Invasion History
First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1938First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1938
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:
General Invasion History:
Melita nitida has a wide native range in the Northwest Atlantic, from the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico (Bousfield 1973) and the Caribbean coast of Colombia (Ortiz et al. 2007). This amphipod was first collected on the West Coast in San Francisco Bay, California in 1938 (Carlton 1979; Chapman 1988) and now occurs in estuaries from Howe Sound, British Columbia to the San Gabriel River, near Los Angeles (Carlton 1979; Graening et al. 2012; Murray et al. 2014). In 2000, it was first collected in European waters, in the Scheldt estuary, in the Netherlands (Faasse and van Moorsel 2003) and later (2010) in the Kiel Canal, Germany (Reichert and Beermann 2011).
There is some uncertainty about the identity of the amphipods usually identified as the Northwest Atlantic M. nitida. The Northwest Pacific M. setiflagellata Yamato 1987b is very similar, and has sometimes been considered synonymous, raising the possibility that Asian populations might have been introduced from the Atlantic (Doi et al. 2011) or that West Coast and European populations might have been introduced from Asia (Chapman 2007; Reichert and Beermann 2011; Graening et al. 2012). Currently, most authors use the name M. nitida for the introduced populations on the West Coast and Europe.
North American Invasion History:
Invasion History on the West Coast:
Melita nitida was first collected in the Northeast Pacific at Point Richmond and Lake Merritt (Oakland) in San Francisco Bay, California (CA) in 1938-41 (Carlton 1979). It is now widespread and abundant through the Bay, occurring as far upstream as Collinsville on the Sacramento River during droughts (Cohen and Carlton 1995; Peterson and Vayssieres 2010). It is abundant among tubes of the introduced polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus in San Francisco Bay (Carlton 1979; Chapman 1988). Melita nitida is commonly associated with Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in its native range, and could have been transported with oyster transplants, but it also occurs in ship fouling communities (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute 1952) and is a likely candidate for ballast water transport (Cohen and Carlton 1995).
Melita nitida has spread southward on the West Coast in a scattered fashion, to Elkhorn Slough, CA where it was first collected in 1975 (Carlton 1979; Chapman 1988; Wasson et al. 2001), the San Gabriel River estuary, and non-tidal freshwater portions of the Malibu Creek drainage, Los Angeles County in 2002 (M. Born and M. Abramson, Cadien 2007, cited by Graening et al. 2012). However, it has been introduced to many estuaries to the north, including: Coos Bay, Oregon (OR) in 1954 (Carlton 1979); Howe Sound, British Columbia in 1976 (Carlton 1979); Yaquina Bay, OR in 1986 (Chapman 1988); Alsea Bay, OR in 1987 (Chapman 1988); Willapa Bay, Washington (WA) in 1994 (Cohen et al. 2001); Puget Sound, WA in 1998 (Cohen et al. 2001); Humboldt Bay, CA in 2000 (Boyd et al. 2002); and the Columbia River, OR/WA in 2004 (2 specimens, Chapman in Sytsma et al. 2004). The times of first collection, listed above, do not suggest progressive dispersal by coastal currents, but may reflect frequency of collections in different estuaries. Beyond natural dispersal, this amphipod may have spread to West Coast estuaries by human mediated vectors including coastal shipping, bait packed in seaweed, or oyster transplants (Chapman 1988).
Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:
Melita nitida was first collected in the Northeast Atlantic in 1998, in the western Scheldt estuary, Netherlands, where it was found under boulders, often around oysters, near the low-tide mark in polyhaline waters (Faase and van Moorsel 2003). In 2010, 27 specimens were collected in the Kiel Canal, Germany, connecting the North and Baltic Seas, near the Baltic Sea entrance in Kiel (Reichert and Beermann 2011). Future establishment and spread of this amphipod in the North Sea and Baltic seems likely. In 2013-2016, M. nitida was collected at 3 sites on the French coast of the Bay of Biscay: the Gironde estuary, Arcachon Bay (an important oyster-culture site), and Hossegar Lake, near the Spanish border. Shipping is a possible vector in the Gironde estuary and recreational boating is popular on the whole coast (Gouillieux et al. 2016).
Description
Melita nitida has a slender and laterally compressed body with small and oval eyes. Coxal plates 1-4 are large and rounded below. Antenna 1 is long and robust, ~2/3 body length, with a large flagellum of many segments, whorls of stiff setae, and a small accessory flagellum of three segments. On Antenna 2, peduncle segment 5 and the flagellum are densely covered with whorls of stiff setae.
In the male, Gnathopod 1 has a short dactyl, arising on the anterior margin, with the tip curled inward, closing on the inner face of the propodus (segment 6). Gnathopod 2 is larger than Gnathopod 1 in both sexes, but the male has segments 4, 5, and 6 more enlarged, with a smooth, convex palm, and with the dactyl tip closing on the inner side of the palmar angle. The female Gnathopod 2 is similar, but smaller. The basal segments of pereiopods 5-7 are greatly expanded, especially on the posterior-distal corner. The female's Coxa 5 is ventrally extended. The pleon and urosome segments lack dorsal teeth or mucrons (spines or points in the posterior corners). However, Urosome segment 2 has two small clusters of dorsolateral spines. Uropods 1 and 2 are long, extending rearward, beyond the peduncle of Uropod 3. The telson is deeply bilobed, with each lobe having apical and subapical spines. Males reach 12 mm and females reach 9 mm. The color is grayish, with darker bands and a red spot on the head. Description based on: Holmes 1905, Mills 1964, Bousfield 1973, and Chapman 2007.
Parts of the species' range are uncertain, with records which may refer to very similar species. Sheridan (1979, cited by Chapman 1988) described three very similar species (M. elongata, M. intermedia, and M. longisetosa) from the Gulf of Mexico, but Chapman (1988) considered their status uncertain, until comparisons could be made with the lectotypes of M. nitida. Records of M. nitida from the Pacific coast of Mexico (Shoemaker 1935, cited by Chapman 1988; Hendrickx, in Low-Pfeng and Recagno 2012) may refer to an undescribed species of Melita. Melita nitida is nearly indistinguishable from the NW Pacific M. setiflagellata (Yamato 1987b). Some or all West Coast populations could be the latter (Chapman, in Carlton 2007; Graening et al. 2012). Molecular studies of the genus are desirable, but until these are performed we will treat the US West Coast populations as M. nititda.
Taxonomy
Taxonomic Tree
Kingdom: | Animalia | |
Phylum: | Arthropoda | |
Subphylum: | Crustacea | |
Class: | Malacostraca | |
Subclass: | Eumalacostraca | |
Superorder: | Peracarida | |
Order: | Amphipoda | |
Suborder: | Gammaridea | |
Family: | Melitidae | |
Genus: | Melita | |
Species: | nitida |
Synonyms
Potentially Misidentified Species
Melita oregonensis Barnard 1954 is a West Coast native of rocky shores (Chapman 2007).
Melita rylovae
Melita rylovae Bulycheva 1955 is a Northwestern Pacific species, introduced to the California coast (Chapman 20007).
Melita setiflagellata
Melita setiflagellata Yamato 1987 is a very similar species described from Japan. Some authors have treated this amphipod as conspecific with M. nitida and an introduction in Japan, but most regard it as native in Japan (Doi et al. 2011). Given the similarity, some populations of 'M. nitida' on the West Coast could actually be M. setiflagellata (Chapman 2007; Graening et al. 2012). Molecular studies of this amphipod are desirable.
Melita sulca
Melita sulca Barnard 1954 is a West Coast native of harbors, cobble bottoms, and kelp beds (Chapman 2007).
Ecology
General:
Melita nitida is a free-living gammarid amphipod found in shallow, muddy estuaries, salt marshes, mudflats, oyster beds, and fouling communities (Bousfield 1973; Borowsky 1980). In gammarid amphipods, sexes are separate, the young are brooded, and development is direct (Bousfield 1973). Females in Jamaica Bay, New York, had broods of 5-51 embryos, with a mean of 30. Embryos took 10 days to develop at 17C, and 5 days at 21C, and then were brooded as juveniles for less than 2 days before release (Borowsky 1980). Colonization of new patches of habitat is done by adults (Mungia et al. 2007).
Melita nitida is known from temperatures of 0-32C and salinities of 0-35 PSU (Bousfield 1973; Sheridan 1979; Chapman 1988). It is known from a wide range of habitats, including: intertidal mudflats and algal masses, intertidal rocks and debris, clumps of hydroids and bryozoans, floats and pilings, buoys, and crevices under oysters and other bivalve shells (Bousfield 1973; Sheridan 1979; Chapman 1988; Mungia et al. 2007). It was also found in the fouling of a retired cargo ship moored in Suisun Bay, California (Llansó et al. 2011). Melita nitida in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, fed mostly on seagrass epiphytes, and to a lesser degree on seagrass debris (Zimmerman et al. 1979). Opportunistic predation and scavenging is common in gammarid amphipods, but has not been reported for M. nitida. Likely predators include crabs, shrimps, fishes, and shorebirds.
Food:
Epiphytic algae, seagrass debris
Consumers:
Fishes
Trophic Status:
Herbivore
HerbHabitats
General Habitat | Coarse Woody Debris | None |
General Habitat | Tidal Fresh Marsh | None |
General Habitat | Oyster Reef | None |
General Habitat | Marinas & Docks | None |
General Habitat | Salt-brackish marsh | None |
General Habitat | Grass Bed | None |
Salinity Range | Limnetic | 0-0.5 PSU |
Salinity Range | Oligohaline | 0.5-5 PSU |
Salinity Range | Mesohaline | 5-18 PSU |
Salinity Range | Polyhaline | 18-30 PSU |
Salinity Range | Euhaline | 30-40 PSU |
Tidal Range | Subtidal | None |
Tidal Range | Low Intertidal | None |
Tidal Range | Mid Intertidal | None |
Vertical Habitat | Epibenthic | None |
Tolerances and Life History Parameters
Minimum Temperature (ºC) | 0 | Based on geographical range |
Maximum Temperature (ºC) | 32 | Field data, Florida, (Sheridan 1979, cited by Faasse and van Moorsel 2003) |
Minimum Salinity (‰) | 0 | Field data, San Francisco Bay (Cohen and Carlton 1995) |
Maximum Salinity (‰) | 35 | Field data, New England (Bousfield 1973); California (Chapman 1988). |
Minimum Length (mm) | 5 | Minimum size of females (Borowsky 1980) |
Maximum Length (mm) | 12 | Adult females, males 9 mm (Bousfield 1973) |
Broad Temperature Range | None | Cold temperate-Tropical |
Broad Salinity Range | None | Tidal Limnetic-Euhaline |
General Impacts
Melita nitida is common in many West Coast estuaries. It is probably a prey item for fishes and shorebirds; however, no specific impacts have been reported.Regional Distribution Map
Bioregion | Region Name | Year | Invasion Status | Population Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
P045 | _CDA_P045 (Santa Ana) | 2007 | Non-native | Established |
NEP-VI | Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California | 2007 | Non-native | Established |
P130 | Humboldt Bay | 2000 | Non-native | Established |
P080 | Monterey Bay | 1975 | Non-native | Established |
NEP-IV | Puget Sound to Northern California | 1954 | Non-native | Established |
P093 | _CDA_P093 (San Pablo Bay) | 1938 | Non-native | Established |
P090 | San Francisco Bay | 1938 | Non-native | Established |
NEP-V | Northern California to Mid Channel Islands | 1938 | Non-native | Established |
Occurrence Map
OCC_ID | Author | Year | Date | Locality | Status | Latitude | Longitude |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
697186 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-19 | Mare Island Strait - Navy | Non-native | 38.1015 | -122.2695 |
697190 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-07-29 | Mare Island Strait - Navy | Non-native | 38.1015 | -122.2695 |
697297 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-11 | Cal Maritime Academy/Vallejo | Non-native | 38.0661 | -122.2299 |
697321 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-08-10 | Tomales Bay Boat Launch | Non-native | 38.1991 | -122.9220 |
697499 | Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) | 2002 | Klopp Lake | Non-native | 40.8553 | -124.0919 | |
697574 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-07 | Benicia Waterfront | Non-native | 38.0401 | -122.1385 |
697575 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-29 | Benicia Waterfront | Non-native | 38.0401 | -122.1385 |
697682 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-07-13 | Port Sonoma/Petaluma R. | Non-native | 38.1157 | -122.5026 |
697825 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-04 | Berkeley Marina | Non-native | 37.8676 | -122.3172 |
698265 | Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) | 2002 | Hookton Slough | Non-native | 40.6775 | -124.2218 | |
698325 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-20 | Loch Lomond Marina Area | Non-native | 37.9720 | -122.4832 |
698441 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-11-01 | B-Dock | Non-native | 36.8027 | -121.7851 |
698451 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-06 | Santa Fe Channel - Front | Non-native | 37.9101 | -122.3644 |
698460 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-28 | Santa Fe Channel - Front | Non-native | 37.9101 | -122.3644 |
698516 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-07-14 | Romberg Tiburon Center | Non-native | 37.8906 | -122.4458 |
698857 | Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) | 2004 | 2004-05-25 | Port Sonoma, San Pablo Bay | Non-native | 38.1156 | -122.5026 |
699048 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-07-13 | Petaluma River Turning Basin | Non-native | 38.2344 | -122.6354 |
699214 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-09-08 | Treasure Island | Non-native | 37.8149 | -122.3702 |
699379 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-07-06 | Coyote Point | Non-native | 37.5920 | -122.3210 |
699525 | Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) | 2004 | 2004-05-26 | Point San Pablo Yacht Harbor, San Pablo Bay | Non-native | 37.9624 | -122.4188 |
699555 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-05-31 | Redwood Creek - Shipping | Non-native | 37.5120 | -122.2109 |
699765 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-30 | Mare Island Strait - Marina | Non-native | 38.1051 | -122.2667 |
699769 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-19 | Mare Island Strait - Marina | Non-native | 38.1051 | -122.2667 |
699873 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-09-07 | Redwood Creek - Marina | Non-native | 37.5021 | -122.2130 |
700009 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-06-09 | McNears Beach | Non-native | 37.9962 | -122.4556 |
700065 | Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) | 2002 | Southport Landing | Non-native | 40.6952 | -124.2494 | |
700187 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-11-01 | MLML Small Boats | Non-native | 36.8041 | -121.7860 |
700524 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-05 | Sea Plane Lagoon | Non-native | 37.7761 | -122.2998 |
700795 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-09-09 | Sea Plane Harbor | Non-native | 37.6349 | -122.3848 |
700866 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-18 | Pacheco Creek Oil Pier | Non-native | 38.0489 | -122.0903 |
700970 | J. Chapman, pers. comm., in Carlton 1979 | 1977 | Elkhorn Slough General Location | Non-native | 36.8086 | -121.7856 | |
700975 | Chapman 1988 | 1975 | Elkhorn Slough at Kirby Park | Non-native | 36.8398 | -121.7435 | |
701121 | Chapman 1988 | 1938 | Point Richmond | Non-native | 37.9230 | -122.3940 | |
701340 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-06 | Santa Fe Channel - Back | Non-native | 37.9207 | -122.3684 |
701438 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-30 | Hercules Wharf | Non-native | 38.0231 | -122.2928 |
701443 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-19 | Hercules Wharf | Non-native | 38.0231 | -122.2928 |
702167 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-04 | Oakland Outer Harbor | Non-native | 37.8217 | -122.3145 |
702904 | Boyd et al. 2002 (Humboldt Bay Report) | 2002 | Bracut | Non-native | 40.8313 | -124.0845 | |
702944 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-08-10 | Golden Hinde Small Marina | Non-native | 38.1078 | -122.8623 |
702979 | Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) | 2004 | 2004-05-25 | Petaluma River Turning Basin, San Pablo Bay | Non-native | 38.2355 | -122.6382 |
703261 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-11-15 | China Camp | Non-native | 38.0025 | -122.4617 |
703399 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-05 | Oakland Inner Harbor - Small marinas | Non-native | 37.7847 | -122.2669 |
703784 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-06-10 | Hayward Landing | Non-native | 37.6447 | -122.1543 |
703903 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-30 | Rodeo Marina | Non-native | 38.0394 | -122.2717 |
703905 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-19 | Rodeo Marina | Non-native | 38.0394 | -122.2717 |
703970 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-05-31 | Railroad Bridge | Non-native | 37.4602 | -121.9750 |
703980 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-09-07 | Railroad Bridge | Non-native | 37.4602 | -121.9750 |
704520 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-30 | Napa Valley Marina | Non-native | 38.2198 | -122.3119 |
704521 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-19 | Napa Valley Marina | Non-native | 38.2198 | -122.3119 |
718569 | California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database | 1986 | 1986-09-18 | Grizzly Bay | Non-native | 38.1162 | -122.0388 |
718570 | California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database | 1976 | 1976-08-25 | South of Coyote Hills Slough mouth | Non-native | 37.5582 | -122.1280 |
718571 | California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database | 2001 | 2001-05-04 | Petaluma Marina, outer floating dock | Non-native | 38.2294 | -122.6131 |
718573 | California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database | 2001 | 2001-04-13 | Vallejo Marina, Vallejo | Non-native | 38.1071 | -122.2692 |
718574 | California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database | 2001 | 2001-05-04 | Petaluma Marina, inner floating dock | Non-native | 38.2313 | -122.6141 |
718582 | California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database | 2002 | 2002-03-26 | Port Sonoma | Non-native | 38.1186 | -122.4983 |
758602 | Chapman 1988 | 1941 | 1941-06-15 | Lake Merritt | Non-native | 37.8025 | -122.2578 |
758603 | Light 1941, cited in Carlton 1979a | 1941 | Lake Merritt | Non-native | 37.8025 | -122.2578 | |
758604 | Chapman 1988 | 1942 | 1942-03-28 | Lake Merritt | Non-native | 37.8025 | -122.2578 |
758605 | Carlton 1979a | 1953 | Redwood City | Non-native | 37.5032 | -122.2146 | |
758606 | Bousfield and Carlton 1967 | 1960 | Lake Merritt | Non-native | 37.8025 | -122.2578 | |
758607 | Chapman and Dorman 1975 | 1966 | 1966-12-22 | Lake Merritt | Non-native | 37.8025 | -122.2578 |
758608 | California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database | 1971 | 1971-11-21 | Lake Merritt | Non-native | 37.8025 | -122.2578 |
758609 | California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database | 1976 | 1976-08-25 | Mouth of Coyote Hills Slough | Non-native | 37.5628 | -122.1314 |
758610 | California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database | 1976 | 1976-08-26 | South of Coyote Hills Slough mouth | Non-native | 37.5582 | -122.1280 |
758611 | Chapman 1979; unpublished manuscript cited in Carlton 1979a | 1979 | San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.8494 | -122.3681 | |
758612 | Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History Collections Database 2015 | 1985 | Muzzi Marsh | Non-native | 37.9279 | -122.5070 | |
758613 | Cohen and Chapman 2005 | 2005 | 2005-11-27 | Dolphin # 11 | Non-native | 38.0532 | -122.3293 |
758614 | Heiman and Micheli 2010; Hobbs et al. 2015 | 2002 | Elkhorn Slough (Upper) | Non-native | 36.8547 | -121.7600 | |
768140 | Ruiz et al., 2015 | 2012 | 2012-09-06 | Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA | Non-native | 37.9736 | -122.4802 |
770898 | Ruiz et al., 2021a | 2017 | 2017-09-26 | Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 37.5869 | -122.3237 |
771080 | Ruiz et al., 2021a | 2017 | 2017-09-19 | Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 37.9129 | -122.3494 |
771122 | Ruiz et al., 2021a | 2017 | 2017-09-19 | Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 37.9129 | -122.3494 |
771342 | Ruiz et al., 2021a | 2017 | 2017-09-21 | San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 37.6977 | -122.1912 |
771350 | Ruiz et al., 2021a | 2017 | 2017-09-21 | San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 37.6977 | -122.1912 |
771379 | Ruiz et al., 2021a | 2017 | 2017-09-21 | San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 37.6977 | -122.1912 |
771649 | Ruiz et al., 2021a | 2018 | 2018-09-12 | Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 38.0453 | -122.1539 |
771936 | Ruiz et al., 2021a | 2018 | 2018-09-24 | Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 37.7654 | -122.2845 |
772387 | Ruiz et al., 2021a | 2018 | 2018-09-28 | Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 37.9723 | -122.4818 |
772396 | Ruiz et al., 2021a | 2018 | 2018-09-28 | Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 37.9723 | -122.4818 |
772446 | Ruiz et al., 2021a | 2018 | 2018-09-28 | Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 37.9723 | -122.4818 |
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