica&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN Access date: 17-11-2015 Kobayashi A (2009) Studies on the ecological and biogeographical of Japanese bivalve-inhabiting hydrozoans. Doctral thesis in Kyoto University :1-90pp. (in Japanese) Kobayshi A, Goka K, Kubota S (2007) New Occurrence of the hydroid of Eutima japonica (Hydrozoa, Leptomedusae) in the middle coasts of Honshu facing the Sea of Japan and its offshore island. Bulletin of the Biogoegraphycal Society of Japan 62: 101-104. (in Japanese with English abstract) http://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/179193/1/Bull.biogeogr_62_101.pdf Kobayashi A & Kubota S (2009) Relation between expanding range of bivalve-inhabiting hydrozoans and water temperature. Biogeography 11: 23-31. repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/179204 Kubota S (1983) Studies on life history and systematics of the Japanese commensal hydroids living in bivalves, with some reference to their evolution. JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF SCIENCE HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY Series ⅤⅠ. ZOOLOGY 23(3): 296-402. eprints2008.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/27683 Kubota S (1984) A new bivalve-inhabiting hydroid from central Japan, with reference to the evolution of the bivalve-inhabiting hydroids. Jour. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ. Ser. VI, Zool. 23(4): 454-467. www.researchgate.net/publication/37564412_A_New_Bivalve-Inhabiting_Hydroid_from_Central_Japan_with_Reference_to_the_Evolution_of_the_Bivalve-Inhabiting_Hydroids_%28With_4_Text-figures_and_2_Tables%29 Kubota S (1985a) Morphological variation of medusa of the northern form of Eutima japonica Uchida. Jour. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ. Ser. VI, Zool. 24(2): 144-153. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/37564420_Morphological_Variation_of_Medusa_of_the_Northern_Form_of_Eutima_japonica_Uchida_%28With_2_Text-figures_and_5_Tables%29 Kubota S (1985b) Systematic study on a bivalve-inhabiting hydroid Eucheilota intermedia Kubota from central Japan. Jour. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ. Ser. VI, Zool 24(2): 122-143. www.researchgate.net/publication/37564419_Systematic_Study_on_a_Bivalve-Inhabiting_Hydroid_Eucheilota_intermedia_Kubota_from_Central_Japan_%28With_5_Text-figures_10_Tables_and_1_Plate%29 Kubota S (1990) A new host record of the southern form of Eutima japonica Uchida (Hydrozoa, Leptomedusae) in Japan. JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF SCIENCE HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY Series ⅤⅠ. ZOOLOGY 25(2-4): 104-105. 133.87.26.249/dspace/handle/2115/27985 Kubota S (1991) Crossing-experiments between Japanese populations of three hydrozoans symbiotic with bivalves. Coelenterate Biology: Recent research on Cnidaria and Ctenophora. Developments in Hydrobiology volume 66: 429-436. link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-011-3240-4_61 Kubota S (1992) Four Bivalve-Inhabiting Hydrozoans in Japan Differing in Range and Host Preference. Aspects of Hydrozoan Biology. Bouillon J, Boero F, Cicongna F, Gili JM, Hughes RG (Eds.). Sci. Mar. 56(2-3): 149-159. www.icm.csic.es/scimar/pdf/56/sm56n2149.pdf Kubota S (1997a) A new form of the bivalve-inhabiting hydrozoan Eutima japonica (Leptomedusae, Eirenidae) in Japan. PUBLICATIONS OF THE SETO MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY 38(1-2): 73-81. repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/176269 Kubota S (1997b) A new form of the bivalve-inhabiting Hydrozoan Eutima japonica (Leptomedusae, Eirenidae) in Japan. Proceedings of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 38: 73-81. http://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/176269/1/fia0381-2_073.pdf Kubota S (2000) Parallel, paedomorphic evolutionary processes of the bivalve-inhabiting hydrozoans (Leptomedusae, Eirenidae) deduced from the morphology, life cycle and biogeography, with special reference to taxonomic treatment of Eugymnanthea. Scientia Marina 64(S1): 241-247. scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/viewArticle/814 Kubota S (2003) A new occurrence of the medusa of the "intermedia" form of Eutima japonica (Hydrozoa, Leptomeducae, Eirenidae) at Okinawa Island, Japan. Biological Magazine of Okinawa 41: 55-59. Kubota S (2012a) Evolutionary Meaning of Non-Synchronous Medusa Release and Spawning in the Most Advanced Bivalve-Inhabiting Hydrozoan, Eugymnanthea japonica. Zoological Science 29(8): 481-483. www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2108/zsj.29.481 Kubota S (2012b) Morphology of a medusa of bivalve-inhabiting hydrozoan, Eutima japonica (Hydrozoa, Leptomedusae) in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan where affected by radioactivity. Bulletin of the biogeographical Society of Japan 67: 203-208. (in Japanese with English abstract) Kubota S (2012c) Distribution of two species of bivalve-inhabiting hydrozoans (Hydrozoa, Leptomedusae) at the northernmost place of Tsushima Island, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan -GFP distribution pattern of intermediate form of Eutima japonica. Bulletin of the Biogeological Society of Japan 67: 251-255. (in Japanese with English abstract) Kubota S, Nomaru E, Uchida H, Murakami A (2010) Distribution pattern of GFP (green fluorescent protein) in a bivalve-inhabiting hydrozoan, Eutima japonica (Leptomedusae: Eirenidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90(07): 1371-1374. journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7911367&fileId=S0025315409991500 OBIS. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper/ Access date: 29-08-2016 *Note: genus level data Tolley SG, Evans JT, Burghart SE, Winstead JT, Volety AK (2010) Role of freshwater inflow and salinity on population regulation in the hydrozoan inquiline symbiont Eutima. Bulletin of Marine Science 86(3): 625-636. www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/2010/00000086/00000003/art00006

Literature:

NA

Notes:

NA