Cellana radiata

Overview

Scientific Name: Cellana radiata

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Gastropoda

Order: [NONE]

Family: Nacellidae

Genus: Cellana

Species:

radiata [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate Northern Pacific, Eastern Indo-Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Western Indo-Pacific, Temperate Australasia

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Temperate Northern Pacific [Japan] Amami Islands and Okinawa Islands. (Higo et al. 1999) STATUS NOT STATED Western Indo-Pacific Gulf of Aden, Red Sea (Abubakr 2004) STATUS NOT STATED Visakhapatnam coast, India (Rao 1973) STATUS NOT STATED Madras Harbor, India (Sukumaran & Krishnaswamy 1961) STATUS NOT STATED Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea (Ismail & Elkarmi 1999) STATUS NOT STATED [India] Palm Beach, Visakhapatnam (Rao 1975) STATUS NOT STATED [Jordan] Gulf of Aqaba (Ismail & Elkarmi 1999) STATUS NOT STATED Eastern Indo-Pacific French Polynesia: Society Islands, Gambier Islands, Marquesas Islands (Tröndlé and Boutet 2009) STATUS NOT STATED Marquesas. (Higo et al. 1999) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific Kenting National Park, Taiwan (Lee & Chao 2004) STATUS NOT STATED Western Australia: Montebello Islands, Dampier Archipelago (Wells et al. 2000) STATUS NOT STATED Anambas and Natuna Islands, South China Sea (Tan & Kastoro 2004) STATUS NOT STATED [China] Cape d'Aguilar, Hong Kong. (Williams & Morritt 1995) STATUS NOT STATED Papua New Guinea, Fiji (Higo et al. 1999) STATUS NOT STATED [Australia] Geraldton, Western Australia to Queensland. (Wilson 1993) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Amami Islands and Okinawa Islands. (Higo et al. 1999) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Australasia [Australia] Geraldton, Western Australia to Queensland. (Wilson 1993) STATUS NOT STATED Uncertain realm Western Pacific (Higo et al. 1999) STATUS NOT STATED RELATED: [Cellana grata] Pacific coast of Japan (Nakaoka et al. 2006) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

Geographic coverage: 24.7999992370605 -35.1000022888184,117.900001525879 28.6000003814697 (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2016)

General Diversity:

Subspecies: Cellana radiata capensis (Gmelin, 1791), Cellana radiata radiata (Born, 1778), Cellana enneagona (Reeve, 1854) (WoRMS 2016)

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015, 2016)

Non-native Region:

Not applicable

Invasion Propens:

Not applicable

Status Date Non-native:

Not applicable

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Not applicable

Second Vector:

Not applicable

Vector Details:

Not applicable

Spread Rate:

Not applicable

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

Not applicable

Global Impact:

Not applicable

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Tropical

Native Temperature Range:

25.622 °C (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2016) tropical species (Rao 1973) [Visakhapatnam coast, India] temperatures ranged from 25 - 30°C throughout both years 1966 to 1967 in the limpet C. radiata's habitat (Rao 1973) [Singapore] microhabitat temperatures for C. radiata: max. 35°C, median 29°C, minimum 24°C; optimal feeding temperature: maximum rasping rate at 30.6 °C; optimal range was between 26.6 and 34.6 °C (Morley et al. 2014) According to Hall (1964), temperature of the tropical sea is no months cooler than 18 ºC and the month with 20 ºC occupies more than 6 months. [Jordan] Average surface sea water temperature range from 21 ºC in February - March to 27 ºC in July - August. (Paldor & Anati 1979, cited in Ismail & Elkarmi 1999)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Not applicable

Non-native Temperature Range:

Not applicable

Native Salinity Regime:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

35.069 PPS (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2016) [Visakhapatnam coast, India] salinity ranged from 24 - 34 PSU throughout both years 1966 to 1967 in the limpet C. radiata's habitat (Rao 1973) [Madras, India] responds to environmental changes in salinity by raising or lowering its shell (Sukumaran & Krishnaswamy 1961) [India] C. r. can live in the salinity range between 20 and 37 PSU at experimental condition. (Rao & Ganapati 1974) [Jordan] The salinity of the Jordan Gulf of Aqaba is constant at 40.4 to 40.8 ppt. ( Paldor & Anati 1979, cited in Ismail & Elkarmi 1999)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Not applicable

Temperature Regime Survival:

Tropical, See details

Temperature Range Survival:

25.622 °C (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2016) [Visakhapatnam coast, India] temperatures ranged from 25 - 30°C throughout both years 1966 to 1967 in the limpet C. radiata's habitat (Rao 1973) [Singapore] mortality data (50% lethal), lower lethal limit: 2.6–4.6 °C, and upper lethal limit: 33.6–34.6 °C; microhabitat temperatures for C. radiata: max. 35°C, median 29°C, minimum 24°C; optimal feeding temperature: maximum rasping rate at 30.6 °C; optimal range was between 26.6 and 34.6 °C (Morley et al. 2014) According to Hall (1964), temperature of the tropical sea is no months cooler than 18 ºC and the month with 20 ºC occupies more than 6 months. [Jordan] Average surface sea water temperature range from 21 ºC in February - March to 27 ºC in July - August. (Paldor & Anati 1979, cited in Ismail & Elkarmi 1999)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

Tropical, See details

Temperature Range Reproduction:

[Visakhapatnam coast, India] absence of spawning in April and May when temperature is high (around 29 °C); suggests that high temperature is most likely an unfavorable condition for spawning (Rao 1973) [Singapore] microhabitat temperatures for C. radiata: max. 35°C, median 29°C, minimum 24°C; for optimal feeding temperature: maximum rasping rate at 30.6 °C; optimal range was between 26.6 and 34.6 °C (Morley et al. 2014) According to Hall (1964), temperature of the tropical sea is no months cooler than 18 ºC and the month with 20 ºC occupies more than 6 months. [Jordan] Average surface sea water temperature range from 21 ºC in February - March to 27 ºC in July - August. (Paldor & Anati 1979, cited in Ismail & Elkarmi 1999)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

35.069 PPS (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2016) [Visakhapatnam coast, India] salinity ranged from 24 - 34 PSU throughout both years 1966 to 1967 in the limpet C. radiata's habitat (Rao 1973) [Madras, India] responds to environmental changes in salinity by raising or lowering its shell (Sukumaran & Krishnaswamy 1961) [India] C. r. can live in the salinity range between 20 and 37 PSU at experimental condition. (Rao & Ganapati 1974) [Jordan] The salinity of the Jordan Gulf of Aqaba is constant at 40.4 to 40.8 ppt. ( Paldor & Anati 1979, cited in Ismail & Elkarmi 1999)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

[Visakhapatnam coast, India] fewer spawning gonads in October and November when salinity is low ( around 25 PSU); suggests that low salinity is most likely an unfavorable condition for spawning (Rao 1973) Rao (1973) suggests that low salinity less than 25 psu are probabley unfavourable to spawning.

Depth Regime:

Upper intertidal, Mid intertidal, Lower intertidal

Depth Range:

Sample depth: 0 - 2 m (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2016) [Kenting National Park, Taiwan] intertidal (Lee & Chao 2004) [Anambas and Natuna Islands, South China Sea] common on intertidal rocks (Tan & Kastoro 2004) [Madras, India] intertidal; collected from rocks and concrete blocks at high tide (Sukumaran & Krishnaswamy 1961) [India] C. r. were found to extend vertically from MLWN (mean low water of neap tides) to MHWS (mean high water of spring tides). On the semi-exposed surfaces the limpets are mostly confined to the region between MLWN and MHWS; on surfaces directly exposed to wave action they extend a little above MHWS. (Rao & Ganapati 1971) [Australia] mid-intertidal zone (Wilson 1993)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Ephemeral, Common

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

External

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

None

Development Mode:

Planktonic larva (type unspecified)

Asexual Reproduction:

NF

Reproduction Details:

[Visakhapatnam coast, India] gonadal products are shed; no sex reversal; gonads develop from February to May; spawning starts in June and runs until February or March; peak spawning periods: June-August, and December-February; spawning is induced by high wind speed under optimal temperature and salinity conditions (Rao 1973) [Visakhapatnam, India] external fertilization; females are oviparous; development takes place outside parent; in the lab, after being left out of water for 3 hours, returned to water, and prodded with a needle, some males spawned, and the sperm suspension in the water induced some females to release eggs; males and females shed eggs and sperm via anterior end; egg laying process takes 1-2 hours: female spread the eggs with the foot on the surface of the container (in lab); free-swimming larval period: develop from trocophore to veliger; 10 hours post fertilization trocophore larvae measured 0.24 mm long and 0.18 mm across; at 24 hours after fertilization veliger larvae were 0.6 mm across (Rao 1975) C. r. is oviparous and the development takes place outside the parent. (Rao 1975) In C. r. the sexes are uniformly distributed throughout all size-groups suggesting the absence of sex reversal in the limpets. (Rao 1973) Does not reproduce asexually (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Adult Mobility:

Actively mobile (Mobility is a normal part of at least part of the adult life cycle - at least in spurts. Not dependent upon distance traveled)

Adult Mobility Details:

[Singapore] moved an average 10 cm between low tides (Morley et al. 2014) [China] As the tide rises and wavees start to splash C. r. they extend their pallial tentacles and then begin to move. Movement is raped initially, as individual move upshore with the incoming tide. At high tide, movement slows and appears to cease until the tide starts to ebb and the limpets return to their nomal shore level. C. r. can move over 1 m in the vertical plane during a spring tid. (Willams & Morritt 1995) RELATED: [Cellana grata] mobile (Nakaoka et al. 2006)

Maturity Size:

[Visakhapatnam coast, India] all individuals above 16mm in length had developing or spawning gonads (Rao 1973) [India] Sexes coul be distinguished only from 10 mm shell length. (Rao 1973)

Maturity Age:

NF

Reproduction Lifespan:

[Visakhapatnam coast, India] C. radiata has an extended breeding season; absence of resting phase between spawning and redevelopment of gonads, due to uniformly high temperature of tropical location (Rao 1973) [India] Spawning gegins in June and extends to February or March. Peak spawning periods are from June to August. (Rao 1973)

Longevity:

[Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea] life span may extend 5 years (Ismail & Elkarmi 1999) [Jordan] 5 years (Ismail & Elkarmi 1999) [India] 3 - 4 years (Rao 1976) [China] C. r. lives for up to 3 years in Hong Kong. (Williams & Morritt 1995)

Broods per Year:

[Visakhapatnam coast, India] C. radiata has an extended breeding season; absence of resting phase between spawning and redevelopment of gonads, due to uniformly high temperature of tropical location (Rao 1973)

Reproduction Cues:

[Visakhapatnam coast, India] peak spawning periods: June-August, and December-February; spawning is induced by high wind speed under optimal temperature and salinity conditions; temperature and salinity do not seem to induce spawning, but high temperature seems to suppress it (Rao 1973) [Visakhapatnam, India] in the lab, after being left out of water for 3 hours, returned to water, and prodded with a needle, some males spawned, and the sperm suspension in the water induced some females to release eggs (Rao 1975)

Reproduction Time:

[Visakhapatnam coast, India] gonads develop from February to May; spawning starts in June and runs until February or March; peak spawning periods: June-August, and December-February (Rao 1973) [India] Spawning gegins in June and extends to February or March. Peak spawning periods are from June to August. (Rao 1973)

Fecundity:

NF

Egg Size:

[Visakhapatnam coast, India] Stage I of gonad development: small oocytes are 30-50 μm in diameter; Stage II oocytes are 30-60 μm; Stage III more medium oocytes appear; Stage IV large oocytes of 80-90 μm; Stage V oocytes are 95-105 μm in diameter (Rao 1973) [Visakhapatnam, India] fully ripe egg: 0.16 mm in diameter, exclusive of chorion layer (Rao 1975) [India] about 0.16 mm. (Rao 1975)

Egg Duration:

[Visakhapatnam, India] 2-celled stage occurred 30 minutes after fertilization (Rao 1975) [India] about 6 hours after firtlization at temperature of 26 ºC ± 1 ºC. (Rao 1975)

Early Life Growth Rate:

[Visakhapatnam, India] free-swimming larval period: develop from trocophore to veliger; 10 hours post fertilization trocophore larvae measured 0.24 mm long and 0.18 mm across; at 24 hours after fertilization veliger larvae were 0.6 mm across (Rao 1975) [India] 10 hours after fetilization at the late trocophore stage, they attain 0.18 mm across and 0.24 mm long. 24 hours after fertilization at the veligers stage, they attain about 0.2 mm across. 42 hours after fertilization at the late veliger stage, they attain about 0.22 mm across. (Rao 1975)

Adult Growth Rate:

[Kenting National Park, Taiwan] 21 mm specimen collected (Lee & Chao 2004) [India] Mean shell lengths increased progressively from July to October with an average monthly increment of 1.16 mm. (Rao 1976) However, It is also said that there is no evidence of seasonal variation in the growth rate of C. r. at Visakhapatnam coast. The growth rate appears to be more or less steady throughout the year. (Rao 1976)

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

NF

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Rocky intertidal, Fouling

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic

Substrate:

Cobble, Rock, Artificial substrate

Exposure:

Exposed, Semi-exposed, Protected, Very protected

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

[Anambas and Natuna Islands, South China Sea] common on intertidal rocks (Tan & Kastoro 2004) [Madras, India] intertidal; collected from rocks and concrete blocks at high tide (Sukumaran & Krishnaswamy 1961) [Singapore] rocky intertidal; exposed to the sun during periods of low tide (Morley et al. 2014) [Visakhapatnam, India] collected from intertidal rocks (Rao 1975) [Japan] intertidal, on rocks (Higo et al. 1999) [India] C. r. is found in a variety of locations such as smooth and rough rock surfaces, shingles, rocky platforms, and vertical boulders in the tidal zone. They occur from the most wave-beaten rock surfaces to the most protected surfaces. But the average numbers of limpets on the exposed surface were more than those on the semi-exposed and protected surface. They are abundant in the wahs and splash zones and comparatively rare in the spray zone. (Rao & Ganapati 1971) [Australia] Common on rocks in the mid-intertidal zone. (Wilson 1993)

Trophic Level:

Herbivore

Trophic Details:

Predominantly eats Chaetomorpha and Enteromorpha (Rao 1975, cited in Steneck & Watling 1982) C. r. is a non-homing species which forages in the field whlist awash by the waves. (Williams & Morritt 1995) RELATED: [Limpets] herbivores; have docoglossan radula: radula functions like a rake to scrape algae off rocks; eat large, leathery, and crustose algae; limpet radulae have strong buccal muscles surrounding them and minerally hardened teeth (Steneck & Watling 1982)

Forage Mode:

See details

Forage Details:

[Singapore] C. radiata feeds by rasping its radula; had a maximum rasping rate at 30.6 °C; optimal range was between 26.6 and 34.6 °C (Morley et al. 2014) C. r. is a non-homing species which forages in the field whlist awash by the waves. (Williams & Morritt 1995) RELATED: [Limpets] herbivores; radula functions like a rake to scrape algae off rocks; eat large, leathery, and crustose algae; limpet radulae have strong buccal muscles surrounding them and minerally hardened teeth (Steneck & Watling 1982)

Natural Control:

NF

Associated Species:

NF

References and Notes

References:

Abubakr MM (2004) The Republic of Yemen Marine Biotic Ecosystem. Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/search.php Access Date: 23-Oct-2015 and 21-Mar-16 Hall CA (1964) A shllow water marine climates and molluscan provinces. Ecology, 45: 226-234. Higo S, Callomon P, Goto Y (1999) Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell-bearing mollusca of Japan. Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplachophora, Scaphopoda. Shell Scientific Publications, Osaka: 748pp. Ismail NS & Elkarmi AZ (1999) Age, growth, and shell morphometrics of the limpet Cellana radiata (Born, 1778) from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Japanese Journal of Malacology. 58(2): 61-69 Lee SC, Chao SM (2004) Shallow-water marine shells from Kenting National Park, Taiwan. Collection and Research. 17:33-57. Morley SA, Lai CH, Clarke A, Tan KS, Thorne MA, Peck LS (2014) Limpet feeding rate and the consistency of physiological response to temperature. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 184(5):563-70. Nakaoka M, Ito N, Yamamoto T, Okuda T, Noda T (2006) Similarity of rocky intertidal assemblages along the Pacific coast of Japan: effects of spatial scales and geographic distance. Ecological Research. 21(3):425-35. Ocean Biogeographic Information System. Cellana radiata. http://iobis.org/mapper/.  Access Date: 21-Mar-16 Rao MB (1973) Sex phenomenon and reproductive cycle in the limpet Cellana radiata (Born) (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 12(3):263-78 Rao MB (1975) Some observations on the spawning behaviour and larval development in the limpet, Cellana radiata (Born)(Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Hydrobiologia. 47(2):265-72. Rao MB (1976) Studies on the growth of the limpet Cellana radiata (Born) (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Journal of Molluscan Studies 42: 136-145. Rao MB & Ganapati PN (1971) Ecological studies on a tropical limpet Cellana radiata. Marine Biology 9: 109-114. Rao MB & Ganapati PN (1974) Resistance of the limpet Cellana radiata born to variations in temperature salinity and desiccation. Proceedings of The Indian National Science Academy Part B Biological Sciences 38: 335-349. Steneck RS, Watling L (1982) Feeding capabilities and limitation of herbivorous molluscs: a functional group approach. Marine Biology. 68(3):299-319. Sukumaran S, Krishnaswamy S (1961) Reactions of Cellana radiata (Bom) (Gastropoda) to salinity changes. In Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Section B, Vol. 54 (3): 122-129. http://www-old.ias.ac.in/j_archive/procb/54/3/122-129/viewpage.html Tan KS, Kastoro WW (2004) A small collection of gastropods and bivalves from the Anambas and Natuna Islands, South China Sea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 11: 47-54 http://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s11/s11rbz047-054.pdf Tröndlé J, Boutet M (2009) Inventory of marine molluscs of French Polynesia. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.568.8052&rep=rep1&type=pdf Wells FE, Slack-Smith SM, Bryce CW (2000) Molluscs of the Montebello Islands. Survey of the Marine Fauna of the Montebello Islands, Western Australia and Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 59:29-46. Williams GA & Morritt D (1995) Habitat partitioning and thermal tolerance in a tropical limpet, Cellana grata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 124: 89-103. Wilson B (1993) Australian marine shells 1. Prosobranch gastrapods. Odyssey Publishing, Kallaroo, WA: 408pp. (WoRMS 2016) Bouchet, P. (2015). Cellana radiata (Born, 1778). MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=207651 Access Date: 25-Mar-2016

Literature:

Limited information; expert opinion based on observational information or circumstantial evidence

Notes:

NA