Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1978
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1978
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record: 1996

General Invasion History:

Caprella scaura was first described from Mauritius in 1836, and subsequently found in tropical and subtropical areas around the world. Historically, it ranged as far north as Vladivostok, Russia, in the Northwest Pacific, and south to Chile, South Africa, and southern Australia (McCain 1968). Its native region is uncertain. In other parts of the world, it has recently extended its range into warm-temperate regions, including California (Marelli 1981), South Carolina, the Gulf Coast of Florida (Foster et al. 2004), the Atlantic coast of Spain, and the Canary Islands (Guerra-Garcia et al. 2011). In the Mediterranean, there was an early report from the Thau Lagoon, France, an oyster-rearing area (Razarihelisoa 1958), but it has appeared in other regions of the Sea more recently (Krapp et al. 2006; Martínez and Adarraga 2008; Zenetos et al. 2008; Bakir and Katagan 2011). The morphological variability of this caprellid indicates that the name C. scaura is a species complex, but many of the introduced populations are morphologically similar and appear to correspond to Mayer's (1890, cited by McCain 1968) form ‘typica’. Caprella scaura is capable of long-distance dispersal on floating seaweeds and other objects. However, its worldwide distribution has probably resulted from transport by hull fouling, ballast water, and by oyster transplants and other forms of aquaculture (Foster et al. 2004; Krapp et al. 2006; Martínez and Adarraga 2008; Guerra-Garcia et al. 2011).

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

Caprella scaura was first collected on the West Coast in 1978 by Marelli (1981) from the cooling systems of power plants in San Francisco Bay and Elkhorn Slough, California. It was subsequently collected in Southern California, from the Channel Islands, Oxnard, and San Diego Bay (Fairey et al. 2002).

Invasion History on the East Coast:

Caprella scaura was collected during benthic surveys on the East Coast of Florida, in Biscayne Bay in 1996, and the St. Johns River estuary in 2001 (NOAA National Benthic Inventory 2012). In 2002, it was found in the fouling community of a floating dock in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina (Foster et al. 2004).

Invasion History on the Gulf Coast:

In 1998-2002, Caprella scaura was found near Panama City, Florida in St. Andrews Bay on jetties and channel markers (Foster et al. 2004).

Invasion History in Hawaii:

Caprella scaura was first found in Pearl Harbor, Oahu in 1929 (Coles et al. 1999a; Calton and Eldredge 2009). Subsequently, it was found in other Oahu harbors (Coles et al. 1999b), and in 2003, in Malea Harbor, Maui (Coles et al. 2004).

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

As noted above, the type locality of C. scaura is Mauritius. Mayer (1890, cited by Krapp et al. 2006) obtained type specimens for the subspecies typica and cornuta in Rio de Janeiro, while the type locality for his diceros and Utinomi's (1947, cited by Krapp et al. 2006) hamata form was Japan. These forms all lack a ventral spine between gnathopods 2, and may be conspecific or closely related (Krapp et al. 2006). In any event, C. scaura s. l. was distributed in the South Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans by the late 19th century. By 1968, C. scaura was known from the Caribbean, the Southwest Atlantic (Brazil), the Southeast Pacific (Chile), the Southwest Pacific (Sydney, Australia), the Northwest Pacific (Vladivostok to southern Japan), and the Southeast Atlantic (South Africa) (McCain 1968). More recent records include New Caledonia (Laubitz 1991), St. Paul's Island (Southern Indian Ocean, Laubitz 1995), and Hong Kong (Guerra-Garcia and Takeuchi 2003). We consider most of this range cryptogenic, given the potential for natural dispersal, and early, undocumented transport of this caprellid by ships.

Recent expansions of C. scaura in several parts of the world appear to be introductions. In Australia, the caprellid was found in Port Philip Bay, Victoria in 1990 (Museum Victoria 2012), in Tasmania in 1980 (Guerra-Garcia and Takeuchi 2004), and in Western Australia in 1983 (Guerra-Garcia 2004). In Europe, there was an early report of C. scaura in the Mediterranean, in the Thau Lagoon, a major oyster-rearing area (Razarihelisoa 1958). However, its range in the Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic has expanded greatly in the last two decades. Caprella scaura was seen in the Venice Lagoon in 1994 (Krapp et al. 2006), and subsequently appeared in the Ionian Sea, Greece (in 2002, Krapp et al. 2006), the Aegean Sea, Turkey (in 2008, Bakir and Katagan 2011), and Western Mediterranean locations in Spain and Italy (Martínez and Adarraga 2008). In the Eastern Atlantic, this caprellid appeared off Cadiz, Spain and in great abundance in aquaculture operations in the Canary Islands, in 2009 (Guerra-Garcia et al. 2011).


Description

Caprellid amphipods have a greatly modified body form, when compared to more familiar gammarid amphipods. The body is elongated (giving rise to the name 'skeleton shrimp'), though the abdomen is compressed. The head is partly fused with the first thoracic segment (called Pereonite 1 in amphipods). The head bears a pair of long antennae 1, somewhat shorter antennae. The 1st antennae (A1) have a 3-segmented peduncle, tipped by a flagellum with multiple segments. The 2nd antennae (A2) may be fringed with long setae, and have 3-4 segments in the peduncle, and a shorter flagellum, usually of 2 segments. A mandibular palp of several segments is present in some genera, arising between the antennae, but this is absent in Caprella. There is a small pair of gnathopods, small grasping claws with a movable finger (Gnathopod 1), on Pereonite 1. Pereonite 2 bears a much larger pair of gnathopods (Gnathopod 2), which may have conspicuous spines or setae. Pereonites 3 and 4 usually have round or club-shaped gills, while in most species, including Caprella, pereiopods are absent. Pereiopods 5, 6, and 7 are roughly equal and hook-like, for climbing and attachment, with 6 segments. Females develop oostegites, plates which form a brood pouch. Males are usually larger than females of the same species. Females and immature males can be hard to identify to species level. (Description from: Barnes 1983; Watling and Carlton, in Carlton 2007).  

Caprella scaura are distinguished by a sharply pointed, forward-pointing dorsal spine on the head. Mature male gnathopod 2 propodus may be extended distally, with a mid-palm proximal spine, distal poison tooth and triangular projection; dactylus may be sculpted However, the size of specimens can vary considerably by region and season. There are a number of morphological differences between male and females. In females, flagellum of the antennule has up to four segments, usually fewer than the male. The pereonites of females are greatly shortened compared with those of the males. Females vary in the number of body spines, with as many as one or two knobs on each pereonite. The propodus of gnathopod 2 of females is less elongated than males, and has one proximal spine, and a small distal tooth. Mature females are distinguished by the developing oostegites and brood pouch. See descriptions by: McCain 1968; Guerra-Garcia and Takeuchi 2003; Martínez and Adarraga 2008; Guerra-Garcia et al. 2011.

This 'species' shows a high degree of variation in several anatomical features. Mayer (1890, cited by McCain 1968) named six varieties (now subspecies): typica, cornuta, diceros, scauroides, spinirostris, and californica. An additional one, hamata was added by Utinomi (1947, cited by McCain 1968; Krapp et al. 2006). One of the distinguishing features of the subspecies is the absence of a ventral spine between the insertions of Gnathopods 2 in typica, cornuta, and diceros, and its presence in the other named forms, including californica, scauroides, and spinirostris. Caprella californica, from the Northeast Pacific, is now recognized as a full species (McCain 1968; Watling and Carlton, in Carlton 2007). The other ventral-spined forms, scauroides and spinirostris, may be conspecific with C. californica (Laubitz 1970, cited by Guerra-Garcia and Takeuchi 2004). The currently recognized subspecies of Caprella scaura appear to constitute a widespread species complex. Molecular studies will be needed to clarify their systematics and origin. However, specimens caught in US Atlantic and Pacific waters resemble C. s. typica (McCain 1968; Marelli 1981; Foster et al. 2004).


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Arthropoda
Subphylum:   Crustacea
Class:   Malacostraca
Subclass:   Eumalacostraca
Superorder:   Peracarida
Order:   Amphipoda
Suborder:   Caprellidea
Infraorder:   Caprellida
Superfamily:   Caprelloidea
Family:   Caprellidae
Genus:   Caprella
Species:   scaura

Synonyms

Caprella attenuata (Dana, 1853)
Caprella attenuata forma subtenuis (Dana, 1853)
Caprella cornuta (Dana, 1853)
Caprella cornuta forma obtusirostris (Dana, 1853)
Caprella nodosa (Templeton, 1836)
Caprella scaura forma cornuta (Mayer, 1890)
Caprella scaura forma diceros (Mayer, 1890)
Caprella scaura forma hamata (Mayer, 1890)
Caprella scaura forma typica (Mayer, 1890)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Caprella californica
NE Pacific native, formerly considered a subspecies of C. scaura (Cabezas et al. 2014)

Caprella penantis
Cosmopolitan, a species complex

Caprella scauroides
NW Pacific native, Taiwan

Caprella simia
NW Pacific native, introduced to California

Ecology

General:

Life History – Males and females are morphologically distinct. The males are larger, more robust, and armed with larger gnathopods, probably an adaptation to competition for females and for guarding themselves during molting, which precedes mating. The young are brooded by the female in an egg-pouch formed by large plates (oostegites) on the 3rd and 4th pereionites (Turcotte and Sainte Marie 2009). Brooding takes about four days at 24⁰C (Lim and Alexander 1986). Development is direct, with the newborn juveniles having the general form of the adults. The 1st instar of Caprella scaura are quite small (~1.2 mm), lacking the distinctive head spine, and having less developed gnathopods, however perieopods with long dactyls, specialized for clinging to the mother are observed even in small individuals (Lim and Alexander 1986). The young are dependent on maternal care and cling to females for about a week after birth. Brooding females and females with newborns are more likely to fight with males than are non-reproducing females (Lim and Alexander 1986; Aoki 1999).

Ecology – Caprellids can feed in a variety of ways, including filtering small particles from the water, browsing on small filamentous algae, scraping tissue from large algae, scavenging, and predation (Turcotte and Sainte Marie 2009). An examination of the gut contents (specimens from Mauritius, Australia, Greece, and Chile) found that 99.8% of their diet was detritus (Guerra-Garciana and de Figeroa 2009). A later study found a dietary shift during development, with juvrniles doing more predatory feeding, and then shifting to detritus feeding as adults (Ros et al. 2014). Caprella scaura is known for using a wide range of habitats, including seaweeds, seagrasses, sponges, hydroids, bryozoans (Zoobotryon verticillatum, Bugula neritina), and manmade structures such as buoys, floating docks, and aquaculture systems (McCain 1968; Thiel et al. 2003; Foster et al. 2004; Guerra-Garcia et al. 2011; Ros et al. 2013; Ros et al. 2016; Molina et al. 2017). In short term experiments, C. scaura tolerated salinities as low as 7.5 PSU (Cockman and Albone 1987, cited by Ros et al. 2015), but on the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Spain,C. scaura predominated over C. equilibria at salinities of 36-38 PSU (Ros et al. 2015).

Food:

Phytoplankton, detritus

Trophic Status:

Suspension Feeder

SusFed

Habitats

General HabitatGrass BedNone
General HabitatCoarse Woody DebrisNone
General HabitatOyster ReefNone
General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatRockyNone
General HabitatUnstructured BottomNone
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Temperature (ºC)7Field, Mar Piccolo, Italy, Mediterranean Sea (Prato et al. 2013)
Maximum Temperature (ºC)30Field, Mar Piccolo, Italy, Mediterranean Sea (Prato et al. 2013)
Minimum Salinity (‰)7.5Experimental, 24 hr LC 50, Swan River, Western Australia, Cockman and Albone 1987, cited by Ros et al. (2015).
Maximum Salinity (‰)38Field, Mar Piccolo, Italy, Mediterranean Sea (Prato et al. 2013)
Minimum Length (mm)5.6For mature breeding females,Mar Piccolo, Italy, Mediterranean Sea, Prato et al. 2013)
Maximum Length (mm)23Mar Piccolo, Italy, Mediterranean Sea (Prato et al. 2013)
Broad Temperature RangeNoneWarm temperate-Tropical
Broad Salinity RangeNonePolyhaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

Caprella scaura has reached very high densities in some introduced locations, including Cadiz Harbor (Guerra-Garcia et al. 2011) and Roses Bay, Spain (Martinez and Adaragga 2008); the Venice Lagoon (Krapp et al. 2006); and in aquaculture operations in the Canary Islands (Guerra-Garcia et al. 2011). In Cadiz Harbor, C. scaura apparently displaced native caprellids and other amphipods (Guerra-Garcia et al. 2011). While this caprellid has been associated with fish culture, negative impacts on aquaculture have not been reported.

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
P023 _CDA_P023 (San Louis Rey-Escondido) 2011 Def Estab
P040 Newport Bay 2011 Def Estab
P070 Morro Bay 2011 Def Unk
P050 San Pedro Bay 2001 Def Estab
P062 _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) 2001 Def Estab
P060 Santa Monica Bay 2001 Def Estab
P020 San Diego Bay 2001 Def Estab
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California 2001 Def Estab
P090 San Francisco Bay 1978 Def Estab
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 1978 Def Estab
P080 Monterey Bay 1978 Def Estab

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
755347 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-10 Channel Islands Harbor Epifaunal 02 Def 34.1811 -119.2319
755348 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-11 Los Angeles Epifaunal 01 Def 33.7348 -118.2478
755349 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-11 Los Angeles Epifaunal 04 Def 33.7655 -118.2529
755350 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-11 Los Angeles Epifaunal 05 Def 33.7648 -118.2424
755351 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-11 Marina Del Rey Epifaunal 04 Def 33.9760 -118.4460
755352 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-12 Huntington Harbour Epifaunal 02 Def 33.7175 -118.0658
755353 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-12 Huntington Harbour Epifaunal 03 Def 33.7283 -118.0601
755354 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-12 Huntington Harbour Epifaunal 04 Def 33.7278 -118.0787
755355 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-16 Long Beach Epifaunal 02 Def 33.7477 -118.1975
755356 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-16 Long Beach Epifaunal 03 Def 33.7628 -118.2145
755357 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-16 Long Beach Epifaunal 04 Def 33.7709 -118.2113
755358 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-16 Long Beach Epifaunal 06 Def 33.7697 -118.2283
755359 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-09 Bulk Carrier Terminal Def 32.6969 -117.1526
755360 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-10 Shelter Island Marina Def 32.7180 -117.2255
755361 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 Central Basin Def 37.7643 -122.3863
755362 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 China Basin Def 37.7780 -122.3881
755363 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 Ferry Terminal Pier Def 37.7945 -122.3917
755364 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 Potrero Point Def 37.7521 -122.3790
755365 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Cruise Ship Pier Def 37.8085 -122.4060
755366 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Pier 39 Def 37.8108 -122.4086
755367 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Pier 45 Def 37.8111 -122.4196
755368 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Saint Francis Yacht Harbor Def 37.8066 -122.4463
755369 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Treasure Island Def 37.8149 -122.3702
755370 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 Coyote Point Marina Def 37.5905 -122.3177
755371 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 Sierra Point Marina Def 37.6740 -122.3792
755372 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-04 Berkeley Flats/Berkeley Pier Def 37.8600 -122.3256
755373 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-04 Berkeley Marina Def 37.8676 -122.3172
755374 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-04 Oakland Inner Harbor - Shipping cranes Def 37.7947 -122.3095
755375 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-04 Oakland Outer Harbor Def 37.8217 -122.3145
755376 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-05 Ballena Bay Def 37.7661 -122.2834
755377 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-05 Coast Guard Island Def 37.7812 -122.2457
755378 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-05 Oakland Inner Harbor - Small marinas Def 37.7847 -122.2669
755379 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-05 Port of Oakland Office Def 37.7954 -122.2804
755380 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-05 Sea Plane Lagoon Def 37.7761 -122.2998
755381 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Chevron Pier Def 37.9228 -122.4105
755382 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Point Richmond Piers Def 37.9085 -122.3913
755383 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Richmond Marina Def 37.9137 -122.3504
755384 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Santa Fe Channel - Back Def 37.9207 -122.3684
755385 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Santa Fe Channel - Front Def 37.9101 -122.3644
755386 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-07 Benicia Waterfront Def 38.0401 -122.1385
755387 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 Point San Pablo Yacht Harbor Def 37.9643 -122.4185
755388 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Ayala Cove Def 37.8680 -122.4350
755389 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Corinthian Marina Def 37.8726 -122.4563
755390 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Paradise Cay Def 37.9146 -122.4776
755391 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Richardson Bay Def 37.8588 -122.4798
755392 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Romberg Tiburon Center Def 37.8906 -122.4458
755393 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-28 Coast Guard Pier Def 35.3707 -120.8585
755394 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-28 Derelict Boat Def 35.3589 -120.8524
755395 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-21 APL Terminal Def 33.7348 -118.2479
755396 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-21 LA/Long Beach Cruise Ship Pier Def 33.7446 -118.2762
755397 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-21 Loading Dock at Bumper Pad #51 Def 33.7410 -118.2746
755398 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-21 Slip D-50 Def 33.7165 -118.2801
755399 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-22 Backside of Working Container Ship Pier Def 33.7667 -118.2774
755400 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-22 Draw Bridge Def 33.7645 -118.2428
755401 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-22 Fuel Depot Def 33.7440 -118.2358
755402 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-22 LA/Long Beach Coast Guard Pier Def 33.7233 -118.2685
755403 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-22 Port of Los Angeles Clock Tower Def 33.7540 -118.2697
755404 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-22 Yacht Haven Marina Def 33.7655 -118.2528
755405 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-23 Hyundai Container Ship Dock Def 33.7628 -118.2144
755406 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-23 ITS Terminal Def 33.7483 -118.1973
755407 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-23 Long Beach Downtown Marina - ISS Def 33.7594 -118.1866
755408 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-23 Super Mexico Pier Def 33.7708 -118.2113
755409 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-23 Under the Bridge Def 33.7697 -118.2284
755410 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-24 New Site (Blue Awnings) Def 33.7224 -118.0561
755411 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-24 Yellow Condos Def 33.7283 -118.0602
755412 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Dana Inn Marina Def 32.7671 -117.2362
755413 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Back Bay Marina Def 33.6194 -117.8933
755414 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-15 Ocean Institute Dock Def 33.4622 -117.7063
755415 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-05-31 Redwood Creek - Marina Def 37.5021 -122.2130
755416 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-01 Sea Plane Harbor Def 37.6349 -122.3848
755417 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Oakland Inner Harbor - Shipping cranes Def 37.7947 -122.3095
755418 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-03 Berkeley Flats/Berkeley Pier Def 37.8600 -122.3256
755419 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-13 Coyote Point Def 37.5920 -122.3210
755420 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Chevron Pier Def 37.9228 -122.4105
755421 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Point Richmond Piers Def 37.9085 -122.3913
755422 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Santa Fe Channel - Back Def 37.9207 -122.3684
755423 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Santa Fe Channel - Front Def 37.9101 -122.3644
755424 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-01 Ayala Cove Def 37.8680 -122.4350
755425 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-14 Paradise Cay Def 37.9146 -122.4776
755426 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-14 Romberg Tiburon Center Def 37.8906 -122.4458
755427 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-29 San Mateo Bridge Def 37.5806 -122.2543
755428 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-05 Morro Bay Boat Yard Def 35.3570 -120.8492
755429 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Newport Bay Harbor Entrance Def 33.5974 -117.8798
755430 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Middle Harbor Yacht Slip Def 33.2106 -117.3960
755431 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Oceanside Commercial Fishing Dock Def 33.2057 -117.3897
755432 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-16 Breakwater Cove Marina Def 36.6090 -121.8936
758346 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1986 1986-09-17 N of Coyote Point Def 37.6050 -122.3108
758347 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1987 1987-10-02 S of Brooks Island and W of Fleming Point (near Berkeley) Def 37.8738 -122.3533
758348 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1987 1987-09-25 N of Coyote Point Def 37.6050 -122.3108
758349 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1986 1986-09-17 Off San Lorenzo Def 37.6595 -122.2362
758350 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1987 1987-07-22 S of Brooks Island and W of Fleming Point (near Berkeley) Def 37.8738 -122.3533
758351 Marelli 1981 1978 Potrero Generating Station Def 37.7565 -122.3815
758352 Marelli 1981 1978 Hunter's Point Power Plant Def 37.7381 -122.3766
758353 Marelli 1981 1978 Moss Landing Power Plant Def 36.8049 -121.7844
767664 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-16 Naval Base Point Loma, San Diego Bay, CA, California, USA Def 32.6886 -117.2343
768001 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-08-23 Sausalito Marine Harbor, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Def 37.8609 -122.4853
768228 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-09-13 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Def 37.6962 -122.1919
770908 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-26 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.5869 -122.3237
772042 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-21 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.7843 -122.2648
772058 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-21 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.7843 -122.2648
772079 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-21 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.7843 -122.2648
772097 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-21 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.7843 -122.2648
772529 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-19 Sausalito Marine Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.8609 -122.4855
772575 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-27 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.6634 -122.3823
772613 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-27 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.6634 -122.3823
775970 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-17 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.6639 -122.3758
775972 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-17 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.6639 -122.3758
775975 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-17 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.6639 -122.3758
776011 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-10 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.9138 -122.3522
776032 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-18 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.7835 -122.2630
776035 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-18 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.7835 -122.2630
776038 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-18 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.7835 -122.2630
776044 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-18 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.7835 -122.2630
776047 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.7839 -122.2641
776049 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.7839 -122.2641
776054 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.7839 -122.2641
776058 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.7839 -122.2641
776078 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.5022 -122.2129
776085 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.5022 -122.2129
776089 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-14 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.9129 -122.3492
776102 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-14 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.9129 -122.3492
776104 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-14 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.9129 -122.3492
776116 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-17 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.7679 -122.2863
776119 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-17 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.7679 -122.2863
776124 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-10 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 38.4096 -122.1247
776125 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-10 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 38.4096 -122.1247
776128 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-23 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.6630 -122.3798
776130 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-23 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.6630 -122.3798
776132 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-23 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.6630 -122.3798
776136 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-23 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.6630 -122.3798
776138 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-23 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.6630 -122.3798
776140 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.5887 -122.3164
776143 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.5887 -122.3164
776145 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.5887 -122.3164
776151 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.9731 -122.4827
776152 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.9731 -122.4827
776155 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.9731 -122.4827
776169 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-25 Sausalito Marine Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.8612 -122.4849
776179 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-16 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.6978 -122.1928
776203 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-23 Sausalito Marine Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.8606 -122.4853
776206 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-23 Sausalito Marine Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.8606 -122.4853
776224 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-21 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.6633 -122.3759
776227 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-21 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.6633 -122.3759
776230 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-21 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.6633 -122.3759
776232 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-21 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.6633 -122.3759
776235 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-21 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.6633 -122.3759
776238 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-21 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.6633 -122.3759
776244 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-21 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.6633 -122.3759
776246 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.5898 -122.3165
776251 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.5898 -122.3165
776253 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-22 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.5898 -122.3165
819873 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Oyster Point None 37.6937 -122.3689
819874 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 SF marina None 37.8075 -122.4347
819875 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Hayward None 37.6485 -122.2184
819876 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Ballena Isle None 37.7583 -122.2841
819877 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 San Mateo None 37.5938 -122.3036
819878 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 San Bruno None 37.6479 -122.3662
819879 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Richmond None 37.9187 -122.3919
819880 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Albany None 37.8877 -122.3247
819881 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 San Quentin None 37.9372 -122.4787
819882 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Richardson bay None 37.8715 -122.4790
820083 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Oakland None 37.7056 -122.2473
820084 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Ballena Isle None 37.7588 -122.2834
820085 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 SF marina None 37.8074 -122.4345
820086 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Richardson bay None 37.8705 -122.4797
820087 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Smithsonian None 37.8981 -122.4623
820088 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Hunters Point None 37.7088 -122.3691
820089 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Oyster Point None 37.6747 -122.3753
820090 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Union City None 37.5865 -122.1743
820091 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Albany None 37.8879 -122.3245
820092 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 San Lorenzo None 37.6480 -122.2159
820303 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 SF marina None 37.8071 -122.4345
820304 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Bay Farm None 37.7237 -122.2632
820305 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Brisbane None 37.6560 -122.3697
820306 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Mission Bay None 37.7553 -122.3790
820307 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Albany None 37.8773 -122.3241
820308 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 El Cerrito None 37.8885 -122.3367
820309 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Richardson bay None 37.8669 -122.4751
820310 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Paradise Cay None 37.9044 -122.4684
820311 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Oyster Point None 37.6688 -122.3741
820312 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Ballena Isle None 37.7516 -122.2878

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