Invasion History
First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1957First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1957
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record: 2001
General Invasion History:
Palaemon macrodactylus is native to coastal waters and estuaries of the Northwest Pacific, from the Vladivostok area of Russia, through Japan (from Hokkaido to Kyushu), South Korea (Pusan) and Taiwan (Newman 1963; Golikov et al. 1976, but see Ashelby et al. 2013). It has been a highly successful invader, appearing in San Francisco Bay in 1957 (Newman 1963), northern Europe in 1992 (Ashelby et al. 2004; Gonsalez-Ortegon et al. 2007), Atlantic Spain in 1997 (Cuesta et al. 2004), and Argentina in 2000 (Mar del Plata, Spivak et al. 2006). This shrimp is sold as food in Japan (Holthuis 1989).
North American Invasion History:
Invasion History on the West Coast:
Palaemon macrodactylus was first observed in the Northeast Pacific in north San Francisco Bay in 1957, and by 1961, was present in the South, Central, and San Pablo Bays, and occurring upstream to Antioch at the western edge of the Delta (Newman 1963). In 1962, it was collected in Los Angeles Harbor (Carlton 1979), and subsequently has become established in Mission Bay (in 2001, Fairey et al. 2002), Los Penasquitos and San Dieguito Lagoons (in 2000, http://www.perl.sdsu.edu/Reports/LPL01-02.pdf; Cohen et al. 2002), Santa Monica Bay (in 1977, Carlton 1979), Malibu Lagoon (in 1984, USNM 205237, US National Museum if Natural History 2007), Morro Bay (in 2001, Fairey et al. 2002), and Elkhorn Slough (in 1981, Standing 1981, cited by Wasson et al. 2001). In 1987, it was found in Coos Bay, Oregon (Cohen and Carlton 1995). It has also been reported from Humboldt Bay, northern California (in 1995, Cohen and Carlton 1995; Wonham and Carlton 2005, but was not mentioned in Boyd et al. 2002); Willapa Bay, Washington (Jensen, G.C., 1995, Pacific Coast Crabs and Shrimps, cited by USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2009); and Boundary Bay, British Columbia (Lamb and Hanby 2005, cited by Ashelby et al. 2013).
Invasion History on the East Coast:
Palaemon macrodactylus was collected in three locations in the Bronx, New York City, on the East River, connecting the Hudson River and Long Island Sound, in 2001-2002 and 2006. About 120 specimens were collected, indicating an established population (Warkentine and Rachlin 2010). In 2009, specimens of P. macrodactylus were collected in eastern Long Island Sound, in the Mystic River, Connecticut (USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2010), and in 2010, this shrimp was collected in the Providence River, Rhode Island, at the head of Narragansett Bay (Cremins 2010). In 2009, a specimen of P. macrodactylus was collected in the James River estuary, Virginia, and a second was identified from the York River (Robert Llanso, personal communication). A third specimen, caught in the summer of 2007, was identified among shrimp caught from the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center dock on the Rhode River, Edgewater, Maryland (Ruiz et al., unpublished data). The extent of the P. macrodactylus invasion in East Coast waters is unknown, and may be difficult to detect, given the similarity of this shrimp to the three native Palaemonetes species. Surveys are being planned by Chesapeake Bay researchers in order to determine the abundance and distribution of this shrimp in Chesapeake Bay (Eric Bah, Greg Ruiz, personal communications). The likely sources of the East Coast P. macrodactylus are the newly established populations on the coasts of Europe, from Spain to Germany (Warkentine and Rachlin 2010).
Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:
In European waters, Palaemon macrodactylus was first collected at West Thurrock Power Station, on the Thames estuary, England in 1992 (Worsfold and Ashelby 2006). It is established at several sites in the Thames estuary and in the Stour, Orwell and Medway estuaries, (in 2000, Ashelby et al. 2004). This shrimp has spread to several ports in northern Europe including Walsoorden, in the Westerschelde estuary, Netherlands (in 1999, d'Udekem d'Acoz et al. 2004, cited by González-Ortegón et al. 2007); Zeebruge, Belgium (in 2006, Kerckof et al. 2007); and Bremen, Germany (in 2005, González-Ortegón et al. 2007). To the south, P. macrodactylus is established in the Gironde Estuary, France, on the Bay of Biscay (in 2006, Beguer et al. 2007) and the Guadualquivir, Guadalete, and San Pedro River estuaries in Spain (in 1999, Cuesta et al. 2004). In 2005 and 2010, larvae of P. macrodactylus were collected in plankton in the Mediterranean, off the Balearic Islands, Spain, but adult populations have not yet been found (Torres et al. 2012; Ashelby et all. 2013). In 2009, it was collected in Constanta, Romania, on the Black Sea, where it is apparently established (Micu and Nita 2009).
Palaemon macrodactylus was collected in Australia in 1979 near a power plant in Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, but has not been collected since (Pollard and Hutchings 1990). However, it has become established in Mar del Plata, Argentina (in 2000, Spivak et al. 2006).
Description
Palaemon macrodactylus is a caridean shrimp with a distinct, well-developed rostrum. It has at least eight, but usually 10-12 dorsal teeth with three (rarely two, J.T. Carlton) teeth behind the orbit (Gonzales-Ortegon and Cuesta 2006). The rostrum lacks a strong ventral expansion and has a double row of setae along the ventral margin. Supraorbital, suborbital and hepatic spines are absent. Both legs of the first pair are chelate (clawed). The carpus (second segment from the tip) of the second walking leg is not annulated (ringed). The length of the dactylus (toe) of the second leg is short, less than half the length of the propodus (terminal segment). The telson terminates in a short strong median spine and a pair of long, strong mediolateral spines, with a median pair of short plumose setae. The body is transparent or nearly transparent, with a reddish hue in the tail fan and antennary area. On rare occasions, it is dark green or olive-drab (Newman 1963; Kuris et al., in Carlton 2007). There are a few oblique transverse stripes on the carapace. In males, the abdomen is frequently translucent, but in females it is quite pigmented, with reddish spots covering all of the body surface and a whitish longitudinal stripe running along the back (Newman 1963; d'Udekem d'Acoz et al. 2005).
Taxonomy
Taxonomic Tree
Kingdom: | Animalia | |
Phylum: | Arthropoda | |
Subphylum: | Crustacea | |
Class: | Malacostraca | |
Subclass: | Eumalacostraca | |
Superorder: | Eucarida | |
Order: | Decapoda | |
Suborder: | Pleocyemata | |
Infraorder: | Caridea | |
Family: | Palaemonidae | |
Genus: | Palaemon | |
Species: | macrodactylus |
Synonyms
Potentially Misidentified Species
Baltic Shrimp, native to East Atlantic, introduced to Gulf od St. Lawrence
Palaemon elegans
Rockpool Shrimp, native to East Atlantic, introduced to East Coast
Palaemon kadiakenisis
Mississippi Grass Shrimp =Palaemonetes kadiakiensis, native to Interior Basin of North America, introduced to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta
Palaemon modestus
Siberian Prawn, freshwater shrimp (=Exopalaemon modestus), introduced to West Coast rivers
Palaemon mundusnovus
Brackish Grass Shrimp, = Palaemonetes intermedius, NW Atlantic native, (de Grave and Ashelby 2013; González-Ortegón 2015)
Palaemon pugio
Daggerblade Grass Shrimp, = Palaemonetes pugio, NW Atlantic native (de Grave and Ashelby 2013; González-Ortegón 2015)
Palaemonetes vulgaris
Common Grass Shrimp,= Palaemonetes vulgaris, NW Atlantic native (de Grave and Ashelby 2013; González-Ortegón 2015)
Ecology
General:
Life History- During reproduction in caridean shrimps, the copulating pair is usually oriented at right angles to one another, with the genital regions opposing each other. The modified first and second pairs of pleopods are used to transfer a spermatophore to a receptacle between the thoracic legs of the female (Barnes 1983). After mating, female palaemonid shrimps carry broods of fertilized eggs on their abdomen. Females carry 150-2000 eggs, increasing with body size (Seigfried 1980; Beguer et al. 2011). These hatch into planktonic larvae called zoeae, which have feathery appendages. Shrimp zoeae lack the prominent spines seen in brachyuran crabs, and look quite shrimplike (Johnson and Allen 2005). They go through several molts and metamorphose into postlarvae, which have well-developed walking legs and pleopods (swimmerets). After a subsequent molt, the body takes on the adult shape. Adults mature at sizes as small as 16-17 mm length. Females tend to be larger than males, reaching maximum sizes of 45-70 mm, compared to 31.5-45 mm for males (Vazquez et al. 2012).
Ecology- Palaemon macrodactylus favors pilings, walls, debris, and other forms of shelter (Crooks et al. 2016). It is often most abundant in low-salinity waters, possibly due to reduced competition with native species (Newman 1963; Siegfried 1980; Gonzalez-Ortegon et al. 2010). It reproduces successfully at 3-34 PSU, and larvae born at higher salinities, survive and develop at 1 PSU. However, rates of survival increase at higher salinity (Vazquez et al. 2016).
Food:
Plants, Mysids, Amphipods, Crabs
Trophic Status:
Omnivore
OmniHabitats
General Habitat | Unstructured Bottom | None |
General Habitat | Marinas & Docks | None |
General Habitat | Grass Bed | None |
General Habitat | Salt-brackish marsh | None |
Salinity Range | Oligohaline | 0.5-5 PSU |
Salinity Range | Mesohaline | 5-18 PSU |
Salinity Range | Polyhaline | 18-30 PSU |
Salinity Range | Euhaline | 30-40 PSU |
Tidal Range | Subtidal | None |
Vertical Habitat | Epibenthic | None |
Vertical Habitat | Nektonic | None |
Tolerances and Life History Parameters
Minimum Salinity (‰) | 0.7 | Cohen and Carlton 1995; Born 1968 |
Maximum Salinity (‰) | 51 | Born 1968 |
Minimum Reproductive Salinity | 3 | Experimental, no hatching at 1 PSU, but older larvae survived and developed at this salinity(Vazquez et al. 2016) |
Maximum Reproductive Salinity | 34 | Experimental, highest tested (Vazquez et al. 2016) |
Minimum Duration | 11 | Laboratory rearing, animals from San Francisco Bay (Little 1969) |
Maximum Duration | 21 | Laboratory rearing, animals from San Francisco Bay (Little 1969) |
Minimum Length (mm) | 16.8 | Ovigerous females, Mar de la Plata estuary, Argentina (Vazquez et al. 2012); 17 mm for males (Siegfried 1980) |
Maximum Length (mm) | 70 | Ovigerous females (Ashelby et al. 2004, Orwell estuary, England); 40 mm for males (San Francisco Bay estuary, Seigfried 1980). |
Broad Temperature Range | None | Cold temperate-Warm temperate |
Broad Salinity Range | None | Oligohaline-Hyperhaline |
General Impacts
Economic ImpactsPalaemon macrodactylus is sold as food in Japan, but apparently only has minor value as a food item (Holthuis 1989). It is a potential food source for commercial and sport fish, but may affect the abundance of other fish-food species through predation.
Ecological Impacts
Palaemon macrodactylus is a potential competitor with other caridean shrimps, and though omnivorous, predominantly feeds on invertebrates.
Competition- The extent of competition between P. macrodactylus and native shrimp species has been difficult to assess, due to differing habitat preferences among the species. In San Francisco Bay, the native shrimps Crangon spp. prefers soft, bare sediment, while P. macrodactylus prefers rubble, man-made structures, and vegetation (Newman 1963). However, both species feed on the mysid Neomysis mercedis, and could be competing for food, particularly in the fall, when N. mercedis numbers are low (Sitts and Knight 1979). In the Guadalquivir Estuary, Spain, competition between P. macrodactylus and the native P. longirostris is considered possible, since diets strongly overlap, but may be limited, since P. macrodactylus primarily utilizes the low-salinity regions of the estuary, where P. longirostris is rare (Gonzalez-Ortegon et al. 2010). One competitive advantage of P. macrodactylus over P. longirostris, is its greater ability to use areas of low oxygen concentration (Gonzalez-Ortegon et al. 2010). In the Gironde estuary, France, P. macrodactylus initially colonized areas little-used by P. longirostris, but has begun to displace it due to higher reproductive rates (Beguer et al. 2011). In the Guadalquivir estuary, in Spain, P. macrodactylus showed wider temperature and salinity tolerances than the native P. longirostris and P. varian (Lejeusne et al. 2014).
Predation- In the San Francisco Bay Delta in the 1970s, the major prey of P. macrodactylus was the native mysid Neomysis mercedis (Sitts and Knight 1979). Mysids are also important prey for juvenile fish. Since then, N. mercedis has been replaced by smaller species of Asian mysids. We have no recent data from San Francisco Bay or elsewhere on the role of P. macrodactylus as a predator.
Regional Impacts
P090 | San Francisco Bay | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
In San Francisco Bay, differences in habitat preference between the native shrimp Crangon spp. and P. macrodactylus may minimize competition (Newman 1963). However, both species feed on the mysid Neomysis mercedis, and could be competing for food, particularly in the fall, when N. mercedis numbers are low (Sitts and Knight 1979). | |||||
NEP-V | Northern California to Mid Channel Islands | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
In San Francisco Bay, differences in habitat preference between the native shrimps Crangon spp. and P. macrodactylus may minimize competition (Newman 1963). However, both species feed on the mysid Neomysis mercedis, and could compete for food, particularly in the fall, when N. mercedis numbers are low (Sitts and Knight 1979). Neomysis mercedis is now rare in the San Fracisco estuary, largely replaced by a smaller biomass of Asian mysids. We have no information on how these changes have affected interactions between P. macrodactylus and native Crangon spp. | |||||
NEP-V | Northern California to Mid Channel Islands | Ecological Impact | Predation | ||
The most frequent food item for both P. macrodactylus and Crangon franciscorum in San Francisco Bay was the mysid Neomysis mercedis. In 1976, C. franciscorum consumed up to 6.2% of the mysid biomass, while P. macrodactylus consumed up to 4.8% (Sitts and Knight 1979). Predation on N. mercedis is significant, because this mysid is also an important food source for planktivorous adult and juvenile fish. However, this mysid is now scarce in the San Francisco estuary, largely replaced by smaller species of Asian mysids, as part of a reorganization of the food web caused by the invasion of the Asian Brackish-Water Clam (Corbula amurensis). These changes have probably altered the diet of P. macrodactylus, but we have found no recent diet studies on this shrimp. | |||||
P090 | San Francisco Bay | Ecological Impact | Predation | ||
The most frequent food item for both P. macrodactylus and Crangon franciscorum in San Francisco Bay was the mysid Neomysis mercedis. In 1976, C. franciscorum consumed up to 6.2% of the mysid biomass, while P. macrodactylus consumed up to 4.8% (Sitts and Knight 1979). Predation on N. mercedis is significant, because this mysid is also an important food source for planktivorous adult and juvenile fish. However, this mysid is now scarce in the San Francisco estuary, largely replaced by smaller species of Asian mysids, as part of a reorganization of the food web caused by the invasion of the Asian Brackish-Water Clam (Corbula amurensis). These changes have probably altered the diet of P. macrodactylus, but we have found no recent diet studies on this shrimp. | |||||
CA | California | Ecological Impact | Competition | ||
In San Francisco Bay, differences in habitat preference between the native shrimps Crangon spp. and P. macrodactylus may minimize competition (Newman 1963). However, both species feed on the mysid Neomysis mercedis, and could compete for food, particularly in the fall, when N. mercedis numbers are low (Sitts and Knight 1979). Neomysis mercedis is now rare in the San Fracisco estuary, largely replaced by a smaller biomass of Asian mysids. We have no information on how these changes have affected interactions between P. macrodactylus and native Crangon spp., In San Francisco Bay, differences in habitat preference between the native shrimp Crangon spp. and P. macrodactylus may minimize competition (Newman 1963). However, both species feed on the mysid Neomysis mercedis, and could be competing for food, particularly in the fall, when N. mercedis numbers are low (Sitts and Knight 1979). | |||||
CA | California | Ecological Impact | Predation | ||
The most frequent food item for both P. macrodactylus and Crangon franciscorum in San Francisco Bay was the mysid Neomysis mercedis. In 1976, C. franciscorum consumed up to 6.2% of the mysid biomass, while P. macrodactylus consumed up to 4.8% (Sitts and Knight 1979). Predation on N. mercedis is significant, because this mysid is also an important food source for planktivorous adult and juvenile fish. However, this mysid is now scarce in the San Francisco estuary, largely replaced by smaller species of Asian mysids, as part of a reorganization of the food web caused by the invasion of the Asian Brackish-Water Clam (Corbula amurensis). These changes have probably altered the diet of P. macrodactylus, but we have found no recent diet studies on this shrimp., The most frequent food item for both P. macrodactylus and Crangon franciscorum in San Francisco Bay was the mysid Neomysis mercedis. In 1976, C. franciscorum consumed up to 6.2% of the mysid biomass, while P. macrodactylus consumed up to 4.8% (Sitts and Knight 1979). Predation on N. mercedis is significant, because this mysid is also an important food source for planktivorous adult and juvenile fish. However, this mysid is now scarce in the San Francisco estuary, largely replaced by smaller species of Asian mysids, as part of a reorganization of the food web caused by the invasion of the Asian Brackish-Water Clam (Corbula amurensis). These changes have probably altered the diet of P. macrodactylus, but we have found no recent diet studies on this shrimp. |
Regional Distribution Map
Bioregion | Region Name | Year | Invasion Status | Population Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
P020 | San Diego Bay | 2011 | Non-native | Established |
P030 | Mission Bay | 2001 | Non-native | Established |
P070 | Morro Bay | 2000 | Non-native | Established |
P010 | Tijuana Estuary | 1995 | Non-native | Established |
P130 | Humboldt Bay | 1995 | Non-native | Established |
P022 | _CDA_P022 (San Diego) | 1994 | Non-native | Established |
NEP-IV | Puget Sound to Northern California | 1987 | Non-native | Established |
P061 | _CDA_P061 (Los Angeles) | 1984 | Non-native | Established |
P080 | Monterey Bay | 1981 | Non-native | Established |
P060 | Santa Monica Bay | 1977 | Non-native | Established |
P050 | San Pedro Bay | 1962 | Non-native | Established |
NEP-VI | Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California | 1962 | Non-native | Established |
P093 | _CDA_P093 (San Pablo Bay) | 1959 | Non-native | Established |
P090 | San Francisco Bay | 1957 | Non-native | Established |
NEP-V | Northern California to Mid Channel Islands | 1957 | Non-native | Established |
Occurrence Map
OCC_ID | Author | Year | Date | Locality | Status | Latitude | Longitude |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
697029 | T. Miller pers. comm. 1995, in Cohen and Carlton 1995 | 1995 | Humboldt Bay General Location | Non-native | 40.7864 | -124.1922 | |
697184 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-07-29 | Mare Island Strait - Navy | Non-native | 38.1015 | -122.2695 |
697538 | Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) | 2000 | 2000-08-28 | San Dieguito Lagoon | Non-native | 32.9678 | -117.2597 |
697672 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-20 | Port Sonoma/Petaluma R. | Non-native | 38.1157 | -122.5026 |
697679 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-07-13 | Port Sonoma/Petaluma R. | Non-native | 38.1157 | -122.5026 |
697828 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-03 | Berkeley Marina | Non-native | 37.8676 | -122.3172 |
697912 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-02 | Port of Oakland Office | Non-native | 37.7954 | -122.2804 |
698191 | H.K. Chadwick, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 | 1960 | Suisun Bay | Non-native | 38.0713 | -122.0581 | |
698317 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-20 | Loch Lomond Marina Area | Non-native | 37.9720 | -122.4832 |
698319 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-07-01 | Loch Lomond Marina Area | Non-native | 37.9720 | -122.4832 |
698665 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-03 | Marine Terminal (Paco) | Non-native | 32.6584 | -117.1191 |
698856 | Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) | 2004 | 2004-05-25 | Port Sonoma, San Pablo Bay | Non-native | 38.1156 | -122.5026 |
698918 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-07-14 | Point San Pablo Yacht Harbor | Non-native | 37.9643 | -122.4185 |
699053 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-07-13 | Petaluma River Turning Basin | Non-native | 38.2344 | -122.6354 |
699307 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-20 | San Pablo Bay Pumphouse | Non-native | 38.0446 | -122.4326 |
700299 | Carlton 1979 | 1979 | Berkeley Aquatic Park Lagoon, San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.8567 | -122.2992 | |
700351 | Cohen and Carlton 1995 | 1994 | Napa River at John F. Kennedy Park | Non-native | 38.2649 | -122.2844 | |
700352 | Cohen and Carlton 1995 | 1993 | Napa River at John F. Kennedy Park | Non-native | 38.2649 | -122.2844 | |
700464 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-09-09 | Coyote Point Marina | Non-native | 37.5905 | -122.3177 |
700571 | Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) | 2004 | 2004-05-28 | Moore's Landing, San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 38.2261 | -122.3076 |
700791 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-09-09 | Sea Plane Harbor | Non-native | 37.6349 | -122.3848 |
701092 | Cohen and Carlton 1995 | 1994 | San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.8494 | -122.3681 | |
701093 | Cohen and Carlton 1995 | 1993 | San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.8494 | -122.3681 | |
701094 | Newman 1963 | 1957 | North San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.9586 | -122.4646 | |
701619 | H.K. Chadwick, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 | 1960 | Delta General Location | Non-native | 38.0500 | -121.8100 | |
702144 | Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) | 2004 | 2004-05-24 | San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.6966 | -122.1932 |
703369 | J.Q. Word, in litt. August 1977 in Carlton 1979 | 1970 | Marina del Rey | Non-native | 33.9722 | -118.4522 | |
703742 | Carlton 1979 | 1979 | Lake Merritt, Oakland, San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.8025 | -122.2578 | |
703971 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-05-31 | Railroad Bridge | Non-native | 37.4602 | -121.9750 |
704475 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-07 | Martinez Marina | Non-native | 38.0276 | -122.1371 |
704476 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-29 | Martinez Marina | Non-native | 38.0276 | -122.1371 |
704499 | Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) | 2004 | 2004-05-28 | Napa Valley Marina, San Pablo Bay | Non-native | 38.2200 | -122.3128 |
704516 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-30 | Napa Valley Marina | Non-native | 38.2198 | -122.3119 |
704565 | Cohen and Carlton 1995 | 1993 | Petaluma River at Petaluma | Non-native | 38.2355 | -122.6382 | |
704570 | Cohen and Carlton 1995 | 1994 | Petaluma River at Petaluma | Non-native | 38.2355 | -122.6382 | |
715964 | Jeff Crooks, pers. comm. 2005 | 2005 | Tijuana River National Estuarine Reserve | Non-native | 32.5556 | -117.1228 | |
715969 | US National Museum of Natural History 2007 | 1984 | 1984-07-16 | Malibu Lagoon | Non-native | 34.0327 | -118.6815 |
715971 | Standing 1981; California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database | 1979 | 1979-04-11 | Elkhorn Slough at Highway 1 Bridge | Non-native | 36.8100 | -121.7850 |
715972 | H. Wright, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 | 1958 | Berkeley Aquatic Park | Non-native | 37.8569 | -122.2989 | |
715973 | H.K. Chadwick, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 | 1959 | China Camp | Non-native | 38.0008 | -122.4616 | |
715974 | Newman 1963 | 1960 | Corte Madera Creek, San Pablo Bay | Non-native | 37.9430 | -122.5122 | |
715975 | H.K. Chadwick, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 | 1959 | Rodeo | Non-native | 38.0368 | -122.2753 | |
715976 | H.K. Chadwick, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 | 1961 | Montezuma Slough | Non-native | 38.1791 | -122.0047 | |
715977 | H.K. Chadwick, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 | 1960 | San Joaquin River at Antioch | Non-native | 38.0258 | -121.7547 | |
715980 | Newman 1963; Hubbs and Miller 1965 | 1962 | Palo Alto Yacht Harbor | Non-native | 37.4574 | -122.1058 | |
757795 | H.K. Chadwick, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 | 1959 | Point San Pedro | Non-native | 37.9855 | -122.4471 | |
757796 | H.K. Chadwick, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 | 1960 | Carquinez Strait at Benicia | Non-native | 38.0494 | -122.1619 | |
757797 | H.K. Chadwick, pers. comm. in Newman 1963 | 1960 | Mare Island Strait near Vallejo | Non-native | 38.1011 | -122.2668 | |
757798 | H. Wright, pers. comm. in Newman 1963; H. Wright, pers. comm. in Hubbs and Miller 1965 | 1961 | Lake Merritt | Non-native | 37.8025 | -122.2578 | |
757799 | Carlton 1979 | 1979 | Delta General Location | Non-native | 38.0500 | -121.8100 | |
757800 | Standing 1981; California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database | 1979 | 1979-07-26 | Elkhorn Slough near Kirby Park | Non-native | 36.8398 | -121.7435 |
757801 | Standing 1981; California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database | 1979 | 1979-07-26 | Elkhorn Slough near Dairy area | Non-native | 36.8128 | -121.7630 |
757802 | Standing 1981; California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database | 1979 | 1979-10-18 | Elkhorn Slough near Kirby Park | Non-native | 36.8398 | -121.7435 |
757803 | Standing 1981; California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database | 1979 | 1979-10-18 | Elkhorn Slough near Dairy area | Non-native | 36.8128 | -121.7630 |
757804 | Painter 1966a | 1963 | Suisun Bay | Non-native | 38.0713 | -122.0581 | |
757805 | Painter 1966a | 1963 | San Pablo Bay | Non-native | 38.0600 | -122.3900 | |
757806 | Ganssle 1966 | 1964 | San Pablo Bay | Non-native | 38.0600 | -122.3900 | |
757807 | Ganssle 1966 | 1964 | Suisun Bay | Non-native | 38.0713 | -122.0581 | |
757808 | Williams et al. 2001 | 1995 | Tijuana Estuary | Non-native | 32.5667 | -117.1314 | |
757809 | Williams et al. 2001 | 1997 | Tijuana Estuary | Non-native | 32.5667 | -117.1314 | |
757810 | Williams et al. 2001 | 1999 | Tijuana Estuary | Non-native | 32.5667 | -117.1314 | |
757811 | Williams et al. 2001 | 1994 | Los Penasquitos Lagoon | Non-native | 32.9316 | -117.2531 | |
757812 | Williams et al. 2001 | 1995 | Los Penasquitos Lagoon | Non-native | 32.9316 | -117.2531 | |
757813 | Williams et al. 2001 | 1996 | Los Penasquitos Lagoon | Non-native | 32.9316 | -117.2531 | |
757814 | Williams et al. 2001 | 1997 | Los Penasquitos Lagoon | Non-native | 32.9316 | -117.2531 | |
757815 | Williams et al. 2001 | 1998 | Los Penasquitos Lagoon | Non-native | 32.9316 | -117.2531 | |
757816 | Williams et al. 2001 | 1999 | Los Penasquitos Lagoon | Non-native | 32.9316 | -117.2531 | |
757817 | H.O. Wright, pers. comm., in Hubbs and Miller 1965 | 1958 | Berkeley Aquatic Park Lagoon, San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.8567 | -122.2992 | |
757818 | Hubbs and Miller 1965 | 1959 | 1959-06-27 | Corte Madera Creek, below Kentfield Bridge | Non-native | 37.9487 | -122.5447 |
768149 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2012 | 2012-09-06 | Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 37.9736 | -122.4802 |
768216 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2012 | 2012-09-10 | Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 38.0346 | -121.8829 |
768331 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2013 | 2013-08-23 | Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 37.9723 | -122.4829 |
819823 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2014 | Oyster Point | None | 37.6937 | -122.3689 | |
819824 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2014 | SF marina | None | 37.8075 | -122.4347 | |
819825 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2014 | Hayward | None | 37.6485 | -122.2184 | |
819826 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2014 | Ballena Isle | None | 37.7583 | -122.2841 | |
819827 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2014 | San Mateo | None | 37.5938 | -122.3036 | |
819828 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2014 | San Bruno | None | 37.6479 | -122.3662 | |
819829 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2014 | Richmond | None | 37.9187 | -122.3919 | |
819830 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2014 | Albany | None | 37.8877 | -122.3247 | |
819831 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2014 | San Quentin | None | 37.9372 | -122.4787 | |
819832 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2014 | Richardson bay | None | 37.8715 | -122.4790 | |
820023 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2015 | Oakland | None | 37.7056 | -122.2473 | |
820024 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2015 | Ballena Isle | None | 37.7588 | -122.2834 | |
820025 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2015 | SF marina | None | 37.8074 | -122.4345 | |
820026 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2015 | Richardson bay | None | 37.8705 | -122.4797 | |
820027 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2015 | Smithsonian | None | 37.8981 | -122.4623 | |
820028 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2015 | Hunters Point | None | 37.7088 | -122.3691 | |
820029 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2015 | Oyster Point | None | 37.6747 | -122.3753 | |
820030 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2015 | Union City | None | 37.5865 | -122.1743 | |
820031 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2015 | Albany | None | 37.8879 | -122.3245 | |
820032 | Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) | 2015 | San Lorenzo | None | 37.6480 | -122.2159 |
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