Endeis nodosa

Overview

Scientific Name: Endeis nodosa

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Pycnogonia

Order: Pantopoda

Family: Endeidae

Genus: Endeis

Species:

nodosa [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate Northern Pacific, Eastern Indo-Pacific, Tropical Atlantic

Native Region:

Origin Location:

CONFLICT: Eastern Indo-Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific [Japan] Nabeta Bay, Shimoda; Honshu; Kisami; Ryukyu Islands (Lee II and Reusser 2012; Miyazaki and Makioka 1988; Nakamura and Child 1991) STATUS STATED [Japan] Nabeta Bay and off Kisami in Sagami Bay. (Nakamura & Child 1991) STATUS NOT STATED Eastern Indo-Pacific [Hawaii] Honolulu Harbor. (Child 1982) STATUS NOT STATED [Marshall Islands] Runit Island and Enewetak Island. (Child 1982) STATUS NOT STATED Hawaii and Marshall Islands (Nakamura and Child 1991) *Known only from Hawaii and Enewetak in the Marshall Islands, but recently reported from Ryukyu Islands Hawaii and Marshall Islands (Müller 1992) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific [Japan] Naha, Okinawa Prefecture. (Nakamura & Child 1988) STATUS NOT STATED Ryukyu Islands (Lee II and Reusser 2012; Miyazaki and Makioka 1988; Nakamura and Child 1991) STATUS STATED Tropical Atlantic [Barbados] Holetown. (Müller 1992) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

[Western Pacific] Japan; Hawaii; Micronesia area (Lee II and Reusser 2012; Hilton 1942) [Marshall Islands] Runit Island: 11º32'40"N, 162º21'53"E. (Child 1982)

General Diversity:

Considered difficult genus to separate into species (Nakamura and Child 1991)

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

Yes, see inv_propens

Non-native Region:

Eastern Indo-Pacific, Tropical Eastern Atlantic

Invasion Propens:

CONFLICT: Eastern Indo-Pacific Eastern Indo-Pacific [US] Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii (Lee II and Reusser 2012) *Non-indigenous [Micronesia] Marshall Island (Lee II and Reusser 2012) *Unclassified Tropical Eastern Atlantic [Caribbean] Barbados (Müller 1992) *New to Atlantic Ocean

Status Date Non-native:

[US] Hawaii: Date of 1st record in 1924 (Lee II and Reusser 2012) [Barbados] Collection in 1976 (Müller 1992)

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Ballast water, Hull fouling (not specified)

Second Vector:

NF

Vector Details:

Ballast water and Hull fouling (Lee II and Reusser 2012)

Spread Rate:

NF

Date First Observed in Japan:

Observed 1978 from Honshu (Nakamura and Child 1991)

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

[US] Hawaii: 1924 at Kaneohe Bay (Lee II and Reusser 2012; Hilton 1942)

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

NF

Global Impact:

NF

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Native Temperature Range:

Collected at 28.155˚C (OBIS 2015) Most species of Endeis have been recorded from relatively warm waters; E. nodosa was collected south of 35˚N (Takahashi et al 2007) Near Oahu (distance from Honolulu: 185 km): max 26.4ºC in September and min 23.0ºC in March. (Saur 1980) Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

NF

Non-native Temperature Range:

NF

Native Salinity Regime:

Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

Collected at 34.370 PPS (OBIS 2015) Near Oahu (distance from Honolulu: 185 km): max 35.02 psu in September and min 34.75 psu in March. (Saur 1980)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Temperature Regime Survival:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Temperature Range Survival:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Temperature Range Reproduction:

Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

Euhaline (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

Euhaline (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Depth Regime:

Lower intertidal, Shallow subtidal, Deep subtidal

Depth Range:

Observed 0 - 45m; Preferred 1m; Intertidal; Subtidal (sub-shallow and sub-deep) (Lee II and Reusser 2012) Collection at 0.2m; 1.5m (Müller 1992) Collected from 7-45m; taken in littoral situations and above depth of 45m (Nakamura and Child 1991) [Japan] Sagami Bay, Nabeta Bay: 7-16 m; off Kisami: 18-45 m. (Nakamura & Child 1991) [Japan] Naha, Okinawa Prefecture: 1.5 m. (Nakamura & Child 1988) [Marshall Islands] Runit Island: 0-0.7 m; Enewetak Island: 4 m. (Child 1982) [Barbados] Holetown:0.2 m and 1.5 m. (Müller 1992)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Rare, Few

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

Internal

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/dioecious

Spawning Type:

Not applicable

Development Mode:

Benthic larva

Asexual Reproduction:

Does not reproduce asexually

Reproduction Details:

Sexual production, gonochoristic/dioecious; Juvenile development larval phase (Lee II and Reusser 2012) Pattern of mating where male holds female, stimulating oviposition; mature eggs released from the ovary in the femur of the female and forced towards genital pore; female holds the eggs with her ovigerous legs; eggs are transferred from the female to the male; male forms the eggs into a bracelet-like eggs mass around each ovigerous leg, where they are carried until hatching (Arnaud and Bamber 1987; Bain and Govedich 2004; Miyazaki and Makioka 1988) RELATED: [Endeis] Sexual pores generally open on the ventral surface of the second coxae of all the legs in the female, and of the third and fourth legs of the male. The female orifice is usually larger (to allow passage of the eggs), and mature females usually show swollen femora wherein the eggs are stored prior to mating. In the genus Endeis, the pores are numerous (up to 40), small, and arranged in one or more rows on the femoral surface (Arnaud and Bamber 1987) [Pycnogonids] Almost all are dioecious; ovary is a paired, basically U-shaped organ; Only one true hermaphrodite species has been described: A. corderoi (Arnaud and Bamber 1987) [Pycnogonids] All families known to produce eggs which hatch into protonymphon larvae with the notable exception of the Colossendeidae (Arnaud and Bamber 1987) [Pycnogonids] In most cases, when the eggs hatch, the protonymphon larvae leave the male and either take up a free-living existence (Typical Protonymphon), form a cyst in a hydroid or other cnidarian (Encysted Larva), or live in or on another marine invertebrate (Atypical Protonymphon) (Bain and Govedich 2004) [Pycnogonida] The male fertilizes the eggs as they are emitted by the female, and he then gathers them into his ovigerous legs. Glands on the femurs of the male provide cement for forming the eggs into an adhesive spherical mass. The eggs are brooded by the middle joints of the ovegerous legs. (Barnes 1968) [Pycnogonida] The larva called protonymphon either remains on the ovigerous legs of the male or more frequently becomes an ectoparasite or endoparasite on hydroids and corals. (Barnes 1968)

Adult Mobility:

Actively mobile (Mobility is a normal part of at least part of the adult life cycle - at least in spurts. Not dependent upon distance traveled)

Adult Mobility Details:

Ability to walk (slow) and swim (folding of legs) (Arnaud and Bamber 1987) RELATED: [Pycnogonida] Pycnogonids crawl about slowly on long legs. (Barnes 1968)

Maturity Size:

Base to the proboscis to the first segmentation line, 0.72mm. Between first and second segmentation lines, 0.48mm. Between second and third, 0.54mm. Between third and fourth: 0.54mm. From third line to the end of the last transverse process, 0.6mm. Proboscis, 1.56x0.6mm. Total body length: 3.72mm (proboscis 1.56mm + body, 2.16mm) (Hilton 1942)

Maturity Age:

NF

Reproduction Lifespan:

NF

Longevity:

RELATED: [Propallene longipes] It is presumed the longevity is more than 150 days because it takes 150 days to grow adult. (Nakamura & Sekiguchi 1988)

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

NF

Reproduction Time:

NF

Fecundity:

Pattern of mating where male holds female, stimulating oviposition; mature eggs released from the ovary in the femur of the female and forced towards genital pore; female holds the eggs with her ovigerous legs; eggs are transferred from the female to the male; male forms the eggs into a bracelet-like eggs mass around each ovigerous leg, where they are carried until hatching (Arnaud and Bamber 1987; Bain and Govedich 2004; Miyazaki and Makioka 1988)

Egg Size:

Egg size is known at several genera. Phoxichilidium and Tanystylum: 0.05 mm in diameter; Callipallene: 0.25 mm; Nymphon: 0.5-0.7 mm. (Utinomi 1966)

Egg Duration:

NF

Early Life Growth Rate:

NF

Adult Growth Rate:

NF

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

NF

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Rocky intertidal, Rocky subtidal, Coral reef, Fouling, Macroalgal beds, Other

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic, Epiphytic, Epizoic

Substrate:

Rock, Biogenic, Artificial substrate

Exposure:

Exposed, Semi-exposed, Protected

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

Consolidated ecosystem: Rocky intertidal; Subtidal rocky; Coral reef; Fouling (Lee II and Reusser 2012) Consolidated substrate: Rocky; Biogenic (Coral); Artificial substrate (Pilings, Hull/Ballast, and Others) (Lee II and Reusser 2012) Habitat association: Benthic (Surficial (non-motile); epibenthic-consolidated substrate); Epibiotic (Epizoic - on animals) (Lee II and Reusser 2012) Collected on algae on metal buoy; hydroids on anchor (Müller 1992) [Japan] Naha, Okinawa Prefecture: Collected on breakwater. (Nakamura & Child 1988) [Hawaii] Honolulu Harbor: Collected on boat hawser. (Child 1982) [Marshall Islands] Runit Island: Collected on pier piling on lagoon side; Enewetak Island: Collected on lagoon rocks. (Child 1982) [Barbados] Holetown: Collected on algae on metal buoy and on hydroids on anchor chain. (Müller 1992) Exposed, Semi-exposed (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Trophic Level:

Predator

Trophic Details:

Trophic level: Predator (Lee II and Reusser 2012) RELATED: [Pycnogonids] Generally carnivorous grazers, puncture the cell or body wall of their prey and suck out the contents through their proboscis; smaller prey items may be ingested whole (Arnaud and Bamber 1987) [Pycnogonida] Feed on hydroids, soft corals, anemones, bryozoans, and sponges. The chelicere wrench off the polyps and pass them to the mouth at the tip of the proboscis. (Barnes 1968)

Forage Mode:

Generalist

Forage Details:

RELATED: [Pycnogonids] Generally carnivorous grazers, puncture the cell or body wall of their prey and suck out the contents through their proboscis; smaller prey items may be ingested whole (Arnaud and Bamber 1987) [Pycnogonida] Feed on hydroids, soft corals, anemones, bryozoans, and sponges. The chelicere wrench off the polyps and pass them to the mouth at the tip of the proboscis. (Barnes 1968)

Natural Control:

NF

Associated Species:

NF

References and Notes

References:

Arnaud, F., & Bamber, R. N. (1987). The Biology of Pycnogonida. Advances in Marine Biology, 24, 1-96 Bain, B. A., & Govedich, F. R. (2004). Courtship and mating behavior in the Pycnogonida (Chelicerata: Class Pycnogonida): a summary. Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 46(1), 63-79. Doi: 10.1080/07924259.2004.9652607 Bamber, R. (2015). Endeis nodosa (Hilton, 1942). Retrieved through the World Register of Marine Species website: http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=239997 Barnes RD (1968) Class Pycnogonida or Pantopoda. In: Invertebrate zoology. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, London and Toronto: 423-426. Carlton, J. T. (Ed.). (2007). The Light and Smith Manual: intertidal invertebrates from central California to Oregon. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. Child A (1982) Pycnogonida of the western Pacific islands I. The Marshall Islands. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95: 270-281. Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/ Access Date: 16-June-2016. Hilton, W. A. (1942). Pycnogonids from Hawaii. Occasional Papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 17(3), 43-55 Lee II, H., & Reusser, D.A. (2012). Atlas of Nonindigenous Marine and Estuarine Species in the North Pacific. Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, EPA/600/R/12/631. Miyazaki, K., & Makioka, T. (1988). Chelicerate-like Oogenesis in Endeis nodosa (Pycnogonida; Endeidae). Proceedings of the Arthropodan Embryological Society of Japan, 24, 11-12. Müller HG (1992) Shallow-water Pycnogonida from Barbados, Lesser Antilleswith descriptionof Anoplodactylus justi n. sp. Studies on the Natural History of the Caribbean Region 71: 42-52. http://repository.naturalis.nl/document/547018 Nakamura K & Child A (1988) Pycnogonida of the western Pacific islands IV. On some species from the Ryukyu Islands. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington101: 662-670. Nakamura K & Child A (1991) Pycnogonida from waters adjacent to Japan. Smithsonian Contribution to Zoology 512: 1-74. Nakamura K & Sekiguchi K (1988) Pycnogonida. In: Generation of invertebrates. Dan K, Sekiguchi K, Ando H, Watanabe H (eds.). Baifu-kan Ltd., Tokyo: 1-12. (in Japanese) OBIS. (2015). Ocean Biogeographic Information System. Retrieved from http://iobis.org/mapper Saur JFT (1980) Surface salinity and temperature on the San Francisco-Honolulu route. June 1966 - December 1970 and January 1972 - December 1975. Journal of Physical Oceanography 10: 1669-1680. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0485(1980)010%3C1669%3ASSATOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Takahashi, Y., Dick, M. H., Mawatari, S. F. (2007). Sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from waters adjacent to the Nansei Islands of Japan. Journal of Natural History, 41(1-4), 61-79. Doi: 10.1080/00222930601121783 Utinomi F (1966) Subphylum Pycnogonida. In: Animal systematics 7. Second Volume B. Uchida T (ed.) Nakayama-shoten Co. Ltd., Tokyo: 1-14. (in Japanese)

Literature:

Limited information; expert opinion based on observational information or circumstantial evidence

Notes:

*Unable to retrieve following paper which should contain more information about reproductive patterns: Miyazaki and Makioka (1991) Structure of the adult female reproductive system and oogenetic mode in the sea spider, Endeis nodosa (Pycnogonida: Endeidae)