Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1957
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1957
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record: 2001

General Invasion History:

Palaemon macrodactylus is native to coastal waters and estuaries of the Northwest Pacific, from the Vladivostok area of Russia, through Japan (from Hokkaido to Kyushu), South Korea (Pusan) and Taiwan (Newman 1963; Golikov et al. 1976, but see Ashelby et al. 2013). It has been a highly successful invader, appearing in San Francisco Bay in 1957 (Newman 1963), northern Europe in 1992 (Ashelby et al. 2004; Gonsalez-Ortegon et al. 2007), Atlantic Spain in 1997 (Cuesta et al. 2004), and Argentina in 2000 (Mar del Plata, Spivak et al. 2006). This shrimp is sold as food in Japan (Holthuis 1989).

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

Palaemon macrodactylus was first observed in the Northeast Pacific in north San Francisco Bay in 1957, and by 1961, was present in the South, Central, and San Pablo Bays, and occurring upstream to Antioch at the western edge of the Delta (Newman 1963). In 1962, it was collected in Los Angeles Harbor (Carlton 1979), and subsequently has become established in Mission Bay (in 2001, Fairey et al. 2002), Los Penasquitos and San Dieguito Lagoons (in 2000, http://www.perl.sdsu.edu/Reports/LPL01-02.pdf; Cohen et al. 2002), Santa Monica Bay (in 1977, Carlton 1979), Malibu Lagoon (in 1984, USNM 205237, US National Museum if Natural History 2007), Morro Bay (in 2001, Fairey et al. 2002), and Elkhorn Slough (in 1981, Standing 1981, cited by Wasson et al. 2001). In 1987, it was found in Coos Bay, Oregon (Cohen and Carlton 1995). It has also been reported from Humboldt Bay, northern California (in 1995, Cohen and Carlton 1995; Wonham and Carlton 2005, but was not mentioned in Boyd et al. 2002); Willapa Bay, Washington (Jensen, G.C., 1995, Pacific Coast Crabs and Shrimps, cited by USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2009); and Boundary Bay, British Columbia (Lamb and Hanby 2005, cited by Ashelby et al. 2013).

Invasion History on the East Coast:

Palaemon macrodactylus was collected in three locations in the Bronx, New York City, on the East River, connecting the Hudson River and Long Island Sound, in 2001-2002 and 2006. About 120 specimens were collected, indicating an established population (Warkentine and Rachlin 2010). In 2009, specimens of P. macrodactylus were collected in eastern Long Island Sound, in the Mystic River, Connecticut (USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2010), and in 2010, this shrimp was collected in the Providence River, Rhode Island, at the head of Narragansett Bay (Cremins 2010). In 2009, a specimen of P. macrodactylus was collected in the James River estuary, Virginia, and a second was identified from the York River (Robert Llanso, personal communication). A third specimen, caught in the summer of 2007, was identified among shrimp caught from the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center dock on the Rhode River, Edgewater, Maryland (Ruiz et al., unpublished data). The extent of the P. macrodactylus invasion in East Coast waters is unknown, and may be difficult to detect, given the similarity of this shrimp to the three native Palaemonetes species. Surveys are being planned by Chesapeake Bay researchers in order to determine the abundance and distribution of this shrimp in Chesapeake Bay (Eric Bah, Greg Ruiz, personal communications). The likely sources of the East Coast P. macrodactylus are the newly established populations on the coasts of Europe, from Spain to Germany (Warkentine and Rachlin 2010).

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

In European waters, Palaemon macrodactylus was first collected at West Thurrock Power Station, on the Thames estuary, England in 1992 (Worsfold and Ashelby 2006). It is established at several sites in the Thames estuary and in the Stour, Orwell and Medway estuaries, (in 2000, Ashelby et al. 2004). This shrimp has spread to several ports in northern Europe including Walsoorden, in the Westerschelde estuary, Netherlands (in 1999, d'Udekem d'Acoz et al. 2004, cited by González-Ortegón et al. 2007); Zeebruge, Belgium (in 2006, Kerckof et al. 2007); and Bremen, Germany (in 2005, González-Ortegón et al. 2007). To the south, P. macrodactylus is established in the Gironde Estuary, France, on the Bay of Biscay (in 2006, Beguer et al. 2007) and the Guadualquivir, Guadalete, and San Pedro River estuaries in Spain (in 1999, Cuesta et al. 2004). In 2005 and 2010, larvae of P. macrodactylus were collected in plankton in the Mediterranean, off the Balearic Islands, Spain, but adult populations have not yet been found (Torres et al. 2012; Ashelby et all. 2013). In 2009, it was collected in Constanta, Romania, on the Black Sea, where it is apparently established (Micu and Nita 2009).

Palaemon macrodactylus was collected in Australia in 1979 near a power plant in Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, but has not been collected since (Pollard and Hutchings 1990). However, it has become established in Mar del Plata, Argentina (in 2000, Spivak et al. 2006).


Description

Palaemon macrodactylus is a caridean shrimp with a distinct, well-developed rostrum.  It has at least eight, but usually 10-12 dorsal teeth with three (rarely two, J.T. Carlton) teeth behind the orbit (Gonzales-Ortegon and Cuesta 2006). The rostrum lacks a strong ventral expansion and has a double row of setae along the ventral margin. Supraorbital, suborbital and hepatic spines are absent. Both legs of the first pair are chelate (clawed). The carpus (second segment from the tip) of the second walking leg is not annulated (ringed). The length of the dactylus (toe) of the second leg is short, less than half the length of the propodus (terminal segment). The telson terminates in a short strong median spine and a pair of long, strong mediolateral spines, with a median pair of short plumose setae. The body is transparent or nearly transparent, with a reddish hue in the tail fan and antennary area. On rare occasions, it is dark green or olive-drab (Newman 1963; Kuris et al., in Carlton 2007). There are a few oblique transverse stripes on the carapace. In males, the abdomen is frequently translucent, but in females it is quite pigmented, with reddish spots covering all of the body surface and a whitish longitudinal stripe running along the back (Newman 1963; d'Udekem d'Acoz et al. 2005).


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Arthropoda
Subphylum:   Crustacea
Class:   Malacostraca
Subclass:   Eumalacostraca
Superorder:   Eucarida
Order:   Decapoda
Suborder:   Pleocyemata
Infraorder:   Caridea
Family:   Palaemonidae
Genus:   Palaemon
Species:   macrodactylus

Synonyms

Potentially Misidentified Species

Palaemon adspersus
Baltic Shrimp, native to East Atlantic, introduced to Gulf od St. Lawrence

Palaemon elegans
Rockpool Shrimp, native to East Atlantic, introduced to East Coast

Palaemon kadiakenisis
Mississippi Grass Shrimp =Palaemonetes kadiakiensis, native to Interior Basin of North America, introduced to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

Palaemon modestus
Siberian Prawn, freshwater shrimp (=Exopalaemon modestus), introduced to West Coast rivers

Palaemon mundusnovus
Brackish Grass Shrimp, = Palaemonetes intermedius, NW Atlantic native, (de Grave and Ashelby 2013; González-Ortegón 2015)

Palaemon pugio
Daggerblade Grass Shrimp, = Palaemonetes pugio, NW Atlantic native (de Grave and Ashelby 2013; González-Ortegón 2015)

Palaemonetes vulgaris
Common Grass Shrimp,= Palaemonetes vulgaris, NW Atlantic native (de Grave and Ashelby 2013; González-Ortegón 2015)

Ecology

General:

Life History- During reproduction in caridean shrimps, the copulating pair is usually oriented at right angles to one another, with the genital regions opposing each other. The modified first and second pairs of pleopods are used to transfer a spermatophore to a receptacle between the thoracic legs of the female (Barnes 1983). After mating, female palaemonid shrimps carry broods of fertilized eggs on their abdomen. Females carry 150-2000 eggs, increasing with body size (Seigfried 1980; Beguer et al. 2011). These hatch into planktonic larvae called zoeae, which have feathery appendages. Shrimp zoeae lack the prominent spines seen in brachyuran crabs, and look quite shrimplike (Johnson and Allen 2005). They go through several molts and metamorphose into postlarvae, which have well-developed walking legs and pleopods (swimmerets). After a subsequent molt, the body takes on the adult shape. Adults mature at sizes as small as 16-17 mm length. Females tend to be larger than males, reaching maximum sizes of 45-70 mm, compared to 31.5-45 mm for males (Vazquez et al. 2012).

Ecology- Palaemon macrodactylus favors pilings, walls, debris, and other forms of shelter (Crooks et al. 2016). It is often most abundant in low-salinity waters, possibly due to reduced competition with native species (Newman 1963; Siegfried 1980; Gonzalez-Ortegon et al. 2010). It reproduces successfully at 3-34 PSU, and larvae born at higher salinities, survive and develop at 1 PSU. However, rates of survival increase at higher salinity (Vazquez et al. 2016).

Food:

Plants, Mysids, Amphipods, Crabs

Trophic Status:

Omnivore

Omni

Habitats

General HabitatUnstructured BottomNone
General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatGrass BedNone
General HabitatSalt-brackish marshNone
Salinity RangeOligohaline0.5-5 PSU
Salinity RangeMesohaline5-18 PSU
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone
Vertical HabitatNektonicNone


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Salinity (‰)0.7Cohen and Carlton 1995; Born 1968
Maximum Salinity (‰)51Born 1968
Minimum Reproductive Salinity3Experimental, no hatching at 1 PSU, but older larvae survived and developed at this salinity(Vazquez et al. 2016)
Maximum Reproductive Salinity34Experimental, highest tested (Vazquez et al. 2016)
Minimum Duration11Laboratory rearing, animals from San Francisco Bay (Little 1969)
Maximum Duration21Laboratory rearing, animals from San Francisco Bay (Little 1969)
Minimum Length (mm)16.8Ovigerous females, Mar de la Plata estuary, Argentina (Vazquez et al. 2012); 17 mm for males (Siegfried 1980)
Maximum Length (mm)70Ovigerous females (Ashelby et al. 2004, Orwell estuary, England); 40 mm for males (San Francisco Bay estuary, Seigfried 1980).
Broad Temperature RangeNoneCold temperate-Warm temperate
Broad Salinity RangeNoneOligohaline-Hyperhaline

General Impacts

Economic Impacts

Palaemon macrodactylus is sold as food in Japan, but apparently only has minor value as a food item (Holthuis 1989). It is a potential food source for commercial and sport fish, but may affect the abundance of other fish-food species through predation.

Ecological Impacts

Palaemon macrodactylus is a potential competitor with other caridean shrimps, and though omnivorous, predominantly feeds on invertebrates.

Competition- The extent of competition between P. macrodactylus and native shrimp species has been difficult to assess, due to differing habitat preferences among the species. In San Francisco Bay, the native shrimps Crangon spp. prefers soft, bare sediment, while P. macrodactylus prefers rubble, man-made structures, and vegetation (Newman 1963). However, both species feed on the mysid Neomysis mercedis, and could be competing for food, particularly in the fall, when N. mercedis numbers are low (Sitts and Knight 1979). In the Guadalquivir Estuary, Spain, competition between P. macrodactylus and the native P. longirostris is considered possible, since diets strongly overlap, but may be limited, since P. macrodactylus primarily utilizes the low-salinity regions of the estuary, where P. longirostris is rare (Gonzalez-Ortegon et al. 2010). One competitive advantage of P. macrodactylus over P. longirostris, is its greater ability to use areas of low oxygen concentration (Gonzalez-Ortegon et al. 2010). In the Gironde estuary, France, P. macrodactylus initially colonized areas little-used by P. longirostris, but has begun to displace it due to higher reproductive rates (Beguer et al. 2011). In the Guadalquivir estuary, in Spain, P. macrodactylus showed wider temperature and salinity tolerances than the native P. longirostris and P. varian (Lejeusne et al. 2014).

Predation- In the San Francisco Bay Delta in the 1970s, the major prey of P. macrodactylus was the native mysid Neomysis mercedis (Sitts and Knight 1979). Mysids are also important prey for juvenile fish. Since then, N. mercedis has been replaced by smaller species of Asian mysids. We have no recent data from San Francisco Bay or elsewhere on the role of P. macrodactylus as a predator.

Regional Impacts

P090San Francisco BayEcological ImpactCompetition
In San Francisco Bay, differences in habitat preference between the native shrimp Crangon spp. and P. macrodactylus may minimize competition (Newman 1963). However, both species feed on the mysid Neomysis mercedis, and could be competing for food, particularly in the fall, when N. mercedis numbers are low (Sitts and Knight 1979).
NEP-VNorthern California to Mid Channel IslandsEcological ImpactCompetition
In San Francisco Bay, differences in habitat preference between the native shrimps Crangon spp. and P. macrodactylus may minimize competition (Newman 1963). However, both species feed on the mysid Neomysis mercedis, and could compete for food, particularly in the fall, when N. mercedis numbers are low (Sitts and Knight 1979). Neomysis mercedis is now rare in the San Fracisco estuary, largely replaced by a smaller biomass of Asian mysids. We have no information on how these changes have affected interactions between P. macrodactylus and native Crangon spp.
NEP-VNorthern California to Mid Channel IslandsEcological ImpactPredation
The most frequent food item for both P. macrodactylus and Crangon franciscorum in San Francisco Bay was the mysid Neomysis mercedis. In 1976, C. franciscorum consumed up to 6.2% of the mysid biomass, while P. macrodactylus consumed up to 4.8% (Sitts and Knight 1979). Predation on N. mercedis is significant, because this mysid is also an important food source for planktivorous adult and juvenile fish. However, this mysid is now scarce in the San Francisco estuary, largely replaced by smaller species of Asian mysids, as part of a reorganization of the food web caused by the invasion of the Asian Brackish-Water Clam (Corbula amurensis). These changes have probably altered the diet of P. macrodactylus, but we have found no recent diet studies on this shrimp.
P090San Francisco BayEcological ImpactPredation
The most frequent food item for both P. macrodactylus and Crangon franciscorum in San Francisco Bay was the mysid Neomysis mercedis. In 1976, C. franciscorum consumed up to 6.2% of the mysid biomass, while P. macrodactylus consumed up to 4.8% (Sitts and Knight 1979). Predation on N. mercedis is significant, because this mysid is also an important food source for planktivorous adult and juvenile fish. However, this mysid is now scarce in the San Francisco estuary, largely replaced by smaller species of Asian mysids, as part of a reorganization of the food web caused by the invasion of the Asian Brackish-Water Clam (Corbula amurensis). These changes have probably altered the diet of P. macrodactylus, but we have found no recent diet studies on this shrimp.
CACaliforniaEcological ImpactCompetition
In San Francisco Bay, differences in habitat preference between the native shrimps Crangon spp. and P. macrodactylus may minimize competition (Newman 1963). However, both species feed on the mysid Neomysis mercedis, and could compete for food, particularly in the fall, when N. mercedis numbers are low (Sitts and Knight 1979). Neomysis mercedis is now rare in the San Fracisco estuary, largely replaced by a smaller biomass of Asian mysids. We have no information on how these changes have affected interactions between P. macrodactylus and native Crangon spp., In San Francisco Bay, differences in habitat preference between the native shrimp Crangon spp. and P. macrodactylus may minimize competition (Newman 1963). However, both species feed on the mysid Neomysis mercedis, and could be competing for food, particularly in the fall, when N. mercedis numbers are low (Sitts and Knight 1979).
CACaliforniaEcological ImpactPredation
The most frequent food item for both P. macrodactylus and Crangon franciscorum in San Francisco Bay was the mysid Neomysis mercedis. In 1976, C. franciscorum consumed up to 6.2% of the mysid biomass, while P. macrodactylus consumed up to 4.8% (Sitts and Knight 1979). Predation on N. mercedis is significant, because this mysid is also an important food source for planktivorous adult and juvenile fish. However, this mysid is now scarce in the San Francisco estuary, largely replaced by smaller species of Asian mysids, as part of a reorganization of the food web caused by the invasion of the Asian Brackish-Water Clam (Corbula amurensis). These changes have probably altered the diet of P. macrodactylus, but we have found no recent diet studies on this shrimp., The most frequent food item for both P. macrodactylus and Crangon franciscorum in San Francisco Bay was the mysid Neomysis mercedis. In 1976, C. franciscorum consumed up to 6.2% of the mysid biomass, while P. macrodactylus consumed up to 4.8% (Sitts and Knight 1979). Predation on N. mercedis is significant, because this mysid is also an important food source for planktivorous adult and juvenile fish. However, this mysid is now scarce in the San Francisco estuary, largely replaced by smaller species of Asian mysids, as part of a reorganization of the food web caused by the invasion of the Asian Brackish-Water Clam (Corbula amurensis). These changes have probably altered the diet of P. macrodactylus, but we have found no recent diet studies on this shrimp.

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
P020 San Diego Bay 2011 Non-native Established
P030 Mission Bay 2001 Non-native Established
P070 Morro Bay 2000 Non-native Established
P010 Tijuana Estuary 1995 Non-native Established
P130 Humboldt Bay 1995 Non-native Established
P022 _CDA_P022 (San Diego) 1994 Non-native Established
NEP-IV Puget Sound to Northern California 1987 Non-native Established
P061 _CDA_P061 (Los Angeles) 1984 Non-native Established
P080 Monterey Bay 1981 Non-native Established
P060 Santa Monica Bay 1977 Non-native Established
P050 San Pedro Bay 1962 Non-native Established
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California 1962 Non-native Established
P093 _CDA_P093 (San Pablo Bay) 1959 Non-native Established
P090 San Francisco Bay 1957 Non-native Established
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 1957 Non-native Established

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
697029 T. Miller pers. comm. 1995, in Cohen and Carlton 1995 1995 Humboldt Bay General Location Non-native 40.7864 -124.1922
697184 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-29 Mare Island Strait - Navy Non-native 38.1015 -122.2695
697538 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2000 2000-08-28 San Dieguito Lagoon Non-native 32.9678 -117.2597
697672 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 Port Sonoma/Petaluma R. Non-native 38.1157 -122.5026
697679 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-13 Port Sonoma/Petaluma R. Non-native 38.1157 -122.5026
697828 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-03 Berkeley Marina Non-native 37.8676 -122.3172
697912 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Port of Oakland Office Non-native 37.7954 -122.2804
698191 H.K. Chadwick, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 1960 Suisun Bay Non-native 38.0713 -122.0581
698317 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 Loch Lomond Marina Area Non-native 37.9720 -122.4832
698319 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-01 Loch Lomond Marina Area Non-native 37.9720 -122.4832
698665 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-03 Marine Terminal (Paco) Non-native 32.6584 -117.1191
698856 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-25 Port Sonoma, San Pablo Bay Non-native 38.1156 -122.5026
698918 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-14 Point San Pablo Yacht Harbor Non-native 37.9643 -122.4185
699053 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-13 Petaluma River Turning Basin Non-native 38.2344 -122.6354
699307 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 San Pablo Bay Pumphouse Non-native 38.0446 -122.4326
700299 Carlton 1979 1979 Berkeley Aquatic Park Lagoon, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.8567 -122.2992
700351 Cohen and Carlton 1995 1994 Napa River at John F. Kennedy Park Non-native 38.2649 -122.2844
700352 Cohen and Carlton 1995 1993 Napa River at John F. Kennedy Park Non-native 38.2649 -122.2844
700464 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 Coyote Point Marina Non-native 37.5905 -122.3177
700571 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-28 Moore's Landing, San Francisco Bay Non-native 38.2261 -122.3076
700791 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 Sea Plane Harbor Non-native 37.6349 -122.3848
701092 Cohen and Carlton 1995 1994 San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.8494 -122.3681
701093 Cohen and Carlton 1995 1993 San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.8494 -122.3681
701094 Newman 1963 1957 North San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.9586 -122.4646
701619 H.K. Chadwick, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 1960 Delta General Location Non-native 38.0500 -121.8100
702144 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-24 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.6966 -122.1932
703369 J.Q. Word, in litt. August 1977 in Carlton 1979 1970 Marina del Rey Non-native 33.9722 -118.4522
703742 Carlton 1979 1979 Lake Merritt, Oakland, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.8025 -122.2578
703971 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-05-31 Railroad Bridge Non-native 37.4602 -121.9750
704475 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-07 Martinez Marina Non-native 38.0276 -122.1371
704476 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-29 Martinez Marina Non-native 38.0276 -122.1371
704499 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-28 Napa Valley Marina, San Pablo Bay Non-native 38.2200 -122.3128
704516 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-30 Napa Valley Marina Non-native 38.2198 -122.3119
704565 Cohen and Carlton 1995 1993 Petaluma River at Petaluma Non-native 38.2355 -122.6382
704570 Cohen and Carlton 1995 1994 Petaluma River at Petaluma Non-native 38.2355 -122.6382
715964 Jeff Crooks, pers. comm. 2005 2005 Tijuana River National Estuarine Reserve Non-native 32.5556 -117.1228
715969 US National Museum of Natural History 2007 1984 1984-07-16 Malibu Lagoon Non-native 34.0327 -118.6815
715971 Standing 1981; California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database 1979 1979-04-11 Elkhorn Slough at Highway 1 Bridge Non-native 36.8100 -121.7850
715972 H. Wright, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 1958 Berkeley Aquatic Park Non-native 37.8569 -122.2989
715973 H.K. Chadwick, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 1959 China Camp Non-native 38.0008 -122.4616
715974 Newman 1963 1960 Corte Madera Creek, San Pablo Bay Non-native 37.9430 -122.5122
715975 H.K. Chadwick, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 1959 Rodeo Non-native 38.0368 -122.2753
715976 H.K. Chadwick, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 1961 Montezuma Slough Non-native 38.1791 -122.0047
715977 H.K. Chadwick, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 1960 San Joaquin River at Antioch Non-native 38.0258 -121.7547
715980 Newman 1963; Hubbs and Miller 1965 1962 Palo Alto Yacht Harbor Non-native 37.4574 -122.1058
757795 H.K. Chadwick, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 1959 Point San Pedro Non-native 37.9855 -122.4471
757796 H.K. Chadwick, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 1960 Carquinez Strait at Benicia Non-native 38.0494 -122.1619
757797 H.K. Chadwick, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 1960 Mare Island Strait near Vallejo Non-native 38.1011 -122.2668
757798 H. Wright, pers. comm. in Newman 1963; H. Wright, pers. comm. in Hubbs and Miller 1965 1961 Lake Merritt Non-native 37.8025 -122.2578
757799 Carlton 1979 1979 Delta General Location Non-native 38.0500 -121.8100
757800 Standing 1981; California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database 1979 1979-07-26 Elkhorn Slough near Kirby Park Non-native 36.8398 -121.7435
757801 Standing 1981; California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database 1979 1979-07-26 Elkhorn Slough near Dairy area Non-native 36.8128 -121.7630
757802 Standing 1981; California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database 1979 1979-10-18 Elkhorn Slough near Kirby Park Non-native 36.8398 -121.7435
757803 Standing 1981; California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database 1979 1979-10-18 Elkhorn Slough near Dairy area Non-native 36.8128 -121.7630
757804 Painter 1966a 1963 Suisun Bay Non-native 38.0713 -122.0581
757805 Painter 1966a 1963 San Pablo Bay Non-native 38.0600 -122.3900
757806 Ganssle 1966 1964 San Pablo Bay Non-native 38.0600 -122.3900
757807 Ganssle 1966 1964 Suisun Bay Non-native 38.0713 -122.0581
757808 Williams et al. 2001 1995 Tijuana Estuary Non-native 32.5667 -117.1314
757809 Williams et al. 2001 1997 Tijuana Estuary Non-native 32.5667 -117.1314
757810 Williams et al. 2001 1999 Tijuana Estuary Non-native 32.5667 -117.1314
757811 Williams et al. 2001 1994 Los Penasquitos Lagoon Non-native 32.9316 -117.2531
757812 Williams et al. 2001 1995 Los Penasquitos Lagoon Non-native 32.9316 -117.2531
757813 Williams et al. 2001 1996 Los Penasquitos Lagoon Non-native 32.9316 -117.2531
757814 Williams et al. 2001 1997 Los Penasquitos Lagoon Non-native 32.9316 -117.2531
757815 Williams et al. 2001 1998 Los Penasquitos Lagoon Non-native 32.9316 -117.2531
757816 Williams et al. 2001 1999 Los Penasquitos Lagoon Non-native 32.9316 -117.2531
757817 H.O. Wright, pers. comm., in Hubbs and Miller 1965 1958 Berkeley Aquatic Park Lagoon, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.8567 -122.2992
757818 Hubbs and Miller 1965 1959 1959-06-27 Corte Madera Creek, below Kentfield Bridge Non-native 37.9487 -122.5447
768149 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-09-06 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.9736 -122.4802
768216 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-09-10 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 38.0346 -121.8829
768331 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-08-23 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.9723 -122.4829
819823 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Oyster Point None 37.6937 -122.3689
819824 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 SF marina None 37.8075 -122.4347
819825 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Hayward None 37.6485 -122.2184
819826 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Ballena Isle None 37.7583 -122.2841
819827 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 San Mateo None 37.5938 -122.3036
819828 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 San Bruno None 37.6479 -122.3662
819829 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Richmond None 37.9187 -122.3919
819830 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Albany None 37.8877 -122.3247
819831 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 San Quentin None 37.9372 -122.4787
819832 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Richardson bay None 37.8715 -122.4790
820023 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Oakland None 37.7056 -122.2473
820024 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Ballena Isle None 37.7588 -122.2834
820025 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 SF marina None 37.8074 -122.4345
820026 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Richardson bay None 37.8705 -122.4797
820027 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Smithsonian None 37.8981 -122.4623
820028 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Hunters Point None 37.7088 -122.3691
820029 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Oyster Point None 37.6747 -122.3753
820030 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Union City None 37.5865 -122.1743
820031 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Albany None 37.8879 -122.3245
820032 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 San Lorenzo None 37.6480 -122.2159

References

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