Bougainvillia muscus

Overview

Scientific Name: Bougainvillia muscus

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Hydrozoa

Order: Anthoathecata

Family: Bougainvillidae

Genus: Bougainvillia

Species:

muscus (synonymised from B. ramosa) [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate Northern Atlantic, Tropical Atlantic, Temperate South America, Temperate Northern Pacific, Tropical Eastern Pacific, Western Indo-Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Temperate Australasia, Temperate Southern Africa, Arctic

Native Region:

Origin Location:

CONFLICT: listed as both native (not stated) and non-indigenous to several areas. Mediterranean reports may be a different species (Denitto et al. 2007) Temperate Northern Atlantic Northeast Atlantic; Mediterranean Sea; southern Gulf of Mexico and northern Caribbean Sea; Maine, USA; Bermuda (Lee II & Reusser 2012) STATED *Note, also listed as cryptogenic in the Mediterranean, or possibly not there at all *Note: Denitto et al. (2007) stated that Mediterranean reports of B.m. are likely to be B. nana Northeast Atlantic (Hewitt 2002) STATED UK: England, Devon, Torquay (Calder et al. 2012) *TYPE LOCALITY Izmir Bay, eastern Mediterranean (Cinar et al. 2008) STATUS NOT STATED, but first record for this area Laguna de Términos, Campeche, Mexico (Cortés-Lacomba et al. 2013) STATUS NOT STATED, but first record for this location North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea (Van der Land et al. 2001, cited in Cortés-Lacomba et al. 2013) STATUS NOT STATED *Note: also listed as non-native to some of these areas North Inlet, SC, USA (Marshalonis & Pinckney 2008) STATUS NOT STATED Milos Island, Aegean Sea (Morri & Bianchi 1999) STATUS NOT STATED Found in the Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean (Schmidt 1973) STATUS NOT STATED *Note: also listed as non-native to some of these areas Sweden (58°52’33.68”N, 11°08’43.65”E and 58°52’40”N, 11°06’53”E); west coast of Sweden to southern Kattegat; Norway to Cape Verde Islands; southern New England (multiple authors, cited in Calder 2012) STATUS NOT STATED Southern England (multiple authors, cited in Calder 2010) STATUS NOT STATED [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] North Atlantic: British Isles, North Sea, Norway, Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea, Rhode Island, USA (Vannucci & Rees 1960) STATUS NOT STATED; Type locality: Ostende [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Southwest Ireland (Ballard & Myers 1996) STATUS NOT STATED [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Norfolk, UK (Hamond 1957) STATUS NOT STATED, though new to Norfolk coast, not new to UK [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Northwestern Europe; Mediterranean; New England south of Cape Cod; south coast of Iceland (Hartlaub 1911, cited in Kramp 1959) STATUS NOT STATED [B. autumnalis (synonymised taxon)] Southern New England (Mayer 1910, cited in Calder 2012) STATUS NOT STATED Tropical Atlantic Mexico: Laguna Madre, Tamaulipas (Mendoza-Becerril 2006, cited in Cortés-Lacomba et al. 2013) STATUS NOT STATED *Note: also listed as non-native to some of these areas West Africa (Safe-doors et al. 2009, cited in Cortés-Lacomba et al. 2013) STATUS NOT STATED *Note: also listed as non-native to some of these areas Norway to Cape Verde Islands; Bermuda (multiple authors, cited in Calder 2012) STATUS NOT STATED [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Amboina (Vannucci & Rees 1960) STATUS NOT STATED [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] West coast of Africa (Hartlaub 1911, cited in Kramp 1959) STATUS NOT STATED [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] North Atlantic: Cape Verde Islands; South Atlantic: western coast of South Africa (Vannucci & Rees 1960) STATUS NOT STATED; Type locality: Ostende [B. autumnalis (synonymised taxon)] Bermuda (Mayer 1910, cited in Calder 2012) STATUS NOT STATED [Bougainvillia ramose (synonymised taxon, unrecognized spelling)] Atlantic Ocean (eastern, western); North Sea; Mediterranean and Black Sea (multiple authors, cited in Dautova & Pautrova 2010) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate South America Southern Chile between the Boca del Guafo (43º46 ́S) and Elefantes Fjord (46º29 ́S) (Bravo et al. 2011) STATUS NOT STATED Note: listed as both non-indigenous and native (not stated) to this area Buenos Aires, Argentina (Genzano 2002) STATUS NOT STATED [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] San Clemente Stream, Samborombóm Bay (26 II 92; 36º18' S, 56º47' W; Genzano 1995); Blanca Bay (38º40'S-61º40' W; Blanco 1988, cited in Genzano 1995); Mar del Plata, 37º08' S-57º31' W; and between 41º08' S, 42º19' S and 60º57', 62º51'W (Ramirez & Zamponi 1980, cited in Genzano 1995; Zamponi 1983, cited in Genzano 1995) STATUS NOT STATED [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Southern coast of Brazil (Vannucci & Rees 1960) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Northern Pacific Santa Cruz, California, USA (Griffith & Newberry 2008) STATUS NOT STATED *Note: also listed as non-native to this area [Bougainvillea ramosa (synonymised taxon, with genus misspelled)] Northern Strait of Georgia; Johnstone Stait (Burd et al. 2009) STATUS NOT STATED, *Note: also listed as cryptogenic to this area [Bougainvillea ramosa (synonymised taxon, with genus misspelled)] Strait of Georgia, BC, Canada (Macdonald et al. 2010) STATUS NOT STATED *Note: also listed as cryptogenic to this area [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Race rocks, BC, Canada (Brinkmann-Voss 1996) STATUS NOT STATED [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Japan, China (Vannucci & Rees 1960) STATUS NOT STATED [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Northwestern Sea of Japan (Chaplygina 2006) STATUS NOT STATED *Note: also listed as non-native to this area [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Sagami Bay, Japan. (Hirohito 1988) [Bougainvillia ramose (synonymised taxon, unrecognized spelling)] Northwestern Sea of Japan; eastern Russia, Pacific side of Japan, west coast of North America (multiple authors, cited in Dautova & Pautrova 2010) STATUS NOT STATED Tropical Eastern Pacific Bay of Panama (Miglietta et al. 2008) STATUS NOT STATED *Note: also listed as non-native to this area Hawaii (multiple authors, cited in Calder 2010) STATUS NOT STATED Western Indo-Pacific Found in the Suez Canal, Indian Ocean (Schmidt 1973) STATUS NOT STATED *Note: also listed as non-native to some of these areas Indian Oceans (multiple authors, cited in Calder 2010) STATUS NOT STATED [Bougainvillia ramose (synonymised taxon, unrecognized spelling)] Indian Ocean (multiple authors, cited in Dautova & Pautrova 2010) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Indo-Pacific: Australia (Vannucci & Rees 1960) STATUS NOT STATED [Bougainvillia ramose (synonymised taxon, unrecognized spelling)] Papua-New Guinea and Indonesia (multiple authors, cited in Dautova & Pautrova 2010) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Australasia Nelson Marina, New Zealand (Piola & Hopkins 2012) STATUS NOT STATED *Note: also listed as non-native to this area [Bougainvillia ramose (synonymised taxon, unrecognized spelling)] New Zealand (multiple authors, cited in Dautova & Pautrova 2010) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Southern Africa Found in South Africa (Schmidt 1973) STATUS NOT STATED *Note: also listed as non-native to some of these areas Arctic Arctic Ocean (Lopez et al. 2007, cited in Cortés-Lacomba et al. 2013) STATUS NOT STATED *Note: also listed as non-native to some of these areas [Bougainvillia ramose (synonymised taxon, unrecognized spelling)] Arctic Ocean (multiple authors, cited in Dautova & Pautrova 2010) STATUS NOT STATED Uncertain realm Indo-Pacific (Lopez et al. 2007, cited in Cortés-Lacomba et al. 2013) STATUS NOT STATED *Note: also listed as non-native to some of these areas South Atlantic (Bouillon 1999, cited in Cortés-Lacomba et al. 2013) STATUS NOT STATED *Note: also listed as non-native to some of these areas Western and eastern Atlantic, western and eastern Pacific (multiple authors, cited in Calder 2010) STATUS NOT STATED [Bougainvillia ramose (synonymised taxon, unrecognized spelling)] Cosmopolitan species; Atlantic Ocean (southern); Australia (multiple authors, cited in Dautova & Pautrova 2010) STATUS NOT STATED *Note: also listed as non-native to some of these areas RELATED: Temperate Northern Pacific [Bougainvillea sp. (genus misspelled)] Parry Bay, Juan de Fuca Strait; Southeast Vancouver Island (Burd et al. 2009) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

-97.8000030517578 -52.3000030517578, 174.900009155273 63.9000015258789 (OBIS 2016) Arctic Ocean (Lopez et al. 2007, cited in Cortés-Lacomba et al. 2013; multiple authors, cited in Dautova & Pautrova 2010) to Southern Chile (Bravo et al. 2011) and South Africa (Schmidt 1973)

General Diversity:

16S sequence data confirmed that populations from European and New Zealand populations are conspecific; divergence values were quite low (Schuchert 2007, cited in Calder 2010)

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

CONFLICT: NOTED AS INTRODUCED AND NATIVE (NOT STATED) IN MULTIPLE LOCATIONS Probably introduced to the west coast of North America (Carlton 2007) Introduced to several areas (Lee II & Reusser 2012)

Non-native Region:

Northeast Pacific, Tropical Eastern Pacific, Magellanic, Eastern Indo-Pacific, Southern Australia and New Zealand, Northwest Pacific, Indian Ocean, West Tropical Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea

Invasion Propens:

CONFLICT: NOTED AS INTRODUCED AND NATIVE (NOT STATED) IN MULTIPLE LOCATIONS Temperate Northern Pacific Likely introduced to the west coast of North America (Carlton 2007) *Likely introduced West coast of the USA and Vancouver Island; Japan (Lee II & Reusser 2012) *Introduced Cryptogenic on the west coast of North America; collected from Grays Harbor, Washington state, USA (Calder et al. 2014) *Cryptogenic Tropical Eastern Pacific Colombia (Lee II & Reusser 2012) *Introduced Eastern Indo-Pacific Non indigenous in Hawaii (Kanoehe Bay) (Lee II & Reusser 2012) *Introduced Introduced to Hawaii (Carlton & Eldredge 2015) *Introduced Western Indo-Pacific West coast of India (Lee II & Reusser 2012) *Introduced Temperate Australasia Tasmania and southeast Australia, northern New Zealand (Lee II & Reusser 2012) *Introduced Introduced to New South Wales and Victoria, Australia (Hayes et al. 2005) *Introduced Waitemata Harbour, New Zealand (Lohrer et al. 2008) *Invasive Derwent Estuary, Tasmania (Aquenal 2002, cited in Leggett et al. 2013) *Introduced Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia (Hewitt et al. 1999, cited in Ruiz et al. 2000) *Non-indigenous and established Temperate South America Southern Chile (Magellanic); coast of Ecuador (Lee II & Reusser 2012) *Introduced Temperate Northern Atlantic Cryptogenic in southern Spain (only found in harbours, not on natural substrate) (Megina et al. 2013) *Cryptogenic Tropical Atlantic Medusae recorded during one sampling cruise off the Caribbean coast of Mexico; not recorded previously (or in the subsequent two cruises that same year) (Suarez-Morales et al. 1999) *Note, not specified explicitly as non-native, but noted as first recording for this area Uncertain realm Likely introduced to the west coast of North America (Carlton 2007) *Likely introduced Cryptogenic on the west coast of North America (Calder et al. 2014) *Cryptogenic

Status Date Non-native:

First recorded in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii: 1967 (Lee II & Reusser 2012; Carlton & Eldredge 2009, cited in Carlton & Eldredge 2015) Friday Harbor, Washington: 1978 (Lee II & Reusser 2012) Australia: 1918 (Hayes et al. 2005). Also noted as first record in 1931 in Sydney Harbour (Watson 1999, cited in Hayes et al. 2005) Caribbean coast of Mexico: May 1991 (Suarez-Morales et al. 1999) Southern Spain: August - October 2007 (Megina et al. 2013)

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Ballast water, Hull fouling (not specified), Aquaculture and Fisheries, Other

Second Vector:

NF

Vector Details:

Introduction vector: Hull fouling (not specified), ballast water; aquaculture and fisheries through Atlantic Oyster aquaculture (Lee II & Reusser 2012) Introduction vector: hull fouling (not specified) and accidental introduction with translocations of fish or shellfish (Hayes et al. 2005) Possibly introduced during WWII (Evenhuis & Carlton 2015) Introduction vector: Found on tsunami debris (Calder et al. 2014)

Spread Rate:

NF

Date First Observed in Japan:

NF

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Friday Harbor, Washington: 1978 (Lee II & Reusser 2012)

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

NF

Global Impact:

Water abstraction and nuisance fouling species. May clog water cooling pipes, fouling turbines (Hayes et al. 2005)

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Subtropical, Tropical, See details

Native Temperature Range:

Collected at 25 - 27 ºC; circumtropical species (Cortés-Lacomba et al. 2013) Common temperate species (Hayes et al. 2005) [Southwest Ireland] [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Lives predominantly in the upper 20 m, where temperature ranged from 10.5 - 15 ºC during the study (Ballard & Myers 1996) [Sea of Japan] [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Amphiboreal subtropic-lowboreal (Chaplygina 2006) [Santa Cruz, California, USA] Ocean temperature approximately 14 ºC (Griffith & Newberry 2008) [North Inlet, SC, USA] Monthly average temperatures for the three sampling months were 11.6, 28.0, and 29.2 ºC (Marshalonis & Pinckney 2008) [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Temperate and subtropical regions (Vannucci & Rees 1960) [Bay of Panama] Collected during upwelling season (average temperature 22.13±3.04 ºC) and non-upwelling season (average 28.39±0.49 ºC) (Miglietta et al. 2008)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

See details

Non-native Temperature Range:

Found in temperate areas, but not tropical (Hewitt 2002)

Native Salinity Regime:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

Collected at 25.14 - 35.63 psu (Cortés-Lacomba et al. 2013) [Southwest Ireland] [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Salinity rarely falls below 34 psu (Ballard & Myers 1996) [North Inlet, SC, USA] Monthly average salinity for the three sampling months were 30.7, 31.3, and 31.9 ºC (Marshalonis & Pinckney 2008) [Bay of Panama] Collected during upwelling season (average salinity 33.85±1.26 psu) and non-upwelling season (average 29.61±1.42 psu) (Miglietta et al. 2008)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

NF

Temperature Regime Survival:

See details

Temperature Range Survival:

6.695 - 19.536 ºC (OBIS 2016) [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Eurythermic (Vannucci & Rees 1960) [Nelson Harbor, New Zealand] 100% mortality when treated with water >37.5 ºC (Piola & Hopkins 2012) [Nelson Harbor, New Zealand] 100% survival at control temperatures: 15 - 17 ºC and 20 - 25.5 ºC (Piola and Hopkins 2012)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

See details

Temperature Range Reproduction:

Medusae produced gonads when raised at 21 ºC (Calder 2010) and 28-29 ºC (Calder 1988, cited in Calder 2010)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Polyhaline, Mesohaline, Euhaline, See details

Salinity Range Survival:

30.382 - 36.096 PPS (OBIS 2016) [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Euryhaline (Vannucci & Rees 1960) 10 - <25 psu (Lee II & Reusser 2012)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

NF

Depth Regime:

Lower intertidal, Shallow subtidal, Deep subtidal, Bathyal, See details

Depth Range:

Sampled from 0 - 168 m (OBIS 2016) 0 - 1200 m depth. Observed in the intertidal, deep subtidal, and bathyal; prefers shallow subtidal. Pelagic depths include epi-surface, epi-shallow, and epi-deep (0 - 200 m) (Lee II & Reusser 2012) [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Predominantly in the upper 20 m (Ballard & Myers 1996) [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Subtidal to less than 1 m (Chaplygina 2006) [Bougainvillia ramose (synonymised taxon, unrecognized spelling)] Depths down to 80 m; also recorded in the deep sea down to 5000 m (Altuna 2006, cited in Dautova & Pautrova 2010) [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] 2 m depth (Genzano 1995) Depths < 1 m (Calder 2012) [Bougainvillea ramosa (synonymised taxon, with genus misspelled)] Intertidal upper limit: MLWS; also offshore from 10 - 33 fathoms (~18 - 60 m) (Miller 1961) [Aegean Sea] Very common from 44 - 90 m depth (Morri & Bianchi 1999) 0 - 100 m; possibly to 1193 m (multiple authors, cited in Calder 2010) [Bougainvillea ramosa (synonymised taxon, with genus misspelled)] Present intertidally under surfaces of rocks, boulders and stones (Miller 1961) [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Littoral to 80m (Hirohito 1988)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Abundant, See details

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

See details

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

NA

Development Mode:

Lecithotrophic planktonic larva (non-feeding)

Asexual Reproduction:

Budding/fragmentation (Splitting into unequal parts. Buds may form on the body of the “parent”)

Reproduction Details:

Reproduces asexually by budding, and sexually (Lee II & Reusser 2012) Sexual reproduction: medusae break free from the colony to join the plankton to generate gametes. Asexual reproduction: free stolons break free and settle on new substrates to establish new colonies; can also bud new basal stolons (Griffith & Newberry 2008) Gonophores free medusae (Calder 2010) RELATED: [Obelia sp. as a representative example of class Hydrozoa] Medusae have separate sexes. Males release sperm; eggs are fertilized while still in the gonads. Planula lavae (Kozloff 1990) *Note: entered as lecithotrophic because planula larvae are non-feeding and planktonic; other sources for Obelia spp. contradict where eggs are fertilized (see two Obelia entries)

Adult Mobility:

Sessile

Adult Mobility Details:

[Bougainvillea ramosa (synonymised taxon, with genus misspelled)] Sessile and attached to hard substrate (Macdonald et al. 2010) Sessile (Piola & Hopkins 2012)

Maturity Size:

Colonies are 5 cm high (Hayes et al. 2005) Always found fertile; specimens were 4 to 10 cm high (Morri & Bianchi 1999)

Maturity Age:

[Hawaii] Medusae reached maturity after 4 days at 21 ºC (Calder 2010)

Reproduction Lifespan:

RELATED: [Bougainvillia nana] Female medusae live for up to 47 days (average of 30 days), while males live no more than 15 days, at 17 ºC (Denitto et al. 2007)

Longevity:

[Bermuda] No medusae lived longer than 3.5 days at 28-29 ºC (Calder 1988, cited in Calder 2010)

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

NF

Reproduction Time:

[Sea of Japan] [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Settling larvae and vegetation of colonies was observed from July - September (Chaplygina 1993, cited in Chaplygina 2006)

Fecundity:

NF

Egg Size:

RELATED: [Bougainvillia bitentaculata] Unfertilized eggs from Matsushima, northern Honshu, Japan were 86-128µm in diameter (106 ± 10µm) and that of from Toba, central Honshu were 88-106 µm in diameter (102±4.7µm). (Kubota & Hirota 1995)

Egg Duration:

NF

Early Life Growth Rate:

Newly liberated medusae 0.6-0.7 mm high and 0.5-0.6 mm wide; ~1 mm high and wide at 1 day old; ~1.3 mm high and wide at three days old (Calder 2010)

Adult Growth Rate:

[Sea of Japan] [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Samples from piers were 3 - 4 cm in July, and grew up to 8 - 13 cm by September (Chaplygina 2006) [Hawaii] Medusae produced gonads two days after liberation at 21 ºC (Calder 2010) [Bermuda] Medusae produced gonads two days after liberation at 28-29 ºC (Calder 1988, cited in Calder 2010)

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

NF

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Sediment subtidal, SAV, Rocky intertidal, Oyster reef, Mussel reef, Macroalgal beds, Fouling, Water column, Flotsam

Habitat Type:

Pelagic, Epibenthic, Epizoic, Epiphytic, Under rock

Substrate:

Mud, Sand, Mixed fine sediment, Gravel, Cobble, Rock, Biogenic, Artificial substrate

Exposure:

Exposed, Protected

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

Bays and harbours (Carlton 2007) [Bougainvillea ramosa (synonymised taxon, with genus misspelled)] Epibenthic (Macdonald et al. 2010) Coastal bay (semi-enclosed with full or close to ocean salinity), nearshore, shelf, and oceanic regimes. Unvegetated subtidal (estuarine or oceanic) soft sediment, including gravel/cobble; subtidal aquatic vegetation (SAV); rooted aquatic vegetation; oyster and mussel reefs; fouling; pelagic. Mixed sediments (mud/sand with gravel/cobble). Found on artificial substrates including pilings, hulls and ballast, and other materials. Lives submerged in the water column, epibenthically on consolidated substrate, epiphytically and epizoically (Lee II & Reusser 2012) Lives on mussel shells (Cinar et al. 2008) Grows among mussels and intergrows with Bugula sp. (Hayes et al. 2005) [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Wharves (Chaplygina 2006) [Bougainvillia ramosa (synonymised taxon)] Exposed littoral zone; mud and sand, often mixed (Hamond 1957) Samples collected subtidally; some attached to a dock and others attached to red algae (Calder 2012) [Bougainvillea ramosa (synonymised taxon, with genus misspelled)] Present intertidally under surfaces of rocks, boulders and stones; offshore on mixed coarse sand, shell debris and stones (Miller 1961) [Aegean Sea] Grows on Sargassum acinarium and other algae; and oceanographic instruments (Morri & Bianchi 1999) Growing on pontoons in a marina (Piola & Hopkins 2012) Gonophores free medusae (Calder 2010) Found on tsunami debris (Calder et al. 2014) A large number of colonies of B. sp. are found on Sargassum sp. at Oura, Mitsu Bay, between July and August. (Kakinuma 1961)

Trophic Level:

Suspension feeder

Trophic Details:

[Bougainvillea ramosa (synonymised taxon, with genus misspelled)] Carnivorous; eats live zooplankton (predator); suspension/filter feeder that strains particles from the water (Macdonald et al. 2010) Suspension-feeding predator (Lee II & Reusser 2012) Suspension feeding (Griffith & Newberry 2008) Predator (Marshalonis & Pinckney 2008)

Forage Mode:

Generalist

Forage Details:

RELATED: [Hydroids] They consume completely small animals like small crustacea, mollusc, annelida and juvenile fish. (Uchida 1961)

Natural Control:

PARASITES [Parasites] Pycnogonids associated with B.m. include: Tanstylum orbiculare, Anoplodactylus petiolatus (most common), Anoplodactylus stictus, and Endeis spinosa. Pycnogonid larvae can cause the deformation of the hydranths that they occupy (Genzano 2002) PREDATION [Bougainvillea ramosa (synonymised taxon; with genus misspelled)] [Predation] [Isle of Man] Eaten by the nudibranchs: Doto coronata, Trinchesia aurantia (Miller 1961) RELATED: PREDATION [Hydroids] [Predation] Hydranths may be eaten by nudibranchs, pyconogonids, fish, and the polychaete Procerastea halleziana (Denny & Gaines 2007) PARASITES [Hydroids] [Parasites] Pycnogonid larvae may parasitize and develop in hydranths (Denny & Gaines 2007)

Associated Species:

PARASITES [Parasites] Pycnogonids associated with B.m. include: Tanstylum orbiculare, Anoplodactylus petiolatus (most common), Anoplodactylus stictus, and Endeis spinosa. Pycnogonid larvae can cause the deformation of the hydranths that they occupy (Genzano 2002) RELATED: SYMBIONTS [Hydroids] [Symbionts] Act as microhabitats for many other species, including other hydroids, gammarid amphiods, and mussel recruits (Denny & Gaines 2007) PARASITES [Hydroids] [Parasites] Pycnogonid larvae may parasitize and develop in hydranths (Denny & Gaines 2007)

References and Notes

References:

Ballard L & Myers A (1996) Seasonal changes in the vertical distribution of five species of the family Bougainvilliidae (Cnidaria: Anthomedusae) at Lough Hyne, south-west Ireland. Sci. Mar. 60(1): 69-74. www.icm.csic.es/scimar/index.php/secId/6/IdArt/2737/ Bravo V, Sergio P, Nelson S (2011) Seasonal and vertical distribution of medusae in Aysen region, southern Chile. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 39(2): 359-377. web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?sid=97e53601-f1cb-4c7b-b2f9-786761ffe317%40sessionmgr111&vid=2&hid=105&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=79435068&db=a9h Brinckmann-Voss A (1996) Seasonality of hydroids (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) from an intertidal pool and adjacent subtidal habitats at Race Rocks, off Vancouver Island, Canada. Scientia Marina 60(1): 89-97. www.icm.csic.es/scimar/index.php/secId/6/IdArt/2740/ Burd BJ, McGreer E, Taekema B, Macdonald TA (2009) Utility of large regional databases for understanding abundance and diversity characteristics of natural marine soft substrate fauna. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2859. www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/340084.pdf Calder DR (2010) Some anthoathecate hydroids and limnopolyps (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Hawaiian archipelago. Zootaxa 2590: 1-91. mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/zt02590p091.pdf Calder DR (2012) On a collection of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroidolina) from the west coast of Sweden, with a checklist of species from the region. Zootaxa 3171: 1-77. www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/zt03171p077.pdf Calder DR, Choong HHC, Carlton JT, Chapman JW, Miller JA, Geller J (2014) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Japanese tsunami marine debris washing ashore in the northwestern United States. 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Literature:

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Notes:

See Denitto et al. (2007) for discussion of species synonomies and splits