Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1954
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1954
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:

General Invasion History:

Ampelisca abdita is native to the Western Atlantic from Maine to Florida, Louisiana, and the Gulf of Mexico (Bousfield 1973). It was introduced to the west coast of North America around 1954, but not recognized initially, because of its similarity to the native A. milleri. It is found in California from Tomales Bay to Port Hueneme (Carlton 1979; Chapman 1988; Fairey et al. 2002).

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

Ampelisca abdita was first reported from the West Coast in San Francisco Bay in 1954 (Jones 1961, cited by Carlton 1979). Until Carlton (1979), this small estuarine amphipod was identified as the larger deeper-water native form A. milleri. The use of coarse sieves (1 mm aperture) in benthic surveys also delayed the discovery of this species (Carlton 1979; Chapman 1988; Cohen and Carlton 1995). Ampelisca abdita could have been introduced with oysters in the 19th or early 20th centuries, or later with ballast water, or with seaweed used as packing material for bait or seafood.

In San Francisco Bay, A. abdita ranges throughout the moderately brackish to marine parts of the Bay from Carquinez Straits (occasionally upstream to Antioch at the seaward edge of the Delta) to the Golden Gate, though it is rare in the seaward parts of the Central Bay and in Suisun Bay (Cohen and Carlton 1995). Ampelisca abdita is a dominant species in shallow-water sediments and intertidal mudflats in South San Francisco Bay. Populations show regular seasonal cycles of abundance, with two generations per year – a spring peak of reproduction and a lesser fall peak, which produces an over-wintering generation. In San Pablo and Suisun Bay, A. abdita's abundance shows greater fluctuation with salinity (Nichols and Thompson 1985a).

Ampelisca abdita is established in other California estuaries from Port Hueneme (1st record 2001, Fairey et al. 2002), Elkhorn Slough (1st record 1998, Wasson et al. 2001), Bolinas Lagoon (1st record 1971, Carlton 1979), and Tomales Bay (1st record 1969, Carlton 1979). Currently, the known range of this species on the West Coast is from Tomales Bay to Port Hueneme.


Description

Ampelisca abdita has a laterally compressed and curved body, with a flattened head and four well-developed eyes. The head bears two pairs of antennae, the second being about 1 1/2 X as long as the first and about 1/3 the total body length. The length of the head is about 5/6 of the length of the first three thoracic segments. The bases of the limbs are covered by large coxal plates, bearing setae on their lower margin. Segment 2 of pereiopods 5 and 7 are enlarged. Segment 3 of pereiopod 7 is longer than segment 4. Pleonite 3 has a squared-off postero-distal corner, lacking a tooth, where it joins the first segment of the urosome. Uropod 1 extends below uropod 2 and the outer ramus bears 1-2 spines. The telson is about 2X as long as wide, and is deeply split. 

Ampelisca abdita can be distinguished from the similar Pacific coast species A. milleri by the enlarged postventral lobe of pereiopod 3, the absence of spines on the anterior edges of articles 3 and 4, the strongly bifid dactyl of pereiopod 6, and the greater extension of the posterior edge of article 2 of pereiopod 7 (Chapman 1988). Adults are 4-8 mm long, and typically whitish with red or purple spots. Description based on: Mills 1964a, Bousfield 1973, and Chapman 2007.

Ampelisca abdita constructs a pocket-shaped tube up to 2-3 cm long and 2-3 mm wide. The tube is made from fine sediment. The amphipod lies on its back at the top of the tube and filters the water with its appendages (Bousfield 1973; Lippson and Lippson 1997).


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Arthropoda
Subphylum:   Crustacea
Class:   Malacostraca
Subclass:   Eumalacostraca
Superorder:   Peracarida
Order:   Amphipoda
Suborder:   Gammaridea
Family:   Ampeliscidae
Genus:   Ampelisca
Species:   abdita

Synonyms

Potentially Misidentified Species

Ampelisca milleri
Ampelisca milleri is morphologically quite similar, but with a more marine distribution, and is found from central California to Ecuador (Chapman 2007)

Ampelisca vadorum
Ampelisca abdita was described in 1964, and distinguished from A. vadorum Mills 1963, which has a more marine East Coast distribution (Mills 1964a).

Ecology

General:

Ampelisca abdita is a tube-building gammarid amphipod which inhabits soft sediment, mainly in protected waters. Gammarid amphipods have separate sexes, brooded embryos, and direct development (Bousfield 1973). Ampelisca abdita from the type locality, Barnstable Harbor, Massachusetts, mature at 4.0 (summer generation) to 6.2 mm (winter-spring generation). The summer generation is smaller, and reaches 6.2 mm, while winter animals can reach 8.0 mm. Females produce 17-35 embryos (Mills 1964a; Mills 1967). Animals in culture at 25C reached maturity in 20 days after birth and produced young in 24-36 days (Redmond et al. 1994). Males leave their tubes and swim at night, but females enter the water column only shortly after molting. Mating occurs in the water column (Borowsky and Aitken-Ander 1991).

Ampelisca abdita has a wide native latitudinal range, from Maine to Florida and Mexico (Bousfield 1973; Winfield et al. 2011). It also has a wide salinity range of 5 (Lee et al. 2003) or 10 PSU (Bousfield 1973), but is most abundant at 10-30 PSU in the San Francisco estuary (Hopkins 1986; Lee et al. 2003; Peterson and Vaysierres 2010). It occurs from the intertidal to depths of 60 m in silt, silty sand, and fine or coarse sand (Mills 1964a; Bousfield 1973). This amphipod constructs narrow mud tubes, 30-40 mm long, and ~3mm wide, wide enough for only one animal (Bousfield 1973). Ampelisca abdita can feed either as a suspension-feeder, removing phytoplankton and other particles from the water column, or removing detritus from the sediment surface (Mills 1967). In Jamaica Bay, New York, A. abdita was the major food item of the Winter Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) (Franz and Harris 1988). In the San Francisco Bay estuary, it is also an important prey item for bottom-feeding fishes (Barnett et al. 2011).

Food:

Detritus. Phytoplankton

Consumers:

Fishes

Trophic Status:

Deposit Suspension Feeder

DepSusFed

Habitats

General HabitatUnstructured BottomNone
General HabitatOyster ReefNone
General HabitatGrass BedNone
Salinity RangeMesohaline5-18 PSU
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Tidal RangeLow IntertidalNone
Vertical HabitatEndobenthicNone


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Salinity (‰)4.9Field (Lee et al. 2003)
Maximum Salinity (‰)35Field Data (Bousfield 1973)
Minimum Reproductive Temperature8Mills 1967
Minimum Length (mm)4Adults (Mills 1964a; Bousfield 1973)
Maximum Length (mm)8.2Adults (Mills 1964a, Bousfield 1973)
Broad Temperature RangeNoneCold temperate-Warm temperate
Broad Salinity RangeNoneMesohaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

Ecological Impacts

Although Ampelisca abdita is abundant in the San Francisco Bay estuary (Hopkins 1986; Lee et al. 2003, Peterson and Vasyierres 2010), there are few detailed studies of its impacts (or lack thereof). However, large populations can construct dense mats, of tubes, potentially altering sediment characteristics (Chapman 1988). Ampelisca abdita is often consumed by fish in the East Coast estuaries (Franz and Tanacredi 1992). Tube-dwelling and free-living gammarid amphipods were important food items for several native (Tule Perch- Hysterocarpus traskii, Prickly Sculpin- Cottus asper, Starry Flounder- Platichthys stellatus) and introduced fishes (Yellowfin Goby - Acanthogobius longimanus) in the San Francisco Bay Delta (Feyrer et al. 2003).

Competition- Nichols and Thompson (1985) observed that settlement of Macoma petalum (as M. balthica) was reduced during peak abundances of A. abdita in the San Francisco estuary, suggesting competition for food or space.

Herbivory- Nichols and Thompson (1985) suggested that an upstream movement of abundant suspension-feeding benthic species, including A. abdita, was responsible for a decline in phytoplankton biomass in Suisun Bay during 1976-1977, a dry period of high salinity (Nichols and Thompson 1985).

Regional Impacts

NEP-VNorthern California to Mid Channel IslandsEcological ImpactCompetition
Nichols and Thompson (1985) observed that settlement of Macoma petalum (as M. balthica) was reduced during peak abudances of A. abdita, suggesting competition for food or space.
P090San Francisco BayEcological ImpactCompetition
Nichols and Thompson (1985) observed that settlement of Macoma petalum (as M. balthica) was reduced during peak abundances of A. abdita, suggesting competition for food or space.
NEP-VNorthern California to Mid Channel IslandsEcological ImpactHerbivory
Nichols and Thompson (1985) suggested that an upstream movement of abundant suspension-feeding benthos, including A. abdita, was responsible for a decline in phytoplankton biomass in Suisun Bay during 1976-1977, a dry period of high salinity (Nichols and Thompson 1985).
P090San Francisco BayEcological ImpactHerbivory
Nichols and Thompson (1985) suggested that an upstream movement of abundant suspension-feeding benthos, including A. abdita, was responsible for a decline in phytoplankton biomass in Suisun Bay during 1976-1977, a dry period of high salinity (Nichols and Thompson 1985).
NEP-VNorthern California to Mid Channel IslandsEcological ImpactFood/Prey
Tube-dwelling and free-living gammarid amphipods were important food items for several native (Tule Perch- Hysterocarpus traskii, Prickly Sculpin- Cottus asper, Starry Flounder- Platichthys stellatus) and introduced fishes (Acanthogobius longimanus, Yellowfin Goby) (Feyrer et al. 2003).
P090San Francisco BayEcological ImpactFood/Prey
Tube-dwelling and free-living gammarid amphipods were important food items for several native (Tule Perch- Hysterocarpus traskii, Prickly Sculpin- Cottus asper, Starry Flounder- Platichthys stellatus) and introduced fishes (Acanthogobius longimanus, Yellowfin Goby) (Feyrer et al. 2003).
CACaliforniaEcological ImpactCompetition
Nichols and Thompson (1985) observed that settlement of Macoma petalum (as M. balthica) was reduced during peak abudances of A. abdita, suggesting competition for food or space., Nichols and Thompson (1985) observed that settlement of Macoma petalum (as M. balthica) was reduced during peak abundances of A. abdita, suggesting competition for food or space.
CACaliforniaEcological ImpactFood/Prey
Tube-dwelling and free-living gammarid amphipods were important food items for several native (Tule Perch- Hysterocarpus traskii, Prickly Sculpin- Cottus asper, Starry Flounder- Platichthys stellatus) and introduced fishes (Acanthogobius longimanus, Yellowfin Goby) (Feyrer et al. 2003)., Tube-dwelling and free-living gammarid amphipods were important food items for several native (Tule Perch- Hysterocarpus traskii, Prickly Sculpin- Cottus asper, Starry Flounder- Platichthys stellatus) and introduced fishes (Acanthogobius longimanus, Yellowfin Goby) (Feyrer et al. 2003).
CACaliforniaEcological ImpactHerbivory
Nichols and Thompson (1985) suggested that an upstream movement of abundant suspension-feeding benthos, including A. abdita, was responsible for a decline in phytoplankton biomass in Suisun Bay during 1976-1977, a dry period of high salinity (Nichols and Thompson 1985)., Nichols and Thompson (1985) suggested that an upstream movement of abundant suspension-feeding benthos, including A. abdita, was responsible for a decline in phytoplankton biomass in Suisun Bay during 1976-1977, a dry period of high salinity (Nichols and Thompson 1985).

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California 2001 Def Estab
P062 _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) 2001 Def Estab
P080 Monterey Bay 1998 Def Estab
P095 _CDA_P095 (Tomales-Drakes Bay) 1971 Def Estab
P110 Tomales Bay 1969 Def Estab
P093 _CDA_P093 (San Pablo Bay) 1954 Def Estab
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 1954 Def Estab
P090 San Francisco Bay 1954 Def Estab

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
696996 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-27 Loch Lomond 11 Def 37.9723 -122.4777
697093 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-12 Ferry Terminal Pier Def 37.7945 -122.3917
697095 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 Ferry Terminal Pier Def 37.7945 -122.3917
697192 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-29 Mare Island Strait - Navy Def 38.1015 -122.2695
697327 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-06 Tomales Bay Boat Launch Def 38.1991 -122.9220
697550 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-27 Loch Lomond 2 Def 37.9717 -122.4811
697588 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-07 Benicia Waterfront Def 38.0401 -122.1385
697684 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-13 Port Sonoma/Petaluma R. Def 38.1157 -122.5026
697836 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-03 Berkeley Marina Def 37.8676 -122.3172
697930 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-07 Port of Oakland Office Def 37.7954 -122.2804
697935 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Port of Oakland Office Def 37.7954 -122.2804
698047 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Point Richmond Piers Def 37.9085 -122.3913
698050 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Point Richmond Piers Def 37.9085 -122.3913
698280 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Pier 39 Def 37.8108 -122.4086
698330 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-01 Loch Lomond Marina Area Def 37.9720 -122.4832
698381 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-09 Richardson Bay Def 37.8588 -122.4798
698382 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-01 Richardson Bay Def 37.8588 -122.4798
698470 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Santa Fe Channel - Front Def 37.9101 -122.3644
698479 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Santa Fe Channel - Front Def 37.9101 -122.3644
698503 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-14 Romberg Tiburon Center Def 37.8906 -122.4458
698506 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-09 Romberg Tiburon Center Def 37.8906 -122.4458
698928 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-14 Point San Pablo Yacht Harbor Def 37.9643 -122.4185
698938 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 Point San Pablo Yacht Harbor Def 37.9643 -122.4185
699061 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 Petaluma River Turning Basin Def 38.2344 -122.6354
699084 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-26 Ballena Island 3 Def 37.7669 -122.2870
699117 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-09 Paradise Cay Def 37.9146 -122.4776
699125 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-14 Paradise Cay Def 37.9146 -122.4776
699287 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-07 Oakland Inner Harbor - Shipping cranes Def 37.7947 -122.3095
699318 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 San Pablo Bay Pumphouse Def 38.0446 -122.4326
699327 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-15 San Pablo Bay Pumphouse Def 38.0446 -122.4326
699360 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Saint Francis Yacht Harbor Def 37.8066 -122.4463
699558 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-05-31 Redwood Creek - Shipping Def 37.5120 -122.2109
699564 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-07 Redwood Creek - Shipping Def 37.5120 -122.2109
699651 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Pier 45 Def 37.8111 -122.4196
699654 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-12 Pier 45 Def 37.8111 -122.4196
699775 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-19 Mare Island Strait - Marina Def 38.1051 -122.2667
699779 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-30 Mare Island Strait - Marina Def 38.1051 -122.2667
699850 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-09 Paradise Area Def 37.9062 -122.4768
699890 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-07 Redwood Creek - Marina Def 37.5021 -122.2130
699893 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-05-31 Redwood Creek - Marina Def 37.5021 -122.2130
699910 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-26 BerkeleyHarbor Def 37.8666 -122.3176
699941 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-05-31 Dumbarton Bridge Def 37.5070 -122.1168
699948 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-07 Dumbarton Bridge Def 37.5070 -122.1168
699976 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-11 Point Richmond Def 37.9212 -122.3871
699982 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-14 Port Hueneme Infaunal 25 Def 34.1482 -119.2038
699998 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-09 McNears Beach Def 37.9962 -122.4556
699999 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-12 McNears Beach Def 37.9962 -122.4556
700037 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Cruise Ship Pier Def 37.8085 -122.4060
700325 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-04 Berkeley Flats/Berkeley Pier Def 37.8600 -122.3256
700333 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-03 Berkeley Flats/Berkeley Pier Def 37.8600 -122.3256
700489 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-01 Coyote Point Marina Def 37.5905 -122.3177
700497 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 Coyote Point Marina Def 37.5905 -122.3177
700527 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-08 Sea Plane Lagoon Def 37.7761 -122.2998
700601 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-26 BerkeleyHarbor2 Def 37.8672 -122.3157
700809 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 Sea Plane Harbor Def 37.6349 -122.3848
700812 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-01 Sea Plane Harbor Def 37.6349 -122.3848
701441 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-30 Hercules Wharf Def 38.0231 -122.2928
701444 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-19 Hercules Wharf Def 38.0231 -122.2928
701829 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Ballena Bay Def 37.7661 -122.2834
701862 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-26 BerkeleyHarbor3 Def 37.8654 -122.3124
702040 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-27 Loch Lomond Def 37.9719 -122.4838
702168 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-08 Oakland Outer Harbor Def 37.8217 -122.3145
702196 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-07 New York Point Marina Def 38.0400 -121.8863
702234 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 Central Basin Def 37.7643 -122.3863
702278 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-26 Ballena Island 2 Def 37.7665 -122.2851
702324 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-13 Ayala Cove Def 37.8680 -122.4350
702325 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-19 Ayala Cove Def 37.8680 -122.4350
702587 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Richmond Marina Def 37.9137 -122.3504
702694 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 Potrero Point Def 37.7521 -122.3790
702695 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-12 Potrero Point Def 37.7521 -122.3790
702997 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 China Basin Def 37.7780 -122.3881
703271 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-12 China Camp Def 38.0025 -122.4617
703405 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-07 Oakland Inner Harbor - Small marinas Def 37.7847 -122.2669
703406 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-05 Oakland Inner Harbor - Small marinas Def 37.7847 -122.2669
703593 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-10 Toll Plaza Def 37.8266 -122.3166
703798 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-10 Hayward Landing Def 37.6447 -122.1543
703907 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-30 Rodeo Marina Def 38.0394 -122.2717
703979 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-07 Railroad Bridge Def 37.4602 -121.9750
704134 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Coast Guard Island Def 37.7812 -122.2457
704182 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Chevron Pier Def 37.9228 -122.4105
704196 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Chevron Pier Def 37.9228 -122.4105
704369 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-26 Ballena Island Def 37.7661 -122.2824
704551 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-27 Corinthian Marina 3 Def 37.8717 -122.4568
704604 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 Sierra Point Marina Def 37.6740 -122.3792
704606 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-01 Sierra Point Marina Def 37.6740 -122.3792
768202 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-08-31 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Def 38.0663 -122.2130
819120 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 San Leandro None 37.6580 -122.2217
819121 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Redwood City None 37.5574 -122.1755
819122 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Coyote Point None 37.5987 -122.3252
819123 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 None None
819124 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Corte Madera None 37.9309 -122.4819
819125 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Oyster Point None 37.6805 -122.3731
819126 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Richardson Bay None 37.8788 -122.4759
819127 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Emeryville None 37.8596 -122.3152
819128 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Ballena Isle None 37.7643 -122.2978
819679 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2013 Emeryville None 37.8602 -122.3000
819680 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2013 Corte Madera None 37.9364 -122.4833
819681 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2013 Richardson bay None 37.8737 -122.4667
819682 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2013 None None
819683 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2013 Ballena isle None 37.7578 -122.2500
819684 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2013 Oyster Point None 37.6788 -122.3667
819685 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2013 Redwood city None 37.5588 -122.2000
819686 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2013 Coyote Point None 37.5926 -122.2667
819687 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2013 San Leandro None 37.6602 -122.2167
819853 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Oyster Point None 37.6937 -122.3689
819854 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 SF marina None 37.8075 -122.4347
819855 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Hayward None 37.6485 -122.2184
819856 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Ballena Isle None 37.7583 -122.2841
819857 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 San Mateo None 37.5938 -122.3036
819858 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 San Bruno None 37.6479 -122.3662
819859 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Richmond None 37.9187 -122.3919
819860 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Albany None 37.8877 -122.3247
819861 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 San Quentin None 37.9372 -122.4787
819862 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Richardson bay None 37.8715 -122.4790
820063 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Oakland None 37.7056 -122.2473
820064 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Ballena Isle None 37.7588 -122.2834
820065 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 SF marina None 37.8074 -122.4345
820066 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Richardson bay None 37.8705 -122.4797
820067 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Smithsonian None 37.8981 -122.4623
820068 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Hunters Point None 37.7088 -122.3691
820069 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Oyster Point None 37.6747 -122.3753
820070 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Union City None 37.5865 -122.1743
820071 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Albany None 37.8879 -122.3245
820072 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 San Lorenzo None 37.6480 -122.2159
820273 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 SF marina None 37.8071 -122.4345
820274 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Bay Farm None 37.7237 -122.2632
820275 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Brisbane None 37.6560 -122.3697
820276 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Mission Bay None 37.7553 -122.3790
820277 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Albany None 37.8773 -122.3241
820278 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 El Cerrito None 37.8885 -122.3367
820279 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Richardson bay None 37.8669 -122.4751
820280 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Paradise Cay None 37.9044 -122.4684
820281 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Oyster Point None 37.6688 -122.3741
820282 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Ballena Isle None 37.7516 -122.2878
820483 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Oracle Park None 37.7780 -122.3843
820484 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Tiburon Ferry None 37.8724 -122.4540
820485 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Point Richmond None 37.9082 -122.3941
820486 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 San Francisco Marina None 37.8076 -122.4332
820487 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Hunter's Point None 37.7058 -122.3750
820488 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Oyster Point None 37.6797 -122.3774
820489 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Richardson Bay None 37.8624 -122.4636
820490 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Albany None 37.8648 -122.3229
820491 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Oakland None 37.6977 -122.2501
820492 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Ballena Isle None 37.7637 -122.3002

References

Barnett, Rachel; Bell, Sabrina; Floerke, Wyatt; Templin, Bill (2011) <missing title>, California Interagency Ecological Program, Sacramento CA. Pp. 13

Borowsky, B.; Aitken-Ander, P. (1991) Sexually dimorphic swimming behavior in the amphipood crustacean Ampelisca abdita, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 71: 655-653

Bousfield, E.L. (1973) <missing title>, Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, NY. Pp. <missing location>

Boyd, Milton J.; Mulligan, Tim J; Shaughnessy, Frank J. (2002) <missing title>, California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento. Pp. 1-118

California Academy of Sciences 2005-2015 Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database. <missing URL>



California Department of Fish and Wildlife (2014) Introduced Aquatic Species in California Bays and Harbors, 2011 Survey, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Sacramento CA. Pp. 1-36

Carlton, James T. (1979) History, biogeography, and ecology of the introduced marine and estuarine invertebrates of the Pacific Coast of North America., Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Davis. Pp. 1-904

Chapman, John W. (1988) Invasions of the Northeast Pacific by Asian and Atlantic Gammaridean amphipod crustaceans, including a new species of Corophium, Journal of Crustacean Biology 8(3): 364-382

Chapman, John W. (2007) The Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal invertebrates from Central California to Oregon (4th edition), University of California Press, Berkeley CA. Pp. 545-611

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