Diadumene lineata
Overview
Scientific Name: Diadumene lineata
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
Order: Actiniaria
Family: Diadumenidae
Genus: Diadumene
Species:
lineata
[Describe here as A. iricolor]
Native Distribution
Origin Realm:
Temperate Northern Pacific, Temperate Northern Atlantic,
Central Indo-Pacific
Native Region:
Origin Location:
CONFLICT: Central Indo-Pacific, Northwest Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic
Temperate Northern Pacific
Northwest Pacific, including Japan and Hong Kong (NEMESIS 2016) *Probable native range
[Haliplanella lineata (synonymised species)] Pacific coast of Asia (Anderson et al. 2000) STATED
Japan (Carlton & Eldredge 2009) STATED
Northwest Pacific (Lee II & Reusser 2012) STATED
Northwest Pacific (Pax 1925, cited in Marchini et al 2015) STATED
Japan (Allee 1923, cited in Williams 2007) STATED
Yubudo Island, South Korea (Hwang et al. 2015) STATUS NOT STATED
Central Indo-Pacific
Hong Kong (NEMESIS 2016) *Probable native range
Temperate Northern Atlantic
Massachusetts to Florida, USA (multiple authors, cited in Karlson & Osman 2012) STATUS NOT STATED
European and New England coasts (Rudy et al. 2013) STATUS NOT STATED
Uncertain realm
Cosmopolitan; Asian (Rudy et al. 2013) STATUS NOT STATED
Geographic Range:
-175.900009155273 -40.8000030517578,174.800003051758 60.3000030517578 (OBIS 2016)
Cosmopolitan (Rudy et al. 2013)
New England (Rudy et al. 2013) to Florida, USA (multiple authors, cited in Karlson & Osman 2012)
Japan (Allee 1923, cited in Williams 2007; Carlton & Eldredge 2009; NEMESIS 2016) to Hong Kong (NEMESIS 2016)
General Diversity:
One to 13 internal transcribed spacer region genotypes found in tested populations. Only four genotypes were found in more than one population, and these were only within single regions (Ting & Geller 2000)
Non-native Distribution
Invasion History:
Yes (see inv_propens)
Non-native Region:
Mediterranean Sea, Ponto-Caspian, Northeast Atlantic,
Northwest Atlantic, West Tropical Atlantic, Southwest Atlantic, Magellanic,
Northeast Pacific, Southeast Pacific, Eastern Indo-Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Southern Australia and New Zealand
Invasion Propens:
CONFLICT: Listed as native and non-native in Central Indo-Pacific, Northwest Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic; Introduced and failed introductions in Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, Southwest Atlantic
Temperate Northern Pacific
West coast of North America: Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada; Puget Sound, Willapa Bay, and Padilla Bay, Washington, USA; Coos Bay, Oregon, USA; Bodega Harbor, Tomales Bay, Elkhorn Slough, Anaheim Bay, Newport Bay, Mission Bay, Humboldt Bay, San Francisco Bay, San Diego, California, USA (multiple authors, cited in NEMESIS 2016) *Introduced
San Francisco Bay, California, USA (Cohen et al. 2005) *Exotic
British Columbia, Canada (Therriault et al. 2011) *Invasive. Paper noted that monitoring for non-native species was directed as the Ports of Vancouver and Victoria
Northeast Pacific: Puget Sound, Washington to California, USA (Rudy et al. 2013) *Introduced
Padilla Bay, Washington, USA (Wonham et al. 2005) *Introduced
Northeast Pacific (Vancouver Island, British Columbia to Baja California, Mexico) (Lee II & Reusser 2012) *Non-indigenous
[Haliplanella lineata (synonymised species)] Possibly in Alaska. British Columbia to southern California on the west coast of North America (Anderson et al. 2000) *Non-indigenous
Temperate Northern Atlantic
Europe: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Atlantic; Canary Islands (NEMESIS 2016) *Introduced
East coast of North America: Sam Orr's Pond, Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, Canada; Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada; Narragansett Bay, Woods Hole, Nahant, Massachusetts, USA; Cobscook Bay, Maine, USA; New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Hudson estuary; Chesapeake Bay; Beaufort, North Carolina, USA; inshore areas of South Carolina, USA; St. Catherines Sound, Georgia, USA; Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA (multiple authors, cited in NEMESIS 2016) *Introduced
Northwest Atlantic (Allee 1923, cited in Williams 2007) *Introduced
Millbay Docks, Plymouth, England; Ireland; Atlantic coast of France; Naples, Italy; Den Helder, Netherlands; Mediterranean coasts of France and Italy; Romania, Black Sea; Suez Canal (multiple authors, cited in NEMESIS 2016) *Introduced
Aegean Sea (Çinar et al. 2014) *Alien
New England, USA (Fuller 2014) *Invasive
Lagoon of Venice (Pax 1925, cited in Marchini et al 2015) *Non-indigenous
North Sea (Reise et al. 1999) *Introduced
Port Arkansas, Texas (multiple authors, cited in NEMESIS 2016) *Introduced
Northeast Atlantic (North Sea and around the United Kingdom), Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Northwest Atlantic (Lee II & Reusser 2012) *Non-indigenous
Norwegian Sea; southeastern Mediterranean Sea (NEMESIS 2016) *FAILED introduction
Mouth of the Elbe River, Germany from 1920 - 1924, and Shetland Islands, Scotland in 2003 (Gollasch & Reimann-Zurneck 1996, cited in NEMESIS 2016; Collin et al. 2015, cited in NEMESIS 2016) *Single colonies only, but not found since the one report
Central Indo-Pacific
Malaysia (NEMESIS 2016) *Introduced
Indonesia (Zabin et al. 2004, cited in Carlton & Eldredge 2009) *Introduced
Indonesia (Lee II & Reusser 2012) *Non-indigenous
Eastern Indo-Pacific
Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, USA (NEMESIS 2016) *Introduced
Kane'ohe Bay, Hawaii (Zabin et al. 2004, cited in Carlton & Eldredge 2009) *Introduced
Coconut Island in Kāne‘ohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, USA (Carlton & Eldredge 2015) *Introduced
Hawaii (Lee II & Reusser 2012) *Non-indigenous
Temperate South America
Argentina (NEMESIS 2016) *Introduced
Southwest Atlantic (between Uruguay and BahÃa Blanca, Argentina) (Lee II & Reusser 2012) *Non-indigenous
Coquimbo (29°58'S, 71°21'W), northern Chile (Häussermann et al. 2015) *Invasive
Natal, Brazil to southern Uruguay (NEMESIS 2016) *FAILED introductions
Temperate Australasia
New Zealand (NEMESIS 2016) *Introduced
New Zealand (Zabin et al. 2004, cited in Carlton & Eldredge 2009) *Introduced
New Zealand (north coast of the north island) (Lee II & Reusser 2012) *Non-indigenous
Tropical Atlantic
Gulf coast of USA: Turkey Point and Tampa Bay, Florida (multiple authors, cited in NEMESIS 2016) *Introduced
Uncertain realm
Brazil (NEMESIS 2016) *Introduced
Brazil (Zabin et al. 2004, cited in Carlton & Eldredge 2009) *Introduced
Status Date Non-native:
West coast of North America: first record 1906 in San Francisco Bay, California and the east coast of Vancouver Island, Canada (multiple authors, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Coos Bay, Oregon, USA: 1947 (Carlgren 1953, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Humboldt Bay, California, USA: 1974 (Carlton 1979, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
San Francisco Bay, California, USA: 1906 (Hargitt 1914, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
San Diego Bay, California, USA: 1927 and 1979 (Crooks 1998, cited in NEMESIS 2016; Cohen 2005, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
San Francisco Bay, California, USA: MAY 2004 (Cohen et al. 2005)
Padilla Bay, Washington, USA: 1998 (Cohen et al. 1998, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Northwest Atlantic: 1920 (Allee 1923, cited in Williams 2007)
East coast of North America: first record 1892 in Long Island Sound, New Haven, Connecticut (NEMESIS 2016)
Narragansett Bay: 1895 (Parker 1902, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA: 1898 (Parker 1902, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Massachusetts Bay, at Nahant, Massachusetts, USA: 1899 (Parker 1902, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Port Arkansas, Texas: 1948 (Carlgren & Hedgepeth 1952, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Coconut Island in Kāne‘ohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, USA (first record for Hawaii): November 1972 (Carlton & Eldredge 2015)
Kane'ohe Bay, Hawaii, USA: 1999, 2002. 2003 (Zabin et al. 2004, cited in Carlton & Eldredge 2009)
Millbay Docks, Plymouth, England: 1896 (Stephenson 1935, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Atlantic coast of France: ~1900 (Goulletquer et al. 2002, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Naples, Italy: 1911 (USNM 42658, cited in NEMESIS 2016; U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2007, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Den Helder, Netherlands: 1913 (Braber and Borghouts 1977, cited in NEMESIS 2016; Wolff 2005, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Lagoon of Venice: 1925 (Stephenson 1935, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Romania, Black Sea: 1960 (Bacescu et al. 1971, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Canary Islands: 1994 (Ocaña & den Hartog 2002, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Malaysia & Singapore: 1980 (Dunn 1982, cited in NEMESIS 2016; Fautin et al. 2009, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
New Zealand: 1983 (Cranfield et al. 1998, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Argentina: 2005 (Molina et al. 2008, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Germany: 1993 (Gollasch & Reimann-Zurneck 1996, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Lagoon of Venice: 1925 (Pax 1925, cited in Marchini et al 2015)
North Sea: 1896 (Reise et al. 1999)
Suez Canal: 1924 (Stephenson 1935, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Coquimbo, northern Chile: May 2012 and December 2014; not found between September and November 2014 searches (Häussermann et al. 2015)
Vectors and Spread
Initial Vector:
Hull fouling (Commercial; Recreational; not specified),
Ballast water, Aquaculture and Fisheries, Recreation;
Other
Second Vector:
Hull fouling (not specified), Aquaculture and fisheries, Other
Vector Details:
Introduction vectors: hull fouling and both Pacific and Atlantic oyster shipments (multiple authors, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Found in bays only receiving recreational and fishing boat traffic (multiple authors cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Introduction vector: [Humboldt Bay, California] Japanese oysters, Crassostra gigas (Boyd et al. 2002)
Introduction vectors: ship fouling, ballast water, releases (intentional or accidental) (Carlton & Eldredge 2009)
[Haliplanella lineata (synonymised species)] Introduction vectors: ship fouling, oyster transport for aquaculture (Anderson et al. 2000)
Introduction vectors: ballast water, hull fouling, Atlantic and Pacific oyster aquaculture (Lee II & Reusser 2012)
Introduction vector: vessels (Pax 1925, cited in Marchini et al 2015)
Introduction vector: likely introduced with oyster spat (Carlton 1975, cited in Rudy et al. 2013)
Introduction vector: commercial oyster shipments (late 1800s to early 1900s), and possibly with ship hull fouling (multiple authors, cited in Wonham et al. 2005)
Disperses within regions by rafting on floating material or on ship hulls (Gollash & Riemann-Zuerneck 1996, cited in Ting & Geller 2000)
Introduction vectors: fouling of ship hulls or attached to seaweed, mussel or oyster shipments (Shick & Lamb 1977, cited in Häussermann et al. 2015; Gollasch & Riemann-Zürneck 1996, cited in Häussermann et al. 2015)
Spread Rate:
Spread from its introduction at New Haven, Connecticut in 1892 to Narragansett Bay in 1895, Woods Hole in 1898, and Massachusetts Bay, at Nahant, Massachusetts in 1899 (Parker 1902, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Date First Observed in Japan:
Not applicable
Date First Observed on West coast North America:
West coast of North America: first record 1906 in San Francisco Bay, California and the east coast of Vancouver Island, Canada (multiple authors, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Impacts
Impact in Japan:
Not applicable
Global Impact:
No reported economic or ecological impacts (NEMESIS 2016)
Tolerences
Native Temperature Regime:
NF
Native Temperature Range:
NF
Non-native Temperature Regime:
See details
Non-native Temperature Range:
[San Francisco Bay, USA] Sampled from 17.1 - 18.6 ºC (Cohen et al. 2005)
[Coquimbo, Chile] Seawater temperature varies seasonally from an average of 13.4ºC (ranging from 12.0 - 16.0 ºC) in winter to an average of 17.6ºC (ranging from 16.2 - 21.2 ºC) (Häussermann et al. 2015)
Native Salinity Regime:
NF
Native Salinity Range:
NF
Non-native Salinity Regime:
Polyhaline, See details
Temperature Regime Survival:
Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical, See details
Temperature Range Survival:
No mortality from 1 - 27.5ºC (at 5-35 psu; Shick 1976, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Can survive 40ºC for 4 hour exposures (Sassaman & Mangum 1970, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
[Blue Hill, ME] Can survive field temperatures of 0 - 40 ºC on intertidal rocks (Shick 1976, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Cold temperate - Tropical (NEMESIS 2016)
Cold and temperate waters; eurythermal (Rudy et al. 2013). May contract and encyst when temperatures are extreme (Williams 1975b, cited in Rudy et al. 2013)
Temperature Regime Reproduction:
NF
Temperature Range Reproduction:
NF
Salinity Regime Survival:
Mesohaline, Polyhaline, Euhaline,
See details
Salinity Range Survival:
Can survive salinities from 2.5 - 5 psu for two weeks in a contracted state. No mortality from 5 - 35 psu, at temperatures ranging from 1 - 27.5 ºC (Shick 1976, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Continues to feed salinities as low as 12 psu, and is able to survive long term (Miyawaki 1951, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Mesohaline (5 - 18 psu), polyhaline (18 - 30 psu), euhaline (30 - 40 psu) (NEMESIS 2016)
Maximum salinity of 74 ppt (Kiener 1971, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Observed from 12 - 34 psu, prefers 18 - 34 psu (Lee II & Reusser 2012)
Euryhaline (Ricketts & Calvin 1971, cited in Rudy et al. 2013) Salintiy Regime Reproduction:
Polyhaline, Euhaline
Salinity Range Reproduction:
NF
Depth Regime:
Upper intertidal, Mid intertidal, Low intertidal, Shallow subtidal
Depth Range:
Sampled from 0 - 26 m (OBIS 2016)
Low intertidal and subtidal (NEMESIS 2016)
[Humboldt Bay, California] Lower intertidal (Boyd et al. 2002)
[Aegean Sea] 0 - 10 m depth (Çinar et al. 2014)
[San Francisco Bay, USA] Sampled from the intertidal, and from 0.7 - 5.5 m depth (Cohen et al. 2005)
[British Columbia, Canada] Intertidal (Therriault et al. 2011)
Observed from 0 - 2 m depth (Lee II & Reusser 2012)
Found in shallow water (Rudy et al. 2013)
High intertidal zone (Carlton 2007)
[Coquimbo, Chile] Mid intertidal zone (Häussermann et al. 2015)
Non-native Salinity Range:
Native Abundance:
Common
Reproduction
Fertilization Mode:
external
Reproduction Mode:
Gonochoristic/ dioecious
Spawning Type:
NA
Development Mode:
Planktonic larva (type unspecified)
Asexual Reproduction:
See details
Reproduction Details:
VARIABILITY: mulitple asexual reproduction forms
Asexual reproduction in non-native areas (Shick et al. 1979, cited in NEMESIS 2016; Ting & Geller 2000, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Sexual reproduction only observed in Japan (Fukui 1991, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Development type: planktonic (Byers et al. 2015)
Gonochoristic/dioecious. Free-cast spawner; planktonic larvae. Asexual reproduction through budding or binary fission (Lee II & Reusser 2012)
Reproduces sexually, and asexually via longitudinal fission (Morris et al. 1980, cited in Rudy et al. 2013)
Asexual reproduction through binary fission and pedal laceration (Carlton 2007)
Reproduces by fission (Ting & Geller 2000)
RELATED:
[Diadumene spp.] Asexual reproduction by longitudinal fission or pedal laceration. Eggs and sperm are released into the water (NEMESIS 2016) *Note: entered as broadcast spawning and external fertilization
[Anthozoa] Gametes are spawned through the mouth, fertilization takes place in the mouth. Planktonic planula larvae (Carlton 2007)
[Anemones] Separate sexes. Sperm released into the water. Some species also release eggs into the water, but some retain them in the gut for internal fertilization and brooding until the planula stage (Kozloff 1990)
Adult Mobility:
Sessile
Adult Mobility Details:
Sessile (Byers et al. 2015)
Maturity Size:
[California] Largest specimens were 31mm high and 22 mm wide at the base (Hand 1955, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Maximum body size: 40 mm (Byers et al. 2015)
Maturity Age:
NF
Reproduction Lifespan:
NF
Longevity:
NF
Broods per Year:
NF
Reproduction Cues:
NF
Reproduction Time:
NF
Fecundity:
NF
Egg Size:
NF
Egg Duration:
NF
Early Life Growth Rate:
NF
Adult Growth Rate:
NF
Population Growth Rate:
NF
Population Variablity:
NF
Habitat
Ecosystem:
Tide flats, Sediment subtidal, SAV, Marsh, Rocky intertidal, Rocky subtidal, Oyster reef, Mussel reef, Macroalgal bed, Fouling, Flotsam
Habitat Type:
Epibenthic, Epizoic, Epiphytic,
Under rock, Semi-infaunal
Substrate:
Gravel, Cobble, Mixed sediments, Rock, Biogenic, Artificial substrate
Exposure:
Protected
Habitat Expansion:
NF
Habitat Details:
Estuaries, salt-brackish marsh, and sheltered waters, on oysters, rocks, algae, Spartina sp. roots, coarse woody debris, and artificial substrata including marinas, docks, vessel hulls, pilings, and floats. Subtidal, low intertidal. Epibenthic (multiple authors, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
[San Francisco Bay, California] Found in brackish marsh channels, but not in the more saline (and colder) areas near the mouth of the bay (multiple authors, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Estuaries, coastal bay (semi-enclosed with full or close to ocean salinity). Unvegetated tidal flat, and unvegetated subtidal soft sediment on mixed sediments. Marsh, rocky intertidal (tide pools), subtidal rocky, oyster and mussel reefs, rooted aquatic vegetation, drift wood, fouling substrata including pilings, hull/ballast, and other materials. Is epibenthic on consolidated substrate, epiphytic, epizoic, and semi-infaunal (Lee II & Reusser 2012)
[Pearl and Hermes Reef, Hawaii] Found on the remnants of a fishing net (Zabin et al. 2004, Carlton & Eldredge 2009)
Survives stressful environmental conditions by secreting dense layers of mucus (Miyawaki 1951, cited in NEMESIS 2016) or by forming a hard-coated cyst (Carlton 1979, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
[Humboldt Bay, California] Found on oysters, in the lower rocky intertidal, and fouling in marinas (Boyd et al. 2002)
[Kane'ohe Bay, Hawaii] Found on and among oysters, which were attached to intertidal pilings, and in and around empty Amphibalanus reticulatus tests, where were on fouling panels, and on intertidal coral rock (Zabin et al. 2004, cited in Carlton & Eldredge 2009)
[Aegean Sea] On hard substrata (Çinar et al. 2014)
[San Francisco Bay, USA] Sampled from the intertidal, and from shallow subtidal artificial substrata (Cohen et al. 2005)
[New England, USA] On fouling plates (Fuller 2014)
[Yubudo Island, South Korea] On gravel and rock beds in the intertidal zone (Hwang et al. 2015)
Fouling community (Karlson & Osman 2012)
Not found on the outer coast. Found on or under rocks, on pilings (Hand 1955, cited in Rudy et al. 2013). Also found on Mytilus edulis (Rudy et al. 2013)
Found in the Zostera marina community; also a fouling species (Allee 1923, cited in Williams 2007)
High intertidal zone of bays in estuaries. Found in barnacle tests, crevices of decaying wood, and fouling communities (Carlton 2007)
[Padilla Bay, Washington] Lives on Batillaria attramentaria shells and on empty shells on intertidal mudflats, but not directly on the mudflat surface. Found in a sheltered bay (Wonham et al. 2005)
Disperses within regions by rafting on floating material or on ship hulls (Gollash & Riemann-Zuerneck 1996, cited in Ting & Geller 2000)
[Coquimbo, Chile] Low and mid intertidal zones of a protected boulder and cobble (10 - 30 cm diameter) beach. Found under stones and boulders/cobbles (Häussermann et al. 2015)
Found on intertidal and subtidal solid substrata, in addition to roots and stems of marshland in protected areas. Tolerant of intertidal exposure, up to twice a day of six hours each (Molina et al. 2009, cited in Häussermann et al. 2015)
Trophic Level:
Predator
Trophic Details:
Carnivore. Uses its tentacles to trap zooplankton and small epibenthic animals (Hausman 1919, cited in NEMESIS 2016; Barnes 1983, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
Predator (Lee II & Reusser 2012)
Eats annelids and small crustaceans (Hausmann 1919, cited in Rudy et al. 2013)
Forage Mode:
NF
Forage Details:
NF
Natural Control:
DISTURBANCE
[Disturbance] Populations may disappear due to severe weather or other disturbances because of the low genetic diversity caused by clonal reproduction (multiple authors, cited in NEMESIS 2016)
PREDATION
[Predation] [San Francisco] Eaten by the mollusc Trinchesia sp. (Hand 1975, cited in Rudy et al. 2013)
[Predation] Eaten by the nudibranchs Cuthona lagunae and Hermissenda crassicornis (Carlton 2007)
Associated Species:
NF
References and Notes
References:
Anderson EP, Austin WC, Byers S, Kipovsky S (2000) Literature Review on Non-indigneous Invertebrates of the Strait of Georgia. Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans PO F1688-8-0023. http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/336461.pdf
Boyd MJ, Mulligan TJ, Shaughnessy FJ (2002) Non-indigenous marine species of Humboldt Bay, California. Department of Fish and Game, California. http://vvww.krisweb.com/biblio/hum_hsu_boydetal_2002.pdf
Byers JE et al. (2015) Invasion Expansion: Time since introduction best predicts global ranges of marine invaders. Scientific Reports 5: 12436. www.nature.com/articles/srep12436
Carlton JT (2007) The Light and Smith manual: intertidal invertebrates from central California to Oregon. London, England: University of California Press, Ltd
Carlton JT & Eldredge LG (2009) Marine bioinvasions of Hawaiʻi: The introduced and cryptogenic marine and estuarine animals and plants of the Hawaiian archipelago. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Cultural and Environmental Studies 4. Honolulu, USA: Bishop Museum Press. 203 pages.
Carlton JT & Eldredge LG (2015) Update and Revisions of The Marine Bioinvasions of Hawai‘i: the Introduced and Cryptogenic Marine and Estuarine Animals and Plants of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Zoology 9: 25-47. http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bz9-02.pdf
Çinar ME, Yokes MB, Açik S, Bakir AK (2014) Checklist of Cnidaria and Ctenophora from the coasts of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology 38(6): 677-697. dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/tbtkzoology/article/view/5000106840
Cohen AN, Calder DR, Carlton JT, Chapman JW, Harris LH, Kitayama T, Lambert CC, Lambert G, Piotrowski C, Shouse M, Solórzano LA (2005) Rapid Assessment Shore Survey for Exotic Species in San Francisco Bay - May 2004. Final Report for the California State Coastal Conservancy, Association of Bay Area Governments/San Francisco Bay-Delta Science Consortium, National Geographic Society and Rose Foundation. San Francisco Estuary Institute, Oakland, CA. http://www.sfei.org/sites/default/files/No453_Part2-2004_ShoreSurvey.pdf
Fuller BJC (2014) Developing methods for analysisand drawing conclusions fromlarval settlementmonitoring inNarragansett Bay: Is the timing of seasonal recruitment a driver of non-native success in the intertidal fouling community?. Masters thesis. University of Rhode Island. www.edc.uri.edu/mesm/docs/majorpapers/bfuller_2014.pdf
Häussermann V, Spano C, Thiel M, Lohrmann KB (2015) First record of the sea anemone Diadumene lineata (Verrill, 1869) from the Chilean coast. SPIXIANA 38(1): 39-42. www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/spix38_1_06.pdf
Hwang et al. (2015) Invertebrates fauna in the intertidal regions of Yubudo Island, South Korea. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 8(1): 66-71. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2287884X15000084
Karlson RH & Osman RW (2012) Species composition and geographic distribution of invertebrates in fouling communities along the east coast of the USA: A regional perspective. Marine Ecology Progress Series 458: 255-268.
Kozloff EN (1990) Invertebrates. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders College Publishing
Lee II H and Reusser DA (2012) Atlas of Nonindigenous Marine and Estuarine Species in the North Pacific. Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, EPA/600/R/12/631.
Marchini A, Ferrario J, Sfriso A, Occhipinti-Ambrogi A (2015) Current status and trends of biological invasionsin the Lagoon of Venice, a hotspot of marine NISintroductions in the Mediterranean Sea. Biological Invasions 17(10): 2943-2962. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-015-0922-3
NEMESIS (2016) Fofonoff PW et al. (2003) National Exotic Marine and Estuarine Species Information System. http://invasions.si.edu/nemesis/browseDB/SpeciesSummary.jsp?TSN=52757. Access Date: 28-06-2016
OBIS. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. http://iobis.org/mapper/ Access date: 27-06-2016
Reise K, Gollasch S, Wolff WJ (1999) Introduced marine species of the North Sea coasts. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 52(3): 219-234. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02908898
Rudy Jr P, Rudy LH, Shanks, A, Butler B (2013) Diadumene lineata. In: Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates (Second Edition). Accessed via: https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/handle/1794/12640
Therriault T, Gillespie G, Clarke Murray C, Gartner H, Frey M (2011) Aquatic Invasive Species. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Research Document 2011/054. 173 pages. www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas-sccs/Publications/ResDocs-DocRech/2011/2011_054-eng.pdf
Ting JH & Geller JB (2000) Clonal Diversity in Introduced Populations of An Asian Sea Anemone in North America. Biological Invasions 2(1): 23-32. link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1010085406539
Williams S (2007) Introduced species in seagrass ecosystems- status and concerns. JEMBE 350(1): 89-110. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222966260_Introduced_species_in_seagrass_ecosystems_Status_and_concerns
Wonham MJ, O'Connor M, Harley CDG (2005) Positive effects of a dominant invader on introduced and native mudflat species. MEPS 289: 109-116. www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v289/p109-116/
Literature:
NA
Notes:
NA