Biflustra savartii

Overview

Scientific Name: Biflustra savartii

Phylum: Bryozoa

Class: Gymnolaemata

Order: Cheilostomatida

Family: Membraniporidae

Genus: Biflustra [Updated to the synonymised name Acanthodesia after database completed; entries refer to Biflustra unless otherwise noted]

Species:

savartii (also known as Acanthodesia savartii, Flustra savartii, and Membranipora savartii) (Gordon 2015) [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate Northern Atlantic, Tropical Atlantic, Temperate Northern Pacific, Tropical Eastern Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Western Indo-Pacific, Temperate Australasia

Native Region:

Origin Location:

CONFLICT: Northwest Atlantic Temperate Northern Atlantic [US] Texas; New Orleans; Virginia; North Carolina; South Carolina (Fotheringham 1981; Canu and Bassler 1939; Knowles et al. 2009; Soule 1959; Winston 1995; Shier 1964) STATUS NOT STATED [UK] Suffolk (Knowles et al. 2009; Soule 1959; Winston 1995) STATUS NOT STATED Morocco (Canu and Bassler 1939; Liu 1992) STATUS NOT STATED [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxon)] [Atlantic] Morocco, Florida (Canu & Bassler 1929) STATUS NOT STATED [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxon)] [U. S. East Coast] Appalachee Bay, Fla. (Joseph & Nichy 1955, cited in Winston 1977), N. W. Florida (Shier 1964, cited in Winston 1977), Texas and Louisiana Coast (Gunter 1955, etc., cited in Winston 1977), Panama Harbor (Powell 1971) STATUS NOT STATED [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxon)] [Mediterranean] Port Said, Egypt (Hastings 1927, cited in Winston 1977). STATUS NOT STATED Tropical Atlantic Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA (Fotheringham 1981; Canu and Bassler 1939; Knowles et al. 2009; Soule 1959; Winston 1995; Shier 1964) STATUS NOT STATED [Brazil] Northern Bahai, Brazil (Kelmo et al. 2004) STATUS NOT STATED* see notes [Caribbean] Puerto Rico; Columbian: Guajira, Palomino, Tayrona, Magdalena, Morrosquillo, Archipelagos coralinos (Montoya-Cadavid et al. 2007; Liu 1992) STATUS NOT STATED* see notes [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxon)] Puerto Rico (Osburn 1940, cited in Mawatari 1974) STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Northern Pacific [Japan] Shirikishinai, Hokkaido (Liu 1992; Mawatari and Mawatari 1981) STATUS NOT STATED [Korea] South Sea; Jeju-do; Yellow Sea; Mosulp'o; Chaguido Island; Munseom Island; Sangjuri, Namhaedo Island (Seo and Min 2009; Rho and Seo 1990) STATUS NOT STATED California (Fotheringham 1981; Canu and Bassler 1939; Knowles et al. 2009; Soule 1959; Winston 1995; Shier 1964) STATUS NOT STATED [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxon)] [Pacific] China, Japan (Liu 1992), Korea (Seo & Min 2009). STATUS NOT STATED [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxon)] [Korea] Chaguido Island and Muneseom Island. (Seo & Min 2009) STATUS NOT STATED [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxon)] [China] From Shandong Province to Hainan Island along the Chinese coast and Xisha Islands, Nansha Island and Yinggehai. (Liu 1992) STATUS NOT STATED [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxon)] [Japan] From Hokkaido to Kyushu along the Pacific and Japan Sea coast including Seto Inland Sea. (Mawatari 1974) STATUS NOT STATED Tropical Eastern Pacific [Galapagos] Santa Cruz Island Group (Chiriboga et al. 2012; Canu and Bassler1930; Osburn 1952) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific [China] Hong Kong; Beibu Gulf; South Chinese Seas (Tseng et al. 1987; Yan et al 2006; Liu 1992) STATUS NOT STATED [Philippines] Sulu Sea; Celebes Sea (Canu and Bassler 1939; Liu 1992) STATUS NOT STATED [Singapore] (Key. et al. 1995; Key. et al. 1996) STATUS NOT STATED [Malaysia] (Key. et al. 1995; Key. et al. 1996) STATUS NOT STATED [New Guinea] (Liu 1992) STATUS NOT STATED [Australia] Samboangan; Queensland; Torres Strait (Canu and Bassler 1939) STATUS NOT STATED [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxon)] [Pacific] Singapore; between Borneo and New Guinea; Torres Strait, Queensland in Australia; Philippines, Straits of Corea (Canu & Bassler 1929) , China, Japan (Liu 1992), Korea (Seo & Min 2009). STATUS NOT STATED [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxon)] [China] From Shandong Province to Hainan Island along the Chinese coast and Xisha Islands, Nansha Island and Yinggehai. (Liu 1992) STATUS NOT STATED Western Indo-Pacific [India] Mumbai harbour; offshore Bombay High (Gaonkar et al. 2010; Raveendran et al. 1990) STATUS NOT STATED [Sri Lanka] (Canu and Bassler 1939; Liu 1992) STATUS NOT STATED [United Emirates] Palm Island (Canu and Bassler 1939) STATUS NOT STATED [Israel] Eilat Bay; Safaga Bay; Red Sea (D'hondt 1988; Ostrovsky et al. 2011) STATUS NOT STATED [Africa] Zanzibar; Sudanese Red Sea (Canu and Bassler 1939; Liu 1992) STATUS NOT STATED [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxon)] [Indian Ocean] Sudaness in Red Sea, Zanzibar, Ceylon. (Canu & Bassler 1929) STATUS NOT STATED [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxon)] Bombay Harbor (Karande 1968, cited in Winston 1977) and Cochin Harbor, India (Menon & Nair 1967, 1971, cited in Winston 1977). STATUS NOT STATED Temperate Australasia Victoria, Australia (Canu and Bassler 1939) STATUS NOT STATED [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxon)] [Pacific] Victoria in Australia (Canu & Bassler 1929) [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxon)] Sydney Harbor area, Australia (Allen & Wood 1950, etc., cited in Winsotn 1977). STATUS NOT STATED Uncertain realm [Australia] (Liu 1992) STATUS NOT STATED Gulf of Mexico; Florida (Fotheringham 1981; Canu and Bassler 1939; Knowles et al. 2009; Soule 1959; Winston 1995; Shier 1964) STATUS NOT STATED [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxon)] Gulf of Mexico, Tortugas (Canu & Bassler 1929), Brazil (Marcus 1937, cited in Mawatari 1974). STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

Cosmopolitan (Seo and Min 2009) [Western Pacific] Japan to Australia (Liu 1992; Mawatari and Mawatari 1981; Canu and Bassler 1939) [Eastern Pacific] California (Canu and Bassler 1939) [Western Atlantic] Virginia to Brazil (Canu and Bassler 1939; Kelmo et al 2004; Maturo 1958) [Eastern Atlantic] United Kingdom (Knowles et al. 2009; Soule 1959; Winston 1995) [Indian Ocean] Zanzibar; Sudanese Red Sea and Ceylon (Canu and Bassler 1939) [Acanthodesia savartii (Synonymized taxon)] [Philippines] Sulu Sea: 6°03'45"N to 6°04'30" and 120°57'E to 120°59'30"E. (Canu & Basller 1929) [Acanthodesia savartii (Synonymized taxon)] [Philippines] Sulate Island, Sulu Archipelago: 5°41'40"N, 120°47'10"E. (Canu & Basller 1929) [Acanthodesia savartii (Synonymized taxon)] [Philippines] Sirun Island, Sulu Archipilago: 5°24'40", 120°27'15". (Canu & Basller 1929) [Acanthodesia savartii (Synonymized taxon)] [Japan and adjacent seas] 0°-42° both at Pacific and Japan Sea side. (Inaba 1988) [Acanthodesia savartii (Synonymized taxon)] [Japan] Okinoshima, Kyushu: 33°51N, 130°03'E. (Silén 1941)

General Diversity:

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

Yes, see inv_propens

Non-native Region:

Northwest Atlantic

Invasion Propens:

CONFLICT: Northwest Atlantic Temperate Northern Atlantic North Carolina, US. Species normally distributed from Florida to Brazil. Specimens collected on a bottle from the beach drift on Bogue Bank (October 9, 1954, about a month after Hurricanes "Carol" and "Edna"). Possible tropical storms were responsible for its being washed ashore from waters farther south (Maturo 1958) *Possibly accidental in the Beaufort area

Status Date Non-native:

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Natural dispersal

Second Vector:

Natural dispersal

Vector Details:

[North Carolina, US] Specimens collected on a bottle from the beach drift on Bogue Bank (October 9, 1954, about a month after Hurricanes "Carol" and "Edna"). Possible tropical storms were responsible for its being washed ashore from waters farther south (Maturo 1958) [Malaysia] Common fouling organisms that can be found encrusting surface-drift objects such as seeds, wood, and plastic trash (Key et al. 1996)

Spread Rate:

Newly reported in South Sea, specimens from 2000 (Seo and Min 2009)

Date First Observed in Japan:

Mawatari and Mawatari described the species in 1981, based on their collection of bryozoans at Hokkaido prior to 1973 (Mawatari and Mawatari 1981)

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

Global Impact:

As a fouling species that can encrust on man-made structures, there are potential economic effects in marine areas that are economically important (Taylor and Tan 2015)

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Cold water, Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical

Native Temperature Range:

This species is widely distributed in warm temperate and tropical waters (Soule 1959) Collected from temperate and subtropical regions of Chinese waters (Tseng et al. 1987) Warm water species, known from both the Atlantic and the Pacific (Shier 1964) [Membranipora savartii (synonymised species)] M. savartii has a tropical has a biogeographic distribution incorporating the tropical zones of the Caribbean and Res Seas as well as the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans (Key et al. 1996) [Acanthodesia savartii (Synonymized taxon)] Temperature where specimens were collected is 17ºC at 40m depth. (Silén 1941) [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxa)] [China] Quingdao: max 27.0ºC in summer and min 2.1ºC in winter. (Clark et al. 2003) [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxa)] Hong Kong: max 28.5ºC in summer and min 18.1ºC in winter. (Clark et al. 2003) [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxa)] [Japan] Muroran, Hokkaido of north Japan: max 18.0ºC in summer and min 2.0ºC in winter. (Clark et al. 2003) [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxa)] [Japan] Onomichi, Seto Inland Sea of central Japan: max 27.0ºC in summer and min 6.0ºC in winter. (Clark et al. 2003) [Membranipora savartii (Synonymized taxa)] [Japan] Nagasaki, Kyushu of south Japan: max 28.5ºC in summer and min 14.0ºC in winter. (Clark et al. 2003) Cold water, Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Non-native Temperature Range:

Native Salinity Regime:

Mesohaline, Polyhaline, Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

35.083-36.289 PSU (OBIS 2015) Range of salinity torelance of B. s. is 30-18psu. (Winston 1977) [China] Quingdao: max 32.6psu in dry period and min 31.6psu in wet period. (Clark et al. 2003) Hong Kong: max 34.0psu in dry period and min 10.0psu in wet period. (Clark et al. 2003) [Japan] Muroran, Hokkaido in north Japan: max 32.0psu in dry period and min 23.0psu in wet period. (Clark et al. 2003) [Japan] Onomichi, Seto Inland Sea in central Japan as substitute of Mukaishima: max 34.5psu in dry period and min 21.0psu in wet period. (Clark et al. 2003) [Japan] Nagasaki, Kyushu in south Japan: max 32.0psu in dry period and min 20.0psu in wet period. (Clark et al. 2003) [Membranipora savartii (synonymised species)] M. savartii is known to be restricted to more normal marine water (Key et al. 1996)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Temperature Regime Survival:

See details

Temperature Range Survival:

21.123-26.626°C (OBIS 2015) RELATED: [Acanthodesia spp.] 7.967 - 26.626 ºC (OBIS 2016) [Biflustra spp.] 7.967 - 24.203ºC (OBIS 2016)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

Temperature Range Reproduction:

Salinity Regime Survival:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

35.083-36.289 PSU (OBIS 2015) Salinity torelance of B. s. is 30-18psu. (Winston 1977) RELATED: [Acanthodesia spp.] 32.397 - 35.563 PPS (OBIS 2016) [Biflustra spp.] 32.397 - 36.289 PPS (OBIS 2016)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

Depth Regime:

Shallow subtidal, Deep subtidal

Depth Range:

[Eilat and Red Sea, Israel] Collected from 20-27 fms (36-48.6 m)(D'hondt 1988) [Buccanneer Field, Texas] collected from 6-12m (Fotheringham 1981) [Galapagos] Sampled at 40 fms (72 m) (Canu and Bassler 1930) Bottom depth: 228-1024 m; Sample depth: 12-73 m (OBIS 2015) Species is generally found in nearshore marine environments in less than 60m of water (Key et al 1996) Philippines: 20-23 fathom. (Canu & Bassler 1929) China: 0-120m. (Liu 1992) Japan: 40m at Okinoshima, Kyushu and low water mark at Tomioka, Amakusa Archipelago, Kyushu. (SiÃ©n 1941) Seto Inland Sea: 20-30m. (Inaba 1988) Sagami Bay: 13-30m. (Hirose 2010)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Rare, Common

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

External

Reproduction Mode:

Hermaphrodite/monoecious

Spawning Type:

Development Mode:

Planktotrophic planktonic larva (feeding)

Asexual Reproduction:

Budding/fragmentation (Splitting into unequal parts. Buds may form on the body of the â€œparentâ€)

Reproduction Details:

RELATED: [Membranipora] Studies on Membranipora membranacea shows that it has planktotrophic developmental pattern (Temkin 1991) [Membraniporidea] Shed numerous small eggs directly to the sea (Hayward & Ryland 1998) and fetilize in the sea. (Mawatari 1976) These develop into shelled, planktorophic larvae, termed cyphonautes, which feed and grow during several weeks or months spent in the plankton. (Hayward & Ryland 1998) [Cheilostomata] Free spawning species produce the characteristic triangular cyphonautes larva. These larvae are long-lived and planktotrophic. The larval body is enclosed in a membranous shell; the size can be up to little over 1 mm. Cyphonautes larvae are not keyed out - if possible at all. (van Couwelaar 2003) [Gymnolaemates] Internal fertilization, whether intracoelomic or intraovarian, is obligatory (Temkin 1994 and 1996, cited in Ostrovsky 2013) [Gymnolaemates] Differ from most organisms in that sperm-egg fusion does not stimulate egg activation. Egg activation may not occur until "spawned" outside of maternal zooid (Temkin 1991) [Bryozoans] While sperm is spawned through pores in lophophore tentacles, eggs are usually harbored inside the body wall, and are internally fertilized by sperm, coming in on lophophore feeding currents (Brusca and Brusca 2003, cited in Rouse 2011; Kozloff 1990, cited in Rouse 2011) [Bryozoans] Colonial hermaphrodites, with testes (spermatogenic tissue) and ovaries developing either within the same zooid (zooidal hermaphroditism) or in different zooids within the same colony (zooidal gonochorism) (Ostrovsky 2013) [Bryozoans] Members of the phylum Bryozoa are hermaphroditic. Both fertilization and egg brooding may either be internal or external (Ruppert et al. 2004) [Bryozoans] The first zooid in a colony is called the ancestrula. It is from this individual that the rest of the colony will grow asexually from the budding (Hill 2001) [Bryozoa] All bryozoan colonies are hermaphroditic. Autozooids may be dioecious; or monoecious, and protandrous or protogynous. (Hayward & Ryland 1998) [Bryozoa] Reproduces asexually by budding. (Mawatari 1976)

Adult Mobility:

Sessile

Adult Mobility Details:

Colonies encrusting on hard substrates (Key. et al. 1995; Key. et al. 1996) RELATED: [Bryozoa] The abundance and taxonomic diversity of benthic bryozoan faunas are directly related to substratum. (Hayward & Ryland 1998) [Bryozoa] Bryozoans are a phylum of sessile, colonial suspension feeders found throughout the world in both marine and freshwater environments. (Tilbrook 2012)

Maturity Size:

[Guangdong Province, China] large-sized colony collected from buoy has a size of 60 cm wide, 80cm high; generally colonies have a size of 20-30 cm wide and 30-40cm high; zooids: 0.3mm x 0.6mm (Liu 1992) Length ranges from 0.25-0.50mm and width from 0.25 to 0.40mm (Shier 1964)

Maturity Age:

Reproduction Lifespan:

Longevity:

[Indian River Lagoon] Year-round seasonality but most abundant in Spring and Fall (Winston 1995) RELATED: Epizoic bryozoan colonies on host sea turtles exhibit fast growth rates and short life spans of roughly 1 month (Frazier et al. 1992, cited in Key. et al. 1995)

Broods per Year:

Reproduction Cues:

RELATED: [Bryozoans] Experiments often used light as a cue to collect embryos/larvae (Woollacott and Zimmer 1977) [Bryozoa] In coastal species light is an important stimulus to larval release, and many cheilostomates shed larvae during the first few hours of daylight. (Hayward & Ryland 1998) [Bryozoa] In various degrees of intensity according to the species temperature also stimulates sexual reproduction. (Winston 1977)

Reproduction Time:

Occurred year round, most abundant in April and October at Indian River region, Florida. (Winston 1982)

Fecundity:

Egg Size:

RELATED: [Gymnolaemata] About 200Âµm (Woollacott and Zimmer 1977)

Egg Duration:

After the first cleavage occurs in one hour from the fertilization, it occurs every 30 minutes successively and larvae hatch after 12 hours. (Cook 1962, cited in Mawatari 1976)

Early Life Growth Rate:

RELATED: [Gymnolaemata] Two phases of larvae metamorphosis: first stage about 20mins; second stage 1-6 days (Woollacott and Zimmer 1977)

Adult Growth Rate:

Population Growth Rate:

Population Variablity:

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Sediment subtidal, SAV, Rocky subtidal, Coral reef, Mussel reef, Kelp forest, Macroalgal beds, Flotsam, Fouling, Other

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic, Epiphytic, Epizoic

Substrate:

Sand, Gravel, Cobble, Rock, Biogenic, Artificial substrate

Exposure:

Habitat Expansion:

Habitat Details:

[Galapagos] Coral sand (Canu and Bassler 1930) [Brazil] Coral reefs (Kelmo et al. 2004) Encrusting on hard substrates, as well as mobile organisms (i.e. Sea snakes, horseshoe crabs, crustaceans) (Key. et al. 1995; Key. et al. 1996) known as epizoans on a variety of nektonic substrates (Key et al. 1996) It can attach to any underwater object such as marine algae, hydroids, gorgonians, corals, stones, gravels, glass fragments, plastic articles, shells of molluscans and crustaceans, brachipod valves, and other more calcified bryozoans. It also often occurs on such marine constructions as vessels, buoys, piers and aquaculture cages. (Liu 1992) Cement test panels; Collected samples from fishing nets in Korea (Seo and Min 2009) Specimens from numerous beach drift collections; commonly encrusts grass and algae in shallow water. May encrust bryozoan Amathia (Shier 1964) Found on a bottle from beach drift (Maturo 1958) B. s. can be found on the shell of horseshoe crab and the body surface of sea snake. (Marcus et al. 1995) B. s. can attach to any underwater object such as marine algae (for example, Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Sargassum spp.) Hydroids, gorgonians, corals, stones, gravels, glass fragments, plastic articles, shells of molluscans and crustaceans, brachiopod valves, and other more calcified bryozoans (for example, species of the genera Steginoprella, Adonella, Adenellopsis, Sertella, Reteporellina, ect.) It also often occurs on such marine constructions as vessels, piers and aquaculture cages. (Liu 1992)

Trophic Level:

Suspension feeder

Trophic Details:

RELATED: [Bryozoans] Suspension feeder...filter phytoplankton less than 0.045mm in size from the water column. (Hill 2001) [Bryozoa] Many phytoplankton species are cleary unsuitable as food for bryozoans. (Hayward & Ryland 1998) [Cheilostomata] Main food is diatom, protozoans and etc. and unappropriate sized particles are ejected (Mawatari 1976)

Forage Mode:

Generalist

Forage Details:

Natural Control:

PREDATION [Predation] Larvae predation by oysters a possibility (Raveendran et al 1990) COMPETITION [Competition] Competition for space on hard substrates (Key. et al. 1996) CLIMATE [Climate] El Nino related environmental factors (sea temperatures, UV light...) suggested as a possibility for inducing local extinction of coral reef bryozoan species from Northern Bahia, Brazil (Kelmo et al. 2004) RELATED: PREDATION [Predation] [Bryozoa] Browsers and grazers, including sea urchins, fish, crabs and some prosobranchs, are known to include bryozoans in their diet. (Hayward & Ryland 1998) [Predation] [Bryozoa] Bryozoans are also the prey of very many small, selective predators, some of which may be adapted to a very narrow spectrum of prey species. Among them opisthobranch predators of bryozoans are well known. (Hayward & Ryland 1998) [Predation] [Bryozoa] Other than opisthobranchs as a predator, amphipods, isopods, mites and pycnogonids have all been recorded preying on bryozoan colonies. (Hayward & Ryland 1998) EPIBIONTS [Epibionts] [Cheilostomata] It is frequently observed in Japan that several species of hydroids flourish on Cheilostomata cause damages to them. (Mawatari 1976)

Associated Species:

References and Notes

References:

Canu F & Bassler RS (1929) Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. Bryozoa of the Philippine region. Smithsonian Institutuion United States National Museum Bulletin 100: 1-685. Canu F & Bassler RS (1930). The bryozoan fauna of the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 76(2810), 1-78. Doi: 10.5479/si.00963801.76-2810.1 Chiriboga, A., Ruiz, D., and Banks, S. (2012). CDF Checklist of Galapagos Bryozoans - FCD Lista de especies de Bryozoos GalÃ¡pagos. In: F. Bungartz, H. Herrera, P. Jaramillo, N. Tirado, G. JimÃ©nez-UzcÃ¡tegui, D. Ruiz, A. GuÃ©zou & F. Ziemmeck. (Eds.). Charles Darwin Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist - Lista de Especies de GalÃ¡pagos de la FundaciÃ³n Charles Darwin. Retrieved from http://checklists.datazone.darwinfoundation.org/marine-invertebrates/bryozoa/ Clarke C, Hillard R, Junqueira AOR, Neto ACL, Polglaze J, Raaymakers S (2003) Ballast water risk assessment, Port of Sepetiba, Fedral Republic of Brazil. GloBallast Monograph Series 14: 1-63 + 7 Appendices. D'hondt, J. L. (1988). Bryozoa from the coast of Israel. Italian Journal of Zoology, 55(1-4), 191-203. Doi: 10.1080/11250008809386617 Fotheringham, N. (1981). Observations on the effects of oil field structures on their biotic environment: platform fouling community. Retrieved from Texas A7M University Galveston Campus website: https://repositories.tdl.org/tamug-ir/handle/1969.3/18680 Gaonkar, C. A., Sawant, S. S., Anil, A. C., Venkat, K., & Harkantra, S. N. (2010). Changes in the occurrance of hard substratum fauna: A case study from Mumbai harbour, India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 39(1), 74-84. Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/ Access Date: 1-Mar-2016. Gordon, D. (2015). Biflustra savartii (Audouin, 1826). In: P. Bock & D. Gordon (Eds.). World List of Bryozoa. Retrieved from http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=396712 Hayami, T. (1981). The Pliocene cheilostomatous Bryozoa from Shikoku on the Pacific coast of Japan. In G. P. Larwood & C. Nielsen (Eds.). Recent and Fossil Bryozoa (pp.105-112). Fredensborg, DN: Olsen & Olsen. Hayward, P. J. (2001). The identity of two species of cyphonautes larvae (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 81(06), 995-999. Hayward PF & Ryland JS (1998) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa part I. Aeteoidea - Cribrilinoidea. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series). Barnes RSK & Crothers JH (eds.) No. 10 (Second Edition). The Linnean Society of London and The Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association by Field Studies Council: 366pp. Hill, K. (2001) Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, Retrieved from http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Electr_bellul.htm. Hirose M (2010) Cheilostomatus Bryozoa (Gymnolaemata) from Sagami Bay, with notes on bryozoan diversity and faunal changes over papst 130 years. Doctoral thesis in Hokkaido University : 1-177pp. Inaba A (1988) Fauna and flora of the Seto Inland Sea. Second edition II. Mukaishima Marine Biological Station of Hiroshima University: 1-475. (in Japanese) Kelmo, F., Attrill, M. J., Gomes, R. C., & Jones, M. B. (2004). El NiÃ±o induced local extinction of coral reef bryozoan species from Northern Bahia, Brazil. Biological Conservation, 118(5), 609-617. Key, Jr. M. M., Jeffries, W. B., & Voris, H. K. (1995). Epizoic bryozoans, sea snakes, and other nektonic substrates. Bulletin of Marine Science, 56(2), 462-474. Key, Jr. M. M., Jeffries, W. B., Voris, H. 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Literature:

Substantial and scientific information; non-peer reviewed information; data-specific to the region; supported by recent data (within the last 10yrs of research)

Notes:

Taxonomic status provisional, however, owing to lack of type or neotype material and historic confusion concerning the scope of this species. (Gordon 2015) *referred to as Biflustra denticulata in this source but not seen elsewhere *may be locally extinct in Northern Bahai, Brazil since 1998

JTMD Species Summary