Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1871
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1871
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:

General Invasion History:

Limnoria tripunctata is a cosmopolitan wood-boring isopod, found through most of the warmer waters of the world. This species was lumped with L. lignorum, a cold-water, high-latitude species, until they were separated by Menzies (1957). The native region of L. tripunctata is not clear—it may have an Indo-Pacific origin (Kensley, personal communication; Schotte, personal communication), and is widely distributed there, from South Africa to Japan, Polynesia, and Australia (Wallour 1960; Cookson 1990). It is also widespread on both sides of the Atlantic, from Cape Cod to Argentina, and from Portugal to Ghana (Kensley and Schotte 1987). The history of this species in the Atlantic is uncertain, since it was only recognized in 1952. However, Menzies (1957) identifies records and descriptions of ‘L. lignorum’ from the Southeastern US, as early as 1899, as L. tripunctata. Limnoria tripunctata may have been present in the Atlantic for centuries before its description. We regard it as cryptogenic on both sides of the Atlantic, except around the British Isles, where it seems to be a recent arrival, often associated with thermal effluents (Jones 1963).

In the Pacific, Limnoria tripunctata was first reported in Los Angeles Harbor, California (CA) in 1871 (Carlton 1979), and San Diego Bay in 1876 (USNM 2286, collected by R. Hemphill, re-identified as L. tripunctata by Menzies, U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2007). By 1960, it was known from Balboa, Peru (Wallour 1960); the Gulf of California and Bahia San Quintin, Mexico (Menzies 1957); and San Diego Bay, Mission Bay, La Jolla, Santa Catalina Island, Newport Bay, Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbors, and Port Hueneme, California (Menzies 1957; Wallour 1960; Carlton 1979).

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

Limnoria tripunctata appears to be definitely introduced on the West Coast of North America, where it was first reported in Los Angeles Harbor, California (CA) in 1871 (Carlton 1979), and San Diego Bay in 1876 (USNM 2286, collected by R. Hemphill, re-identified as L. tripunctata by Menzies, U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2007). It now ranges from the Panama Canal to Vancouver Island, though it appears to be patchily distributed, in particular estuaries, but not others (Menzies 1952; Wallour 1960; Carlton 1979; Quayle 1992). By 1960, it was known from Balboa, Peru (Wallour 1960); the Gulf of California and Bahia San Quintin, Mexico (Menzies 1957); and San Diego Bay, Mission Bay, La Jolla, Santa Catalina Island, Newport Bay, Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbors, and Port Hueneme, California (Menzies 1957; Wallour 1960; Carlton 1979).

In the latter decades of the 20th century, Limnoria tripunctata appears to have extended its range north. It was not found north of San Francisco in 1950s surveys, which included sampling in Coos Bay, Oregon (OR) and Puget Sound, Washington (WA) (Menzies 1957; Wallour 1960). However, it was reported in Coos Bay in 1983 (Carlton 1989); Yaquina Bay, Willapa Bay and the Straits of Georgia in 1964 (Quayle 1992); and Puget Sound in 1998 (Cohen et al. 1998). Limnoria tripunctata in British Columbia is found mainly in oyster-growing areas and semi-enclosed coves, with limited wave action and warmer summer temperatures, but at least five occurrences are known from locations with no history of oyster culture. Wooden boxes used to transport oysters are a likely vector for local distribution of woodborers in British Columbia waters (Quayle 1992).

Invasion History in Hawaii:

Limnoria tripunctata is considered introduced in Hawaii, where it was first found in 1922 in Pearl and Honolulu Harbors on Oahu, and Nauwili Harbor, Kauai (originally identified as L. lignorum; Carlton and Eldredge 2009). It has also been found on Midway Island (Wallour 1960).

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

The native region of Limnoria tripunctata is unknown, because of its late description and distinction from L. lignorum. Limnoria tripunctata is now widespread on the East Coast of North America from Boston Harbor to the Panama Canal, and in South America from Uruguay and Argentina. It is widespread in Europe from La Rochelle, France to Portugal and the Azores, and through the Mediterranean (Bourdillon 1958; Jones 1972, Sen et al. 2010; Borges et al. 2014c; Borges and Costa 2014). In British waters, L. tripunctata appears to be a recent colonist, becoming established in thermal effluents, and colonizing adjacent waters (Jones 1963; Eltringham and Hockley, 1963; Coughlan 1977). In England, it was first found in 1958 in Southampton Water, on the English Channel, and was subsequently found in the Welsh ports of Burry and Swansea on the Irish Sea (Jones 1963). It was reported from Ghana, in the Gulf of Guinea (Cookson 1990), where we consider it cryptogenic. In Cape Town, South Africa, it was first reported from the docks of Table Bay in 2008 (Mead et al. 2011b).

Limnoria tripunctata is widespread in the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific, from China and Japan to Australia and Fiji (Wallour 1960; Nair 1984; Cookson 1990; Huang 2001; US National Museum of Natural History 2015). This gribble is considered nonindigenous in New Zealand, and was first reported in 1964 (McGuire 1964, cited by Cookson 1990; Cranfield et al. 1998).


Description

Limnoria tripunctata is a gribble, a small, marine, wood-boring isopod. Limnoria tripunctata has a small, nearly cylindrical body. The cephalon (head region) is compressed and ovoid, with lateral eyes. The cephalon is distinct from the pereion (thoracic region) and freely rotates. Antennas 1 and 2 are equally anterior, with an obvious scale on Antenna 1. The flagellum of second antenna has 4 segments.The left mandible incisor lacks teeth, instead forming a projecting rasp-and-file device. Uropods are greatly reduced, with the exopod much shorter than the endopod, and bearing an apical claw.

The anterior dorsal surface of the pleotelson bears three symmetrically arranged tubercles anteriorly. The lateral and posterior edges are lined with tubercules. Adults are up to 3.4 mm long, white to pink when alive, and yellow when preserved in alcohol. Description based on information from: Menzies 1957; Cookson 1990; Brusca et al. 2007; and Castelló 2011.


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Arthropoda
Subphylum:   Crustacea
Class:   Malacostraca
Subclass:   Eumalacostraca
Superorder:   Peracarida
Order:   Isopoda
Suborder:   Flabellifera
Family:   Limnoriidae
Genus:   Limnoria
Species:   tripunctata

Synonyms

Limnoria lignorum (Richardson, 1889)
Limnoria terebrans (Leach, 1841)
Limnoria tuberculata (Sowinsky, 1884)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Limnoria lignorum
Limnoria lignorum has a circumboreal distribution in the northern Atlantic and Pacific, and is presumed to be native throughout this range (Menzies 1957).

Limnoria pfeiferri
None

Limnoria quadripunctata
Limnoria quadripunctata is probably native to the South Pacific, and has been introduced to Europe, the Azores, Bermuda, the West Coast, and South Africa (Menzies 1957; Wallour 1960; Jones 1963; Mead et al. 2011b).

Limnoria tuberculata
Limnoria tuberculata has been variously synonymized with or treated as a separate species from L. tripunctata. It was described from the Black Sea by Sowinsky in 1884. Menzies (1972) identified an apparently reproductively isolated population from Chatham, Massachusetts, as this species. Kensley and Schotte (Kensley and Schotte 1987; Kensley and Schotte 1989) have treated this name as the senior synonym of L. tripunctata, but used 'L. tripunctata' in Kensley et al. (1995). However, Cookson (1990) and Castelló (2011), treat L. tuberculata as a separate species. If it is a distinct species, its records are few and scattered, and little is known of its biology.

Ecology

General:

Limnoria tripunctata has separate sexes, and copulation is internal. Typically, in Limnoria spp., a single pair occupies a boring tunnel, with the female closer to the opening. Brood sizes of L. tripunctata range from 5 to 15 eggs per female. The young are brooded by the female (Becker 1971). Adults and juveniles swarm seasonally, and colonize new pieces of wood. They prefer rough surfaces of relatively soft wood, preferably infected by fungi (Becker 1971).

Limnoria tripunctata inhabits warm-temperate to tropical climates and marine salinities. It tolerates winter temperatures as low as 2 °C (Menzies 1957) and experimental temperatures as high as 30 °C (Beckman and Menzies 1960). Reproduction occurs at 15-30 °C, but development was optimum at 25 °C (Beckman and Menzies 1960). In experiments, this gribble had good survival at salinities of 36-50 PSU, but poor survival (15-50%) at 18 and 24 PSU (Eltringham 1961; Lum 1981). In Southampton Water, England, migration began in June at about 18 °C (Eltringham and Hockley 1963). Limnoria tripunctata digests non-cellulosic carbohydrates in wood, together with some cellulose, and excretes lignin in pellets—all without the aid of gut microflora (Becker 1971; Sleeter et al. 1978). Limnoria spp. host a variety of protozoan epibionts and crustacean symbionts. At least one epibiont, the ciliate Mirofolliculina limnoriae slows the feeding, swimming and growth of Limnoria tripunctata, and so can be regarded as an ectoparasite (Delgery et al. 2006).

Food:

Wood and associated microbiota

Trophic Status:

Herbivore

Herb

Habitats

General HabitatCoarse Woody DebrisNone
General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatGrass BedNone
General HabitatMangrovesNone
General HabitatVessel HullNone
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone

Life History


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Temperature (ºC)2Field data (Menzies 1957)
Maximum Temperature (ºC)30(Beckman and Menzies 1960)
Minimum Salinity (‰)19Experimental data (Lum 1981).
Maximum Salinity (‰)50Experimental data (Lum 1981).
Minimum Reproductive Temperature15Experimental data (Beckman and Menzies 1960)
Maximum Reproductive Temperature30Highest tested (Beckman and Menzies 1960)
Minimum Length (mm)2Minimum adult size (Menzies 1957; Cookson 1990)
Maximum Length (mm)4Minimum adult size (Menzies 1957; Cookson 1990)
Broad Temperature RangeNoneCold temperate-Tropical
Broad Salinity RangeNonePolyhaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

Limnoria tripunctata, a gribble (wood-boring isopod) is a major wood-borer, damaging wooden pilings and ship hulls in warm-temperate to tropical marine waters around the world. It is rare or absent in ports where salinity drops much below 20 PSU (Becker 1971; Lum 1971). Damage to pilings by L. tripunctata has been reported from Boca Grande, Florida (Atwood 1922), Los Angeles (Quayle 1992), San Francisco Bay (Carlton 1979; Cohen and Carlton 1995), British Columbia (Quayle 1992), and England (Jones 1963). Replacement and treatment of pilings, and the effects of toxic compounds, such as creosote and other wood treatments, add to the impacts of Limnoria (Becker 1971).


Regional Impacts

P090San Francisco BayEconomic ImpactShipping/Boating
Damage to pilings in Oakland estuary, San Francisco Bay, probably due to this isopod, was first noted in 1873 (Merritt 1875, cited by Carlton 1979).
NEP-VNorthern California to Mid Channel IslandsEconomic ImpactShipping/Boating
Damage to pilings in Oakland estuary, San Francisco Bay, probably due to this isopod, was first noted in 1873 (Merritt 1875, cited by Carlton 1979).
P050San Pedro BayEconomic ImpactShipping/Boating
'In Los Angeles, California, this species can reduce the life of a creosote treated piling to about 6 years instead of a possible 40 years in northern waters (Beckman et al. 1957).' (Quayle 1992).
NEP-VIPt. Conception to Southern Baja CaliforniaEconomic ImpactShipping/Boating
'In Los Angeles, California, this species can reduce the life of a creosote treated piling to about 6 years instead of a possible 40 years in northern waters (Beckman et al. 1957).'
CACaliforniaEconomic ImpactShipping/Boating
Damage to pilings in Oakland estuary, San Francisco Bay, probably due to this isopod, was first noted in 1873 (Merritt 1875, cited by Carlton 1979)., 'In Los Angeles, California, this species can reduce the life of a creosote treated piling to about 6 years instead of a possible 40 years in northern waters (Beckman et al. 1957).' (Quayle 1992)., Damage to pilings in Oakland estuary, San Francisco Bay, probably due to this isopod, was first noted in 1873 (Merritt 1875, cited by Carlton 1979).

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
P027 _CDA_P027 (Aliso-San Onofre) 2011 Non-native Unknown
P060 Santa Monica Bay 1969 Non-native Established
NEP-IV Puget Sound to Northern California 1964 Non-native Established
P058 _CDA_P058 (San Pedro Channel Islands) 1950 Non-native Established
P062 _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) 1950 Non-native Established
P022 _CDA_P022 (San Diego) 1949 Non-native Established
P030 Mission Bay 1948 Non-native Established
P040 Newport Bay 1947 Non-native Established
P020 San Diego Bay 1876 Non-native Established
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 1875 Non-native Established
P090 San Francisco Bay 1875 Non-native Established
P093 _CDA_P093 (San Pablo Bay) 1875 Non-native Established
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California 1871 Non-native Established
P050 San Pedro Bay 1871 Non-native Established

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
697537 Reish 1972 1972 Alamitos Bay Non-native 33.7502 -118.1185
697976 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-21 Draw Bridge Non-native 33.7645 -118.2428
698480 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Santa Fe Channel - Front Non-native 37.9101 -122.3644
698599 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-27 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.5907 -122.3180
699046 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-25 CIYC Guest Slip Non-native 34.1641 -119.2255
699215 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-03 Treasure Island Non-native 37.8149 -122.3702
699319 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-15 San Pablo Bay Pumphouse Non-native 38.0446 -122.4326
699345 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-12 Saint Francis Yacht Harbor Non-native 37.8066 -122.4463
699552 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-05-31 Redwood Creek - Shipping Non-native 37.5120 -122.2109
700233 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-10-10 The Tuna Club Non-native 33.3461 -118.3268
700315 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-03 Berkeley Flats/Berkeley Pier Non-native 37.8600 -122.3256
700436 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-16 Long Beach Epifaunal 04 Non-native 33.7709 -118.2113
700635 Mendell 1871, cited in Menzies et al. 1963 1871 Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Complex Non-native 33.7632 -118.2526
700693 Reish 1972 1972 Huntington Harbour Non-native 33.7216 -118.0652
700733 Menzies 1951, 1957 1950 1950-02-14 Newport Bay at Pacific Coast Highway Bridge Non-native 33.6168 -117.9048
700735 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-21 Backside of Working Container Ship Pier Non-native 33.7667 -118.2774
700989 Menzies 1951; Wetzer et al. 1991 1948 1948-12-23 Foot of Fanuel Street, Pacific Beach (Mission Bay) Non-native 32.7912 -117.2441
701377 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2000 2000-08-30 Impound Marina Non-native 33.7639 -118.2444
701819 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Ballena Bay Non-native 37.7661 -122.2834
701902 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Ocean Institute Dock Non-native 33.4622 -117.7063
701918 Reish 1972 1972 Anaheim Bay Non-native 33.7333 -118.0894
701938 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-24 Coast Guard Island Marina, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.7812 -122.2458
702499 Menzies 1951; Carlton 1979a; Cohen and Carlton 1995; National Museum of Natural History, Invertebrat 1876 San Diego Bay Non-native 32.6717 -117.1439
702537 Merritt 1875, cited in Carlton 1979 1875 Oakland Estuary, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.7866 -122.2654
702964 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-23 Sierra Point Marina, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.6732 -122.3807
703233 Menzies 1957 1950 Port Hueneme Non-native 34.1496 -119.2082
703420 Menzies 1951, 1957 1949 1949-08-16 La Jolla Non-native 32.8479 -117.2776
703477 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-07 Commercial Fishing Dock Non-native 34.1696 -119.2285
703573 Reish 1972 1972 Marina del Rey General Location Non-native 33.9759 -118.4482
704092 Menzies 1951, 1957 1950 1950-07-15 Santa Catalina Island Non-native 33.4491 -118.4934
704291 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-23 Brisbane Lagoon, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.6862 -122.3906
704545 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-11-08 Port Hueneme Epifaunal 03 Non-native 34.1516 -119.2067
760531 Macrae 1923 1910 San Diego Municipal Pier Non-native 32.7174 -117.1767
760532 Kofoid 1921 1921 Southern Pacific Company Dumbarton Cut-Off Bridge (Station 57) Non-native 37.4995 -122.1282
760533 Kofoid 1921 1921 Oakland Municipal Wharf Non-native 37.7945 -122.2789
760534 Kofoid and Miller 1923; 1927 1922 1922-11-19 Old Fish Cannery Wharf, Los Angeles Harbor Non-native 33.7405 -118.2748
760535 Kofoid and Miller 1923 1922 Los Angeles Harbor Non-native 33.7269 -118.2623
760536 Kofoid and Miller 1923 1922 Charles R. McCormick Lumber Company Wharf, San Diego Non-native 32.6998 -117.1534
760537 Macrae 1923 1923 San Diego Bay Non-native 32.6717 -117.1439
760538 Kofoid and Miller 1927 1927 Southern Pacific Company Dumbarton Cut-Off Bridge (Station 57) Non-native 37.4995 -122.1282
760539 Neily and Kirkbride 1927 1927 Long Beach [Harbor] Non-native 33.7552 -118.2157
760540 Graham and Gay 1945 1941 Fruitvale Avenue Bridge Non-native 37.7689 -122.2296
760541 Menzies 1951, 1957 1947 1947-04-17 Newport Bay at Pacific Coast Highway overpass Non-native 33.6168 -117.9048
760542 Menzies 1958 1949 Point San Pedro (Station 1) Non-native 37.9857 -122.4471
760543 Menzies 1957, 1958 1949 San Rafael [Creek] (at U.S. Highway 101; Station 2) Non-native 37.9701 -122.5218
760544 Menzies 1958 1949 San Quentin (Station 3) Non-native 37.9432 -122.5033
760545 Menzies 1958 1949 Point San Quentin (Station 4) Non-native 37.9425 -122.4776
760546 Menzies 1957, 1958 1949 Belvedere (Station 5 [as Tiburon in Table 1]) Non-native 37.8791 -122.4736
760547 Menzies 1957, 1958 1949 South Basin (Station 11) Non-native 37.7208 -122.3787
760548 Menzies 1958 1949 San Mateo Bridge (Station 12) Non-native 37.5738 -122.2624
760549 Menzies 1958 1949 W end of Dumbarton Bridge (Station 13) Non-native 37.4995 -122.1282
760550 Menzies 1958 1949 E end of Dumbarton Bridge (Station 14) Non-native 37.5121 -122.1103
760551 Menzies 1958 1949 Oakland [Emeryville] (Station 15) Non-native 37.8312 -122.2964
760552 Menzies 1958 1949 Berkeley Yacht Harbor (Station 16) Non-native 37.8666 -122.3151
760553 Menzies 1957, 1958 1949 Parr-Richmond Pier (Station 17) Non-native 37.3644 -122.3644
760554 Menzies 1957, 1958 1949 Richmond Ferry Landing (Station 18) Non-native 37.9081 -122.3927
760555 Menzies 1958 1949 Oleum (Station 19) Non-native 38.0470 -122.2624
760556 Menzies 1957, 1958 1949 Rodeo (Station 20) Non-native 38.0329 -122.2771
760557 Menzies 1951, 1957 1950 1950-02-14 Upper Newport Bay Non-native 33.6473 -117.8861
760558 Menzies 1951 1950 Berkeley Yacht Harbor Non-native 37.8666 -122.3151
760559 Barnard 1955 1951 California Yacht Basin (Outer Los Angeles Harbor) Non-native 33.7180 -118.2791
760560 Menzies 1957, 1958 1951 Los Angeles Harbor, Slip 1 (Station A) Non-native 33.7623 -118.2661
760561 Menzies 1957, 1958 1951 Los Angeles Harbor, Slip No. 5 (Station B) Non-native 33.7648 -118.2634
760562 Menzies 1957, 1958 1951 Los Angeles Harbor, Cerritos Channel, eastern side of Henry Ford Bridge (Station D) Non-native 33.7663 -118.2393
760563 Menzies 1957, 1958 1951 Pontoon Bridge between Terminal Island and Long Beach (Station E) Non-native 33.7646 -118.2211
760564 Menzies 1957, 1958 1951 Los Angeles Harbor, U.S. Navy Operations Base (Station F) Non-native 33.7522 -118.2387
760565 Menzies 1957, 1958 1951 Long Beach Harbor Pilot Jetty (Station G) Non-native 33.7473 -118.2157
760566 Menzies 1957, 1958 1951 Reeves Field Seaplane Hangar Bay (Station H) Non-native 33.7460 -118.2537
760567 Menzies 1957, 1958 1951 Fish Harbor Inner Breakwater (Station J) Non-native 33.7353 -118.2662
760568 Menzies 1957, 1958 1951 500 feet south of Boy Scouts of America Explorer Base (Station L) Non-native 33.7147 -118.2845
760569 Menzies 1957, 1958 1951 Los Angeles Harbor, Channel Marker No. 5 (Station M) Non-native 33.7165 -118.2679
760570 Menzies 1957, 1958 1951 Los Angeles Harbor, Berth 70 Municipal Wharf (Station N) Non-native 33.7243 -118.2724
760571 Menzies 1957, 1958 1951 Berth 236, under Small Boat Fueling Wharf (Station P) Non-native 33.7370 -118.2746
760572 Menzies 1957, 1958 1951 Los Angeles Harbor, Berth 147 (Station Q) Non-native 33.7577 -118.2740
760573 Carpelan 1957 1951 Floodgate at Charleston Slough Non-native 37.4557 -122.1009
760574 Menzies 1957 1957 Berth 59, Los Angeles Harbor (East Channel) Non-native 33.7225 -118.2740
760575 Turner et al. 1969 1961 Hermosa Beach Artificial Reef Non-native 33.8546 -118.4105
760576 Schafer 1966 1966 Los Angeles Harbor Non-native 33.7269 -118.2623
760577 U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database 1968 1968-08-02 Port Hueneme Non-native
760578 Reish et al. 1975 1972 Anaheim Bay, Station 15 Non-native 33.7385 -118.0783
760579 Carlton and Hodder 1995 1987 1987-09-22 Humboldt Bay Non-native 40.7864 -124.1922
760580 Carlton and Hodder 1995 1987 1987-09-25 San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.8494 -122.3681
760581 Reish et al. 2015 2014 Los Angeles Harbor, Slip 1, Berth 160 (Station A) Non-native 33.7629 -118.2662
760582 Reish et al. 2015 2014 Los Angeles Harbor, Basin 5 (Station B) Non-native 33.7657 -118.2602
760583 Reish et al. 2015 2014 Los Angeles Harbor, Consolidated Slip (Station C) Non-native 33.7722 -118.2491
760584 Reish et al. 2015 2014 Los Angeles Harbor, Cerritos Channel (Station D) Non-native 33.7643 -118.2471
760585 Reish et al. 2015 2014 Los Angeles Harbor, Fish Harbor (Station J) Non-native 33.7356 -118.2692
760586 Reish et al. 2015 2014 Los Angeles Harbor, Entrance to West Channel (Station L) Non-native 33.7151 -118.2763
760587 Reish et al. 2015 2014 Los Angeles Harbor, Port Pilot Station (Station N) Non-native 33.7207 -118.2709
760588 Reish et al. 2015 2014 Los Angeles Harbor, Entrance to West Basin (Station Q) Non-native 33.7566 -118.2773
760589 Shaw 1918 1918 near Pomona College Marine Laboratory, Laguna Beach Non-native 33.5422 -117.7859
760590 Menzies 1957 1950 McNear's Beach Non-native 37.9934 -122.4532

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