Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1983
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1983
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:

General Invasion History:

The gammarid amphipod Gammarus daiberi was described by E. L. Bousfield in 1969, based on specimens collected in Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay, and estuaries of South Carolina (Bousfield 1969; Bousfield 1973). This species occurs in tidal fresh and brackish estuaries, most commonly at salinities of 1-5 PSU, occasionally to 15 PSU (Bousfield 1973). Its range was given as' Delaware and Chesapeake estuarine systems, possibly occurring via canals to the Hudson and Long Island Sound' (Bousfield 1973). On the basis of this statement, G. daiberi has been listed as an introduced species in the Hudson River (Mills et al. 1997) and Long Island Sound (Connecticut Sea Grant 2005). However, details supporting this statement have not been given, and we regard this species as cryptogenic in the Hudson estuary and Long Island Sound. However, G. daiberi is definitely introduced in the San Francisco estuary, California where it was first collected in the central Delta in 1983 (Cohen and Carlton 1995). It occurs as far seaward as Martinez, but is most abundant in the fresh-brackish transition zone (Cohen and Carlton 1995; Lee et al. 2003; Peterson and Vayssieres 2010; Barnett et al. 2011).

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

On the West Coast, Gammarus daiberi is known only from the inner reaches of the San Francisco Bay estuary, where it occurs from Martinez, on the Carquinez Strait, through Suisun Bay to Buckley Cove, Stockton, in the Delta (Cohen and Carlton 1995; Lee et al. 2003; Peterson and Vayssieres 2010). In 2004 it was found in the Napa River, upstream from San Pablo Bay (Cohen et al. 2005). It was very abundant among growths of introduced Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) and native Water Pennywort (Hydrocotyle umbellata) in the central and western Delta (Toft et al. 2003).

Gammarus daiberi was collected and identified in the ballast water of oil tankers arriving in Prince William Sound, Alaska (Chapman, in Hines and Ruiz 2000), so this species has the potential to invade other West Coast estuaries.


Description

Gammarus daiberi has a short rostrum. The eye is kidney-shaped and purplish brown (in preservative). Antennae 1 and 2 are roughly equal. Antenna 1 has a prominent accessory flagellum with 4 or more segments. The basal segments of the flagellum have alternate posterior setae more than twice the width of the segment. The distal segments (4-5) of the peduncle of Antenna 2 have 4-7 clusters of long, stiff setae, with 5-6 per cluster. In males, the flagellum of antenna 2 bears long, curly setae.

Gnathopod 2 is large than Gnathopod 1. The palms of the gnathopods are oblique and the dactyls are slender. Coxal plates 1-4 bear moderately stiff setae on the anterior-ventral and posterior-ventral edge, but the ventral edge lacks setae. The hind margins of the abdominal side plates end in a slightly produced, acute angle. The urosome segments have paired clusters of lateral spines. The two rami of Uropod 3 are roughly equal in length. The telson consists of 2 rami, each of which bear 2 lateral bundles of spines. Males are 8-12 mm and females are 6-8 mm in size. Description based on: Bousfield 1969, Bousfield 1973, Chapman 2007, and Barnett et al. 2011.


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Arthropoda
Subphylum:   Crustacea
Class:   Malacostraca
Subclass:   Eumalacostraca
Superorder:   Peracarida
Order:   Amphipoda
Suborder:   Gammaridea
Family:   Gammaridae
Genus:   Gammarus
Species:   daiberi

Synonyms

Gammarus annulatus (Wass, 1965)
Gammarus fasciatus (Cronin et al, 1962)
Gammarus tigrinus (Bousfield, 1958)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Gammarus annulatus
Wass 1965, Virginia, misidentification (Bousfield 1969)

Gammarus fasciatus
Cronin et al. 1965, Delaware River, freshwater, misidentification (Bousfield 1969)

Gammarus lacustris
Native to interior waters of northern North America, rare in West Coast tidal rivers (Chapman 2007).

Gammarus tigrinus
Gammarus tigrinus is native from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Florida, being found in estuaries and coastal fresh water. It is introduced to northern Europe, including the Baltic Sea, the Great Lakes, and the upper Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, and is regarded as a potential invader of West Coast estuaries (Bousfield 1973; Grigorovich et al. 2005; Chapman 2007; Grigorovich et al. 2008).

Ecology

General:

Gammarus daiberi is an amphipod characteristic of brackish marshes and estuaries (Bousfield, 1969; Bousfield, 1973). Sexes are separate, the young are brooded, and development is direct (Bousfield 1973). In this species, males (8-12 mm) are larger than females (6-8 mm). In the mid-Atlantic region (Hudson River-Chesapeake Bay), the life cycle is reportedly annual, with females bearing eggs in March-October and several broods per female (Bousfield 1973). Details of growth and reproduction of G. daiberi have not been studied, but are probably similar to those of the related species G. tigrinus, widespread on the East coast of North America and introduced to Europe (Bousfield 1973).

Gammarus daiberi tolerates a wide temperature range, from near freezing to above 30C (Nauman and Cory 1969; Bousfield 1973). It ranges extensively into tidal fresh waters (Toft et al. 2003; Graening et al. 2012), but we have no records from nontidal lakes or rivers. This amphipod is most abundant at salinities from 1-5 PSU, but has been collected at salinities as high as 15 PSU (Bousfield 1973). In the San Francisco estuary, it ranges throughout the Delta to San Pablo Bay, and is more abundant in wet years (Lee et al. 2003; Peterson and Vayssieres 2010; Graening et al. 2012). Gammarus daiberi appears to be attracted to sheltered habitats, including colonies of the hydroid Garveia sp. (Feeley and Wass 1971), beds of the submerged plant Myriophyllum spicatum (Menzie 1980), and floating plants (Water Hyacinth- Eichornia crassipes and Pennywort- Hydrocotyle umbellata) (Toft et al. 2003). Gammarus sp. are omnivores, feeding on algae, aquatic plants, and occasional invertebrates (Barnes 1983), including midge larvae (Chironomidae) (Menzie 1980). Gammarid amphipods, dominated by G. daiberi, are a major food source for native and introduced fishes in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Feyrer et al. 2003; Grimaldo et al. 2009).

Food:

Vegetation, detritus, invertebrates, insect larve

Consumers:

Fishes, shrimps

Trophic Status:

Omnivore

Omni

Habitats

General HabitatGrass BedNone
General HabitatCoarse Woody DebrisNone
General HabitatUnstructured BottomNone
General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatSalt-brackish marshNone
Salinity RangeLimnetic0-0.5 PSU
Salinity RangeOligohaline0.5-5 PSU
Salinity RangeMesohaline5-18 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone
Vertical HabitatNektonicNone


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Temperature (ºC)0Based on geographical range
Maximum Temperature (ºC)32Field, average temperature in thermal effluent, in June, when G. daiberi was present (Nauman and Cory 1969).
Minimum Salinity (‰)0Field data (Bousfield 1973)
Maximum Salinity (‰)15Field data (Bousfield 1973)
Minimum Length (mm)6Adult females (Bousfield 1973)
Maximum Length (mm)12.5Adult males range from 8 to 12.5 mm. Females are 6-8 mm (Bousfield 1969)
Broad Temperature RangeNoneCold temperate-Warm temperate
Broad Salinity RangeNoneTidal Limnetic-Mesohaline

General Impacts

Ecological Impacts

The gammarid amphipod Gammarus daiberi was first identified in the San Francisco Estuary in 1983, and after the invasion of the Asian Brackish-water Clam (Corbula amurensis), it became one of the dominant crustaceans in the Delta region (Peterson and Vaysierres 2010). It is now one of the major prey items for fish in the Delta (Nobriga and Feyrer 2007; Grimaldo et al. 2009).

Food/Prey- After the invasion of Corbula amurensis drastically altered planktonic foodwebs in the Delta, gammarid amphipods, probably dominated by G. daiberi replaced native mysids (Neomysis mercedis) as a crustacean food for fishes (Feyrer et al. 2003; Nobriga and Feyrer 2007). Gammarid amphipods were not present in the diet of juvenile Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) in the San Francisco estuary in 1963-64, but were found in 34-43% of fish sampled in 2001 and 2003. The comparatively large size of these prey compared to other invertebrates suggests that the invasion had a significant impact on the diet of young Striped Bass (Nobriga and Feyrer 2007). Stable isotope analyses indicate that gammarid amphipods are now a major component of the diet of many fishes, providing at least 50% of the muscle carbon of five species of introduced fishes (Redear Sunfish- Lepomis microlophus; Largemouth Bass- Micropterus salmoides; Black Crappie- Pomoxis nigromaculatus; Yellowfin Goby- Acanthogobius flavimanus; Shimofuri Goby- Tridentiger bifasciatus) and 2 native fishes (Prickly Sculpin- Cottus asper and Splittail- Pogonichthys macrolepidotus) (Grimaldo et al. 2009). The shift in available food from mysids to amphipods may partially account for the increasing abundance of introduced centrarchids (Grimaldo et al. 2009).

Regional Impacts

P090San Francisco BayEcological ImpactFood/Prey
Gammarid amphipods, probably dominated by G. daiberi were not present in the diet of juvenile Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) in the San Francisco estuary in 1963-64, but were found in 34-43% of fish sampled in 2001 and 2003. The comparatively large size of thse prey compared to other invertebrates suggests that the invasion had a significant impact on the diet of young Striped Bass (Nobriga and Feyrer 2007). Stable isotope analyses indicate that gammarid amphipods are a major component of the diet of many fishes, providing at least 50% of the muscle carbon of 5 species of introduced fishes and 2 native fishes (Grimaldo et al. 2009).
NEP-VNorthern California to Mid Channel IslandsEcological ImpactFood/Prey
Gammarid amphipods, probably dominated by G. daiberi were not present in the diet of juvenile Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) in the San Francisco estuary in 1963-64, but were found in 34-43% of fish sampled in 2001 and 2003. The comparatively large size of these prey compared to other invertebrates suggests that the invasion had a significant impact on the diet of young Striped Bass (Nobriga and Feyrer 2007). Stable isotope analyses indicate that gammarid amphipods are a major component of the diet of many fishes, providing at least 50% of the muscle carbon of 5 species of introduced fishes and 2 native fishes (Grimaldo et al. 2009).
CACaliforniaEcological ImpactFood/Prey
Gammarid amphipods, probably dominated by G. daiberi were not present in the diet of juvenile Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) in the San Francisco estuary in 1963-64, but were found in 34-43% of fish sampled in 2001 and 2003. The comparatively large size of these prey compared to other invertebrates suggests that the invasion had a significant impact on the diet of young Striped Bass (Nobriga and Feyrer 2007). Stable isotope analyses indicate that gammarid amphipods are a major component of the diet of many fishes, providing at least 50% of the muscle carbon of 5 species of introduced fishes and 2 native fishes (Grimaldo et al. 2009)., Gammarid amphipods, probably dominated by G. daiberi were not present in the diet of juvenile Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) in the San Francisco estuary in 1963-64, but were found in 34-43% of fish sampled in 2001 and 2003. The comparatively large size of thse prey compared to other invertebrates suggests that the invasion had a significant impact on the diet of young Striped Bass (Nobriga and Feyrer 2007). Stable isotope analyses indicate that gammarid amphipods are a major component of the diet of many fishes, providing at least 50% of the muscle carbon of 5 species of introduced fishes and 2 native fishes (Grimaldo et al. 2009).

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
P093 _CDA_P093 (San Pablo Bay) 2004 Non-native Established
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 1983 Non-native Established
P090 San Francisco Bay 1983 Non-native Established

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
697370 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-07-26 Spindrift Marina (Brannan Island - San Joaquin) Non-native 38.1061 -121.5969
697734 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-07-26 Herman and Helen's Marina (Empire Tract on Little Potato Slough) Non-native 38.0616 -121.4992
697751 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-08-23 Old River/Crocker Cut Non-native 37.8055 -121.4184
697789 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-07-25 King Island Marina Non-native 38.0553 -121.4589
697896 Cohen and Carlton 1995 1993 Martinez, Suisun Bay Non-native 38.0287 -122.1333
697897 Cohen and Carlton 1995 1994 Martinez, Suisun Bay Non-native 38.0287 -122.1333
698018 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-07-27 Boyd's Harbor (Franks Tract) Non-native 38.0351 -121.6231
698021 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-08-24 Union Point Non-native 37.8916 -121.4885
698773 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-07-25 Union Point Resort (Near Wright's tract - north of Stockton) Non-native 37.9992 -121.3695
699197 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-08-23 Dos Reis (Just north of Mossdale, downstream of Old River) Non-native 37.8307 -121.3116
699630 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-07-26 Willow Berm Marina (Brannan Island - Mokelumne) Non-native 38.1011 -121.5657
699636 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-07-27 Driftwood Marina (Antioch)/San Joaquin River Non-native 38.0183 -121.7497
699828 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-08-24 Discovery Bay / Indian Slough Non-native 37.9153 -121.5877
699855 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-07-27 Mildred Island Non-native 37.9861 -121.5349
700089 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-08-10 Liberty Island Non-native 38.2374 -121.6740
700182 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-07-27 Dutch Slough/ Sand Mound Slough Confluence / Bethel Island Non-native 38.0125 -121.6378
700347 Cohen and Carlton 1995 1993 Bethel Island (Delta) Non-native 38.0354 -121.6205
700348 Cohen and Carlton 1995 1994 Bethel Island (Delta) Non-native 38.0354 -121.6205
700573 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-28 Moore's Landing, San Francisco Bay Non-native 38.2261 -122.3076
700698 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-08-23 Mossdale Marina (at Mossdale on the San Joaquin) Non-native 37.7861 -121.3075
700993 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-08-11 Sac. Deep Water Channel I/Port of Sacramento Non-native 38.5623 -121.5473
701990 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-07-26 Horseshoe Bend/Decker Island Non-native 38.0999 -121.7097
702190 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-29 New York Point Marina Non-native 38.0400 -121.8863
702199 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-07 New York Point Marina Non-native 38.0400 -121.8863
702409 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-07-26 Tower Park Marina Non-native 38.1101 -121.5004
702851 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-07-25 San Joaquin/ Turner Cut Confluence/Lost Isle Non-native 37.9982 -121.4511
703007 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-08-24 DWR Intake Non-native 37.8309 -121.5540
704148 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-07-25 Port of Stockton-ISS Non-native 37.9515 -121.3200
704308 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-08-24 Federal Intake Non-native 37.8166 -121.5559
704491 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-29 Martinez Marina Non-native 38.0276 -122.1371
704504 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-28 Napa Valley Marina, San Pablo Bay Non-native 38.2200 -122.3128
767937 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-26 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 38.0346 -121.8829
768045 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-08-31 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 38.0203 -121.8211
768212 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-09-10 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 38.0346 -121.8829
768258 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-09-13 Port of Stockton, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.9589 -121.3609
770739 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770749 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770761 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770809 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-11 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0195 -121.8212
770810 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-11 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0195 -121.8212
770812 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-11 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0195 -121.8212
770815 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-11 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0362 -121.8828
770816 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-11 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0362 -121.8828
771583 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-10 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0195 -121.8212
771589 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-10 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0195 -121.8212
771598 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-10 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0362 -121.8828
771611 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-10 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0362 -121.8828
771616 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-10 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0362 -121.8828
777834 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-03 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0187 -121.8221
777835 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-03 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0187 -121.8221
777836 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-03 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0187 -121.8221
777837 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-03 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0187 -121.8221
777838 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-03 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0187 -121.8221
777839 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-03 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0187 -121.8221
777840 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-03 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0187 -121.8221
777841 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-03 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0187 -121.8221
777906 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Rio Vista Delta Marina Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.1504 -121.6944
777907 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Rio Vista Delta Marina Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.1504 -121.6944
777908 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Rio Vista Delta Marina Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.1504 -121.6944
777959 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0458 -122.1553
777966 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0354 -121.8822

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