Arca boucardi

Overview

Scientific Name: Arca boucardi

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Bivalvia

Order: Arcida

Family: Arcidae

Genus: Arca

Species:

boucardi [Describe here as A. iricolor]

Native Distribution

Origin Realm:

Temperate Northern Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific

Native Region:

Origin Location:

Temperate Northern Pacific [Japan] Southern Hokkaido to Kyushu along the Pacific coast., including Seto Inlland Sea. Aomori Prefecture to northern Kyushu along the Japan Ses coast. West coast of Kyushu to Ryukyu Islands (Higo et al. 1999, Inaba 1982) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Shikotan Island, Hokkaido. (Nobetsu & Yamazaki 2011) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Fumiyoshi Bay, Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido. (Sonoda et al. 2009) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Tokyo Bay. (Horiguchi et al. 2016) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Off the coast of Niigata Prefecture and Sado Island, Japan Sea. (Ito 1989) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Wakasa Bay, Japan Sea. (Ito 1990) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Osaka Bay. (Association for the Research of Littoral Organisms in Osaka Bay 2012) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Cape Bansho, Tanabe Bay, Kii Pninsula. (Ohgaki et al. 2011) STATUS NOT STATED [Japan] Takehara City, Hiroshima Prefecture, Seto Inland Sea. (Marine Ecology Research Institute 2011) STATUS NOT STATED [Russia] Possjet Bay, in Peter the Great Bay. (Scarlato et al. and etc., cited in Lutaenko et al. 2006) STATUS NOT STATED [Korea] Yeongil Bay. (Lutaenko et al. 2006) STATUS NOT STATED Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan, Russia (Drozdov 2009) STATUS NOT STATED Korea Strait and Sea of Japan, South Korea (Kim 2004) STATUS NOT STATED Yellow Sea, Bohai Sea, (China Seas, Japan, Russian Far Eastern Seas) (Proceedings of China-Russia Bilateral Symposium 2010) STATUS NOT STATED Yeongil Bay, Korea (Luatenko et al. 2006) STATUS NOT STATED Fukue Island, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan (Takatani 1997) STATUS NOT STATED [China] Along the coasts of China. (Zhongyan ed. 2004) STATUS NOT STATED Isinomaki, Rikuzen, Japan (Nomura et al. 1936) STATUS NOT STATED Central Indo-Pacific West coast of Kyushu to Ryukyu Islands (Higo et al. 1999, Inaba 1982) STATUS NOT STATED [China] Along the coasts of China. (Zhongyan ed. 2004) STATUS NOT STATED Uncertain realm North-western Pacific (Lutaenko et al. 2007) STATUS NOT STATED Related: [Family Arcidae] Wakasa and Mutsu Bay, Yeongil and Peter the Great Bay (Proceedings of China-Russia Bilateral Symposium 2010) STATUS NOT STATED

Geographic Range:

Biogeographical position: subtropical (Zhirmunsky 1973) Geographic range: 118.199996948242 33, 126.400001525879 40.5 (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2015) [Japan] 30ºN-42ºN at the Pacific side and 30ºN-43ºN at Japan Sea side. (Inaba 1982) [Japan] Off the coast of Niigata Prefecture and Sado Island, Japan Sea: from 37º12.1'N to 38º33.2'N, from 138º04.4'E to 138º41.1'E. (Ito 1989) [Japan] Cape Bansho, Tanabe Bay, Kii Peninsula: 33º41'N, 135º20'E. (Ohgaki et al. 2011)

General Diversity:

NF

Non-native Distribution

Invasion History:

No records of invasion (Global Invasive Species Database 2015, 2016)

Non-native Region:

Not applicable

Invasion Propens:

Not applicable

Status Date Non-native:

Not applicable

Vectors and Spread

Initial Vector:

Not applicable

Second Vector:

Not applicable

Vector Details:

Not applicable

Spread Rate:

Not applicable

Date First Observed in Japan:

Not applicable

Date First Observed on West coast North America:

Not applicable

Impacts

Impact in Japan:

Paralytic shellfish poison screening found A. boucardi to be toxic: 2.3 MU/g whole body; collected from Fukue Island, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan: May 15, 1996 (Takatani 1997)

Global Impact:

Not applicable

Tolerences

Native Temperature Regime:

Cold temperate, Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical, See details

Native Temperature Range:

[Yeongil Bay, Korea] subtropical - low boreal (Lutaenko et al. 2006) [Possyet Bay] subtropical; heat resistance analysis revealed that 40.5 °C stopped ciliated movement after 1 min; 37.1 °C stopped ciliated movement after 10 min (Zhirmunsky 1973) warm water species; only two warm water bivalves inhabit Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass area: A. boucardi and Raetellops pulchella (Proceedings of China-Russia Bilateral Symposium 2010) Cape Bansho, Tanabe Bay, Kii Peninusla: 13.2ºC in Feburuary and 29.1ºC in August between 1985-2010. (Ohgaki et al. 2011) Takehara City, Hiroshima Prefecture, Seto Inland Sea: 23.9-28.6 ºC at surface in summer. (Marine Ecology Research Institute 2011) Cold temperate, Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Arca sp.] mainly occuring in tropical and subtropical seas (Lutaenko et al. 2007)

Non-native Temperature Regime:

Not applicable

Non-native Temperature Range:

Not applicable

Native Salinity Regime:

Euhaline

Native Salinity Range:

Cape Bansho, Tanabe Bay, Kii Peninusla: 32.7psu in September and 34.9psu in March between 1985-2010. (Ohgaki et al. 2011) Takehara City, Hiroshima Prefecture, Seto Inland Sea: 32.0-32.4psu from surface to bottm in summer. (Marine Ecology Research Institute 2011)

Non-native Salinity Regime:

Not applicable

Temperature Regime Survival:

Cold temperate, Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical, See details

Temperature Range Survival:

[Yeongil Bay, Korea] subtropical - low boreal (Lutaenko et al. 2006) [Possyet Bay] subtropical; heat resistance analysis of ciliated epithelium cells revealed that 40.5 °C stopped ciliated movement after 1 min; 37.1 °C stopped ciliated movement after 10 min (Zhirmunsky 1973) warm water species, but adaptable: only two warm water bivalves inhabit Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass area: A. boucardi and Raetellops pulchella (Proceedings of China-Russia Bilateral Symposium 2010) Cold temperate, Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Arca sp.] mainly occuring in tropical and subtropical seas (Lutaenko et al. 2007)

Temperature Regime Reproduction:

Cold temperate, Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical, See details

Temperature Range Reproduction:

[Possyet Bay] found in subtropical zones (Zhirmunsky 1973) warm water species (Proceedings of China-Russia Bilateral Symposium 2010) Cold temperate, Cool temperate, Mild temperate, Warm temperate, Subtropical, Tropical (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Salinity Regime Survival:

Euhaline

Salinity Range Survival:

Euhaline (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Salintiy Regime Reproduction:

Polyhaline, Euhaline

Salinity Range Reproduction:

Euhaline (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Depth Regime:

Mid intertidal, Lower Intertidal, Shallow subtidal, Deep subtidal

Depth Range:

[Yeongil Bay, Korea] bathymetric range: 6.5- (Lutaenko et al. 2006) bottom depth: -26 - 52 m (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2015) intertidal or shallow waters (Kim 2004) [Shoshina Inlet, Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan] empty shells found in the intertidal and upper subtidal zones to a depth of 0.5 m (Lutaenko et al. 2015) [Possyet Bay, Sea of Japan] present at depths of 1-10 m; mostly found at 2-4 m; occurs in most upper region of the sublittoral (Zhirmunsky 1973) [Sagami Bay, Japan] maximum depth of 175 m (Lutaenko et al. 2007)* record could have been an empty shell that was swept downslope [Japan] Japan and adjacent seas: intertidal to 50m. (Higo et al. 1999) [Japan] Seto Inland Sea: Lower intertidal to 20-30m deep. (Inaba 1982) [Japan] Cape Bansho, Tanabe Bay, Intertidal zone: Middle zone (100-150cm above chart datum) and Low zone (<100cm above chart datum) (Ohgaki et al. 2011) [Japan] Off Chuetsu coast and Sado Island, Japan Sea: 50-210m. (Ito 1989) [Japan] Wakasa Bay, Japan Sea.: 41-139m. (Ito 1990) [Korea] Yeongil Bay: 6.5-30m. (Lutaenko et al. 2003) [China] Along the coast of China: intertidal to about 68m. (Zhonbyan ed. 2004) RELATED: [Arca sp.] most are shallow water bivalves in intertidal zone; but genus has a wide depth range; 9 species (more than half of recent species) were found below 50 m (Lutaenko et al. 2007) [Family Arcidae][Bathyarca nucleator] greater than 2000 m (Kozloff 1996)

Non-native Salinity Range:

Native Abundance:

Abundant, Few

Reproduction

Fertilization Mode:

external

Reproduction Mode:

Gonochoristic/ dioecious

Spawning Type:

None

Development Mode:

Planktonic larva (type unspecified)

Asexual Reproduction:

Does not reproduce asexually

Reproduction Details:

Arca boucardi sperm head is barrel-shaped; 5 mitochondria in mid-section (Drozdov 2009) A. boucardi have veliger larvae; larvae are identical in shell shape, eye point, and hinge structure to [Family Mytilidae] larvae (Kulikova et al. 1987) Gonochoristic/ dioecious; planktonic larva (type unspecified); does not reproduce asexually (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Family Arcidae] sperm head is bullet- or barrel-shaped; 4-5 mitochondria in mid-section (Drozdov 2009) [Bivalvia] without copulatory organs, only suited for external insemination; release gametes into water, where fertilization occurs; gamete structure designed for necessity of water movement: spermatozoa have long tail; well developed mitochondria; acrosomes designed to destroy egg membranes (Drozdov 2009)

Adult Mobility:

See details

Adult Mobility Details:

A. b. is a sedentary species. (Ohgaki et al. 2011) Facultatively mobile (Species with limited mobility, in particular to repositioning themselves in response to environmental disturbances (e.g., sea anemones)) (M. Otani, pers. comm.) RELATED: [Arca sp.] sessile; byssally attached bivalves (Lutaenko et al. 2007)

Maturity Size:

NF

Maturity Age:

NF

Reproduction Lifespan:

RELATED: [Bivalvia] Spawning occurs from early summer to autumn is common for bivalves are in temperate or tropical zone. (Sumikawa 1994)

Longevity:

NF

Broods per Year:

NF

Reproduction Cues:

RELATED: [Bivalvia] Among several reproduction cues including wave shock, the change of salinity, lunar age and tidal rhythm, the change of the water temperature is the most important factor. (Orton 1920 and etc., cited in Sumikawa 1994)

Reproduction Time:

Judging from the fig. showed in Horiguchi et al. (2016), it is presumed that the settlement of young mussel occurred in November in Tokyo Bay. RELATED: [Bivalvia] Spawning occurs from early summer to autumn is common for bivalves are in temperate or tropical zone. (Sumikawa 1994)

Fecundity:

NF

Egg Size:

NF

Egg Duration:

NF

Early Life Growth Rate:

NF

Adult Growth Rate:

NF

Population Growth Rate:

NF

Population Variablity:

Adaptibility: one of only two warm water bivalves to inhabit Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass area (Proceedings of China-Russia Bilateral Symposium 2010) Abundance dramatically increased from 0 between February 2003 and August 2009 to 630 inds-CPUE in August 2010 in Tokyo Bay. (Horiguchi et al. 2016) RELATED: [Family Arcidae] Adaptability: Wakasa and Mutsu bays show higher species richness of warm-water families (compared to Yeongil and Peter the Great Bay) (Proceedings of China-Russia Bilateral Symposium 2010)

Habitat

Ecosystem:

Rocky intertidal, Rocky subtidal, Other

Habitat Type:

Epibenthic

Substrate:

Gravel, Cobble, Rock

Exposure:

Exposed, Semi-exposed, Protected

Habitat Expansion:

NF

Habitat Details:

Intertidal or shallow waters (Kim 2004) [Shoshina Inlet, Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan] empty shells found in the intertidal and upper subtidal zones to a depth of 0.5 m (Lutaenko et al. 2015) [Possyet Bay, Sea of Japan] present at depths of 1-10 m; mostly at 2-4 m; substrate: stones, rocks; inhabits uppermost region of the sublittoral (Zhirmunsky 1973) [Isinomaki, Rikuzen, Japan] empty shells found in sandy beach of Nagahama; very few individuals (Nomura et al. 1936) A. b. attaches by byssus to rcoks, stones and gravels. (Higo et al. 1999, Zhongyan ed. 2004) A. b. is found on rocks at intertidal zone to 20-30m deep at Seto Inland Sea. (Inaba 1982) A. b. is distributed over an exposed rocky shore of Cape Bansho, Tanabe Bay, Kii Peniusula. (Ohgaki et al. 2011) A. b. is distributed over semi-enclosed bay at Pssjet Bay in Peter the Great Bay in Russia. (Scarlato et al. 1967 and etc., cited in Lutaenko et al. 2006)

Trophic Level:

Suspension feeder

Trophic Details:

Suspension feeder (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Forage Mode:

Non-selective

Forage Details:

Non-selective (M. Otani, pers. comm.)

Natural Control:

EPIBIONT [Epibiont] A. boucardi empty shells overgrown by algae Clathromorphum compactum, covering up to 67% of outer shell surface; Lithothamnion phymatodeum, Clathromorphum circumscriptum, Dasya sessilis, Ceramium kondoi also found (Lutaenko et al. 2015) *collected after death, unknown if epibionts caused dislodgement of A. boucardi from substratum PARASITES [Parasites] [Sea of Japan] Ectoparasite Odostomia fujitaniion fed on A. boucardi under experimental conditions (Minichev 1971, cited in Robertson et al. 1979) [Parasites] [South Korea] A. boucardi: host to copepod Pseudomyicola spinosus; Korea Strait and Sea of Japan (Kim 2004)

Associated Species:

EPIBIONT [Epibiont] A. boucardi empty shells overgrown by algae Clathromorphum compactum, covering up to 67% of outer shell surface; Lithothamnion phymatodeum, Clathromorphum circumscriptum, Dasya sessilis, Ceramium kondoi also found (Lutaenko et al. 2015) *collected after death, unknown if epibiont grew before or after death PARASITES [Parasites] [Sea of Japan] Ectoparasite Odostomia fujitaniion fed on A. boucardi under experimental conditions (Minichev 1971, cited in Robertson et al. 1979) [Parasite] [Korea] A. boucardi: host to copepod Pseudomyicola spinosus; Korea Strait and Sea of Japan (Kim 2004)

References and Notes

References:

Association for the Research of Littoral Organisms in Osaka Bay (2012) Rocky shore macrobiota of southeastern Osaka Bay. Results of surveys carried out in the years 2006-2010. Shizenshi-Kenkyu 211-224. (in Japanese with English abstract) Drozdov AL, Sharina SN, Tyurin SA (2009) Sperm ultrastructure in representatives of six bivalve families from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. Russian Journal of Marine Biology. 35(3): 236-241 Global Invasive Species Database. http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=tss&st=tss&fr=1&x=36&y=11&li=7&tn=arca+boucardi&lang=EN Access Date: 28-Dec-15 and 19-April-2016. Higo S, Callomon P, Goto Y (1999) Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell-bearing mollusca of Japan. Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplachophora, Scaphopoda. Shell Scientific Publications, Osaka: 748pp. Horiguchi T, Karibe J, Maki H, Aramaki Y, Kodama K (2016) Study on dynamics and fate of radionuclides and their possible adverse effects in an inshore cosystem. FY2012～ 2014. NIES Research Project Report, No.11: 1-36. (in Japanese) Inaba A (1982) Molluscan fauna of the Inland Sea, Japan. Hiroshima shell club, Hiroshima: 181pp. (in Japanese) Ito K (1989) Distribution of molluscan shells in the coastal areas of Chuetsu, Kaetsu and Sado Island, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Bulletin of the Japan Sea Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory 39: 37-133 (in Japanese with English abstract) Ito K (1990) Distribution of molluscan shells in Wakasa Bay, Japan Sea. Bulletin of the Japan Sea Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory 49: 79-211 (in Japanese with English abstract) Kim I (2004) Poecilostomatoid Copepods Associated with Bivalves in Korea and their Distribution. Zoological Studies 43(2): 187-192 http://www.sinica.edu.tw/zool/zoolstud/Journals/43.2/187.pdf Kozloff EN (1996) Marine invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press Kulikova V, Kalashnikova S, Aizdaicher N (1987) Development and Shell Morphology of larvea of Arca boucardi (Mytilida, Arcidae) maintained in culture. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 66(5):770-3 Lutaenko KA, Je JG, Shin SH (2006) Bivalve Mollusks in Yeongil Bay, Korea. 2. Faunal Analysis. The Korean Journal of Malacology. 22(1):63-86. http://ocean.kisti.re.kr/downfile/volume/tmsk/GPRHB@/2006/ v22n1s35/GPRHB@_2006_v22n1s35_63.pdf Lutaenko KA, Levenets IR (2015) Observations on seaweed attachment to bivalve shells in Peter the Great Bay (East Sea) and their taphonomic implications. The Korean Journal of Malacology. 31(3):221–32. Lutaenko KA, Maestrati P (2007) A New Species of Arca L., 1758 (Bivalvia: Arcidae) from New Caledonia, with Comments on the Genus. The Korean Journal of Malacology 23(2):155-64 http://www.imb.dvo.ru/misc/vietnam/files/vietnam/Lutaenko_002.pdf Marine Ecology Research Institute (2012) Assessment report of the marine environment for the construction of the thermal power station. Marine Ecology Research Institute, Tokyo: 1-256pp. (in Japanese) Nobetsu T & Yamazaki T (2011) Molluscs in intertidal and its surrounding areas of Shikotan Island. Bulletin of the Shiretoko Museum 32: 25-30. (in Japanese) Nomura S, Hatai K (1936) The Geologic Significance of the Recent Mollusca from the Vicinity of Isinomaki, Rikuzen. Transactions of the Palaeontological Society of Japan https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/prpsj1935/1936/5/1936_5_109/_pdf Ocean Biogeographic Information System. Arca boucardi. http://iobis.org/mapper/. Access Date: 28-Dec-15 Ohgaki S, Komemoto K, Funayama N (2011) A record of the intertidal malacofauna of Cape Bansho, Wakayama, Japan, from 1985 to 2010. Publications of the Seto Marin Biological Laboratory Special Publication Series 11: 1-311. Proceedings of China-Russia Bilateral Symposium (2010) Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean http://wwwimb.dvo.ru/files/Proceedings_of_China-Russia_Bilateral_Symposium_2010.pdf#page=18 Robertson R, Mau-Lastovicka T (1979) The Ectoparasitism of Boonea and Fargoa (Gastropoda: Pyramidellidae). Biological Bulletin. 157:320–33 http://www.biolbull.org/content/157/2/320.full.pdf Sonoda T, Chiba S, Goshima S, Yamazaki T, Nunomura N, Komai T, Tomikawa H, Ito A, Nobetsu T (2009) Invertebrate fauna. In: Report of the survey for littoral fauna and flora at the vicinity of Shiretoko Peninsula in 2008. Shiretoko-Zaidan: 26-59. (in Japanese) Sumikawa S (1994) Reproduction. In: Handbook of Malacology Vol. 1. Habe T, Okutani T, Nishiwaki S (eds.), Scientist-sha Inc., Tokyo: 159-176. (in Japanese) Takatani T, Akaeda H, Arakawa O, Noguchi T (1997) Occurrence of Paralytic Shellfish Poison (PSP) in Bivalves, along with Mossworm Adherent to Their Shells, Collected from Fukue Island, Nagasaki, Japan during 1995 and 1996. J. Food Hyg. Soc. Japan 38(6) https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/shokueishi1960/38/6/38_6_430/_pdf Zhirmunsky A (1973) Vertical distribution and cellular heat resistance of bottom animals from the Possyet Bay (Japan sea) Helgolander wiss. Meeresunters. 24, 247-255 Zhongyan Q (ed) (2004) Seashells of China. China Ocean Press, Beijing: 418pp.

Literature:

Moderate level of information; data from comparable regions or older data (more than 10 years) from the area of interest

Notes:

NA