Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1853
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1853
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:

General Invasion History:

Amphibalanus improvisus was first described by Darwin (1854), using specimens collected from England, Scotland, the United States, the West Indies, Argentina, 'West Colombia' and Ecuador. Most of the specimens were found 'attached to wood, shells, rocks, ships' bottoms' (Darwin 1854). It is native to the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of North America, based on the occurrence of fossils, and ranges south through the Caribbean to South America. Orensanz et al. (2002) consider this barnacle to be cryptogenic in Argentina and Uruguay. It was apparently a very early invader to Europe (possibly in the 1600s), Ecuador, and San Francisco Bay (both by the 1850s).  It spread rapidly through Europe, colonizing the brackish Baltic, Black, and Caspian Seas. After World War II, it was found in Northwest Pacific waters, from Vladivostok to the East China Sea.

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

In the Northeast Pacific, Amphibalanus improvisus was first reported from San Francisco Bay in 1853. It was transported in ship fouling from the East Coast of the U.S. or Europe, but oyster transplants and coastal shipping were likely also responsible for subsequent introductions and movements along the coast. A specimen was collected from the Gulf of California in 1889. Other records of established populations in West Coast estuaries are more recent, but likely reflect temporal sampling bias, and this species was almost certainly present in all of these locations for decades earlier (J.T. Carlton, pers. comm., 2013): Willapa Bay,Washington (1955); Esquimalt Lagoon, British Columbia (1956); Puerto Vallarta, Mexico (1960), Columbia River Estuary (1965), Coos Bay, Oregon (1970), and Elkhorn Slough, California (1998) (Henry and McLaughlin, 1975; Carlton 1979; Wasson et al. 2001). The spotty nature of these records probably reflects the preference of this species for sheltered, brackish estuaries. A recent survey of National Estuarine Research Reserves found new records for A. improvisus in the Tijuana Estuary (southern California), a small boat harbor at the mouth of the Quillayute River on Washington's Olympic coast, and Padilla Bay, Washington (deRivera et al. 2005a), but we do not yet know whether these records represent established populations. There are a number of records from marine harbors which do not appear to have resulted in subsequent populations: San Diego Bay (1939); Los Angeles-Long Beach (1932); and Monterey Bay (1916, 1954) (Carlton 1979).

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

Charles Darwin examined specimens from Guayaquil, Ecuador and 'West Colombia’ (Darwin 1854), which may have represented populations that were carried by Spanish ships from  Europe or from the Caribbean or Atlantic South America (Carlton et al. 2011). Early shipping could also explain a 1889 collection from the Gulf of California, Mexico (Henry and McLaughlin 1975). However, it is surprising that there are few records from elsewhere on the tropical-subtropical Pacific Coast. Interestingly, this freshwater-tolerant barnacle was not reported on the Pacific coast of Panama until 2008, when it was collected at Isla Taboguilla, at the entrance of the Panama Canal (Ruiz et al. unpublished data).

Amphibalanus improvisus was first recorded from the Northwest Pacific in Tokyo Harbor in 1952. By 1968, it had spread to the Sea of Japan, where it is known from Zolotoi Rog (Golden Horn) Bay, Russia, to Kanking-Chinhan, South Korea (Kim 1992; Zvyagintsev 2003). This barnacle is now abundant in the region, especially in brackish waters. It has been recorded from Western Australia (Furlani 1996), but is not reported to have become established.

We currently consider Amphibalanus improvisus to be introduced in the Northeast Atlantic waters of Europe. It was widespread in brackish waters of England, Scotland and the Netherlands by 1854, and first reported from French Atlantic waters in 1872. It was found at a 17th century archeological site in Antwerp, Belgium (Kerckhof and Cattrijsse 2001), which could indicate that it was either a very early introduction to European waters, or that native populations were present. Carlton et al. (2011) note that Zullo and Miller (1986) argued for its Western Atlantic origin, citing the lack of verified fossils in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. Further examination of fossil and archaeological specimens may cause us to change its status to cryptogenic or native. This barnacle expanded its range into the Baltic Sea during historic times, being first reported from Kaliningrad, Russia, in 1844 and extending to the Northern Quark, Finland on the Gulf of Bothnia, by 1994 (Leppakoski and Olenin 2000). Amphibalanus improvisus occurs throughout the Mediterranean (date of first record is not yet known), mostly in brackish lagoons (Relini and Matricardi 1999; Kocak and Kucuksezgin 2000), and the Black Sea (1st record 1844, Gomiou et al. 2002), and reached the Caspian Sea by 1955 (Grigorevich et al. 2003).

Furman and Yule (1991) found that in British waters, many populations of Amphibalanus improvisus are ephemeral. In a 1985-1987 survey, they did not find this barnacle at many of the locations reported by Darwin, or at locations where it was found in the 1950s and 1970s. In some cases, such as the Thames estuary, early (pre 1854) populations apparently disappeared by the 1950s, but recolonized (Furman and Yule 1991). These fluctuations may be due to short-term weather and pollution changes.


Description

The shell of Amphibalanus improvisus is usually conical or subcylindrical. The orifice is slightly toothed, and its width is usually more than 1/2 its height. The plates have a smooth surface, with narrow longitudinal spaces (radii), narrowing to the tops of shell plates. The radii are white. Inside the operculum, the scutum has a well-developed adductor ridge on its interior face (Zullo 1979). The tergum has a blunt apex, and its spur is usually somewhat long and narrow. The spur length is about 1/3 of the length of the basal margin, and its width is about 1/5 of the basal margin (Henry and McLaughlin 1975). Amphibalanus improvisus grows up to 17 mm in diameter. It is characteristic of brackish estuarine habitats, with very low or highly variable salinity (Henry and McLaughlin 1975). Larval stages of A. improvisus are illustrated by Lang (1979; 1980).

Local ecophenotypes or genotypes are to be expected throughout the range of this species (Bacon, 1976; Henry and McLaughlin, 1975), and it may be that tropical "improvisus are a cryptic sibling species (J. T. Carlton, pers. comm., 2013).


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Arthropoda
Subphylum:   Crustacea
Class:   Maxillopoda
Subclass:   Thecostraca
Infraclass:   Cirripedia
Superorder:   Thoracica
Order:   Sessilia
Suborder:   Balanomorpha
Superfamily:   Balanoidea
Family:   Balanidae
Genus:   Amphibalanus
Species:   improvisus

Synonyms

Balanus amphitrite var. amphitrite (Stubbings, 1967)
Balanus amphitrite var. assimilis (Darwin, 1854)
Balanus var. denticulata (Stubbings, 1961)
Balanus amphitrite var. pallidus (Stubbings, 1961)
Balanus amphitrite vostokensis (Tarasov & Zevina, 1957)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Amphibalanus amphitrite
Now cosmopolitan, warm-temprate -subtropical

Amphibalanus eburneus
NW Atlantic native, widely introduced in tropical-temperate waters

Amphibalanus pallidus
Tropical Atlantic, introduced in Pacific Panama, establishment unknown

Amphibalanus reticulatus
Indo-Wesr Pacific native, now widely introduced in subtropical-tropical waters

Amphibalanus subalbidus
NW Atlantic native, introduced in Brazil and Gulf of California

Ecology

General:

Like many other barnacles, Amphibalanus improvisus, is hermaphroditic, but is capable of cross-fertilization. The fertilized eggs are brooded in the mantle cavity, sometimes for several months, and are released as nauplius larvae with three pairs of appendages (Barnes 1983). The nauplii feed in the plankton and go through five successive molts, spending four to 18 days in the water column before molting into a non-feeding cypris stage, covered with a pair of chitinous shells (Lang and Marcy 1982; Furman and Yule 1991). Cyprids swim, investigating suitable surfaces, and then settle, secreting a shell, and molting into the first juvenile barnacle stages. Juvenile and adult barnacles are filter feeders, sweeping the water with their long bristled appendages to gather phytoplankton, zooplankton, and detritus (Barnes 1983).

The Bay Barnacle, Amphibalanus improvisus, is characteristic of estuaries and brackish waters, although it can also tolerate high salinities, up to 40 PSU (Foster 1970; Furman and Yule 1991). In estuaries, it can survive weeks of exposure to freshwater, but requires salinities of at least 2 PSU for reproduction (Dineen and Hines 1992). It is typically found in lower intertidal and subtidal zones, in sheltered waters. This barnacle grows on a wide range of hard surfaces, including logs, mangroves, rocks, ship hulls, oysters, other shellfish, docks and ships' hulls.

Food:

Phytoplankton; zooplankton

Trophic Status:

Suspension Feeder

SusFed

Habitats

General HabitatCoarse Woody DebrisNone
General HabitatOyster ReefNone
General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatRockyNone
General HabitatVessel HullNone
General HabitatMangrovesNone
General HabitatCanalsNone
Salinity RangeLimnetic0-0.5 PSU
Salinity RangeOligohaline0.5-5 PSU
Salinity RangeMesohaline5-18 PSU
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Salinity RangeHyperhaline40+ PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Tidal RangeLow IntertidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Temperature (ºC)-2Based on range, including ice-covered estuaries.
Maximum Temperature (ºC)38Maximum temperature recorded in effluent canals of a powerplant on the Patuxent River MD, with populations of A. improvisus (Nauman and Cory 1969). Maximum tolerance levels may be higher.
Minimum Salinity (‰)0Adults can survive long exposure to freshwater (Foster 1970)
Maximum Salinity (‰)40Rare at high salinities (Furman and Yule 1991), but present in the Mediterranean Sea.
Minimum Reproductive Temperature10Bousfield 1955
Maximum Reproductive Temperature30Bousfield 1955
Minimum Reproductive Salinity2Experimental, lowest tested, 28% metamorphosis, compared to 71-75% at 16-32 ppt (Furman and Yule 1991).
Maximum Reproductive Salinity40Experimental, highest tested, 45% metamorphosis, compared to 71-75% at 16-32 ppt, all at 30 C (Furman and Yule 1991).
Minimum Duration4Experimental, 30 C, 16-24 ppt, high food density (Furman and Yule 1989).
Maximum Duration1815 C, 18 days for intermittently starved larvae (Lang and Marcy 1982)
Maximum Length (mm)9Maximum adult height (Henry and McLauglin 1975)
Maximum Width (mm)17Maximum adult width (Henry and McLauglin 1975)
Broad Temperature RangeNoneCold temperate-Tropical
Broad Salinity RangeNoneOligohaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

Economic Impacts

We have not found specific reports of economic impacts for Amphibalanus improvisus in West Coast waters where it has been introduced. However, A. improvisus is one of the most abundant fouling barnacles in brackish waters of the U.S. (Carlton 1979), and is very likely a major contributor to fouling of ships, boats, harbor structures, fishing gear, and power plant intake pipes in estuaries. A variety of impacts are associated with A. improvisus worldwide, especially in regions where barnacles were previously absent, such as the Baltic and Caspian Seas.

Boating- Amphibalanus improvisus is widely reported as a common fouling organism of recreational and commercial boats and ships, and also of piers, docks, and navigational structures (Zvyagintsev 1985; Vuorinen et al. 1986; Kashin et al. 2000; Gren et al. 2009; Skolka and Preda 2010). In Skagerrak, Sweden, it was the dominant organism fouling the hulls of recreational boats, probably because it was more tolerant of hydrodynamic stress than the native Blue Mussel, Mytilus edulis, which dominated static fouling plates (Berntsson and Jonsson 2003). In Sweden, estimated costs of hull fouling by A. improvisus are 23-56 million dollars per year (Gren et al. 2009). Barnacle fouling contributes to the deterioration of piers and docks by increasing corrosion. In the Caspian Sea and in Russian harbors on the Sea of Japan, A. improvisus was an important component of fouling on harbor structures (Kashin et al. 2000; Zaitsev and Ozturk 2001; Zvyagintsev 2003).

Industry- Amphibalanus improvisus is a frequent fouler of power plants in its native and introduced range (Nauman and Cory 1969; Vuorinen et al. 1986; Zvyagintsev et al. 2003). In Sweden, estimated costs of power plant fouling by A. improvisus were 1.5-5.5 million dollars per year (Gren et al. 2009).

Fisheries- In the Caspian Sea, A. improvisus is reported to foul fishnets (Zaitsev and Ozturk 2001). More speculatively, it is thought to have adverse affects on fisheries by diverting plankton production to the benthic biomass, where it apparently constitutes a 'dead end' by having few predators. Consequently it could be decreasing fish biomass (Olenin and Leppakoski 2000).

Aesthetic- In the Baltic Sea, A. improvisus is reported to affect the recreational quality of shorelines by fouling rocks and littering beaches with its sharp shells. On the other hand, its large filter-feeding biomass increases the clarity of the water (Olenin and Leppakoski 2000).

Ecological Impacts

Specific ecological impacts of Amphibalanus improvisus have not been reported from North American waters. This species is likely to affect fouling communities in the upper regions of estuaries on the Pacific coast, since no native barnacles can tolerate very low salinities, as A. improvisus can.

Competition- In experiments conducted in the western Baltic Sea (Kiel, Germany), manipulations of Amphibalanus improvisus and the Blue Mussel, Mytilus edulis, showed that M. edulis outcompeted and replaced A. improvisus. However, when some mussels were removed, to simulate predation, the two species coexisted and out-competed other fouling community species. Amphibalanus improvisus thus has a sub-dominant role in the fouling community of the Western Baltic (Dürr and Wahl 2004). In the Caspian Sea, A. improvisus reportedly excludes A. eburneus from man-made structures (Zaitsev and Ozturk 2001).

Herbivory, Habitat Change, Trophic Cascade- In the Baltic Sea, where it is the only barnacle species present, filter-feeding by A. improvisus is thought to affect food webs by diverting planktonic production to the benthic biomass (Olenin and Leppakoski 2000). In experiments, settled A. improvisus indirectly promoted the growth of the green alga, Ulva (Enteromorpha) intestinalis, by filtering phytoplankton, remineralizing nutrients, and increasing the clarity of the water (Kotta et al. 2006).

Food/Prey- The larval stages of A. improvisus can be very abundant in the water column during the spawning period, and represents an important food resource for planktivorous fishes and other animals (Skolka and Preda 2010).

Regional Impacts

P090San Francisco BayEcological ImpactCompetition
Transplant experiments indicate that competition with Amphibalanus improvisus may limit growth and abundance of the introduced bryozoan Conopeum chesapeakensis at the less saline end of Carquinez Strait in the San Francisco estuary (Benicia, ~3.3 PSU, Newcomer et al. 2018).
NEP-VNorthern California to Mid Channel IslandsEcological ImpactCompetition
Transplant experiments indicate that competition with Amphibalanus improvisus may limit growth and abundance of the introduced bryozoan Conopeum chesapeakensis at the less saline end of Carquinez Strait in the San Francisco estuary (Benicia, ~3.3 PSU, Newcomer et al. 2018).
CACaliforniaEcological ImpactCompetition
Transplant experiments indicate that competition with Amphibalanus improvisus may limit growth and abundance of the introduced bryozoan Conopeum chesapeakensis at the less saline end of Carquinez Strait in the San Francisco estuary (Benicia, ~3.3 PSU, Newcomer et al. 2018)., Transplant experiments indicate that competition with Amphibalanus improvisus may limit growth and abundance of the introduced bryozoan Conopeum chesapeakensis at the less saline end of Carquinez Strait in the San Francisco estuary (Benicia, ~3.3 PSU, Newcomer et al. 2018).

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
P060 Santa Monica Bay 2015 Non-native Established
P062 _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) 2015 Non-native Established
P070 Morro Bay 2015 Prb Established
P020 San Diego Bay 2013 Non-native Established
P030 Mission Bay 2013 Crypogenic Established
P112 _CDA_P112 (Bodega Bay) 2011 Non-native Established
P010 Tijuana Estuary 2003 Non-native Unknown
P130 Humboldt Bay 2003 Non-native Established
P080 Monterey Bay 1998 Non-native Established
NEP-IV Puget Sound to Northern California 1955 Non-native Established
P073 _CDA_P073 (Central Coastal) 1939 Non-native Unknown
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California 1932 Non-native Established
P050 San Pedro Bay 1932 Non-native Unknown
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 1853 Non-native Established
P090 San Francisco Bay 1853 Non-native Established
P093 _CDA_P093 (San Pablo Bay) 1853 Non-native Established

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
697097 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-12 Ferry Terminal Pier Non-native 37.7945 -122.3917
697193 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-29 Mare Island Strait - Navy Non-native 38.1015 -122.2695
697198 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-19 Mare Island Strait - Navy Non-native 38.1015 -122.2695
697254 Cohen et al. 2005 2004 2004-05-27 Pete's Harbor, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.5006 -122.2242
697296 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-11-14 Cal Maritime Academy/Vallejo Non-native 38.0661 -122.2299
697312 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-11 Cal Maritime Academy/Vallejo Non-native 38.0661 -122.2299
697589 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-29 Benicia Waterfront Non-native 38.0401 -122.1385
697599 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-07 Benicia Waterfront Non-native 38.0401 -122.1385
697629 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-11-05 Alcatraz Non-native 37.8253 -122.4223
697688 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 Port Sonoma/Petaluma R. Non-native 38.1157 -122.5026
697689 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-13 Port Sonoma/Petaluma R. Non-native 38.1157 -122.5026
697722 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-07-07 Tiburon Non-native 37.8883 -122.4445
697835 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-03 Berkeley Marina Non-native 37.8676 -122.3172
698016 Cohen et al. 2005 2004 2004-05-24 Fruitvale Bridge, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.7690 -122.2296
698090 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-29 San Mateo Bridge Non-native 37.5806 -122.2543
698250 Cohen et al. 2005 2004 2004-05-23 Pier 39, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.8114 -122.4098
698278 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Pier 39 Non-native 37.8108 -122.4086
698471 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Santa Fe Channel - Front Non-native 37.9101 -122.3644
698861 Cohen et al. 2005 2004 2004-05-25 Port Sonoma, San Pablo Bay Non-native 38.1156 -122.5026
698927 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-14 Point San Pablo Yacht Harbor Non-native 37.9643 -122.4185
698929 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 Point San Pablo Yacht Harbor Non-native 37.9643 -122.4185
699230 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-03 Treasure Island Non-native 37.8149 -122.3702
699316 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 San Pablo Bay Pumphouse Non-native 38.0446 -122.4326
699322 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-15 San Pablo Bay Pumphouse Non-native 38.0446 -122.4326
699444 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-03 NE Corner of Bay Non-native 38.3340 -123.0511
699453 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-07 Fort Point Non-native 37.8095 -122.4761
699536 Cohen et al. 2005 2004 2004-05-26 Point San Pablo Yacht Harbor, San Pablo Bay Non-native 37.9624 -122.4188
699565 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-05-31 Redwood Creek - Shipping Non-native 37.5120 -122.2109
699568 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-07 Redwood Creek - Shipping Non-native 37.5120 -122.2109
699780 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-19 Mare Island Strait - Marina Non-native 38.1051 -122.2667
699781 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-30 Mare Island Strait - Marina Non-native 38.1051 -122.2667
699892 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-05-31 Redwood Creek - Marina Non-native 37.5021 -122.2130
699936 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-05-31 Dumbarton Bridge Non-native 37.5070 -122.1168
699975 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-11 Point Richmond Non-native 37.9212 -122.3871
700041 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-12 Cruise Ship Pier Non-native 37.8085 -122.4060
700140 Wasson et al. 2001 1998 Elkhorn Slough Station 5 (South Marsh Trail, near footbridge) Non-native 36.8193 -121.7378
700314 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-04 Berkeley Flats/Berkeley Pier Non-native 37.8600 -122.3256
700459 Wasson et al. 2001 1998 Elkhorn Slough Station 4 (Vierra's, just SE of Hwy 1 bridge) Non-native 36.8090 -121.7841
700486 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 Coyote Point Marina Non-native 37.5905 -122.3177
700528 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-05 Sea Plane Lagoon Non-native 37.7761 -122.2998
700576 Cohen et al. 2005 2004 2004-05-28 Moore's Landing, San Francisco Bay Non-native 38.2261 -122.3076
700625 Carlton and Zullo 1969 1932 1932-03-24 Berth 59, Los Angeles Outer Harbor (East Channel) Non-native 33.7225 -118.2740
700813 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-01 Sea Plane Harbor Non-native 37.6349 -122.3848
700871 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-18 Pacheco Creek Oil Pier Non-native 38.0489 -122.0903
700994 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-08-11 Sac. Deep Water Channel I/Port of Sacramento Non-native 38.5623 -121.5473
701069 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-21 Middle of the Slough Non-native 36.8112 -121.7793
701228 Carlton and Zullo 1969 1853 San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.8494 -122.3681
701359 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Santa Fe Channel - Back Non-native 37.9207 -122.3684
701445 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-19 Hercules Wharf Non-native 38.0231 -122.2928
701446 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-30 Hercules Wharf Non-native 38.0231 -122.2928
701746 Prokopovich 1968, cited in Zullo et al. 1972 1962 1962-12-18 Delta-Mendota Canal, Milepost 20.62 Non-native 37.3433 -121.3762
702088 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-01 Corinthian Marina Non-native 37.8726 -122.4563
702148 Cohen et al. 2005 2004 2004-05-24 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.6966 -122.1932
702189 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-29 New York Point Marina Non-native 38.0400 -121.8863
702195 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-07 New York Point Marina Non-native 38.0400 -121.8863
702322 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-13 Ayala Cove Non-native 37.8680 -122.4350
702323 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-01 Ayala Cove Non-native 37.8680 -122.4350
702489 Carlton 1979 1939 San Diego Bay Non-native 32.6717 -117.1439
702589 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Richmond Marina Non-native 37.9137 -122.3504
702985 Cohen et al. 2005 2004 2004-05-25 Petaluma River Turning Basin, San Pablo Bay Non-native 38.2355 -122.6382
703272 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-11-15 China Camp Non-native 38.0025 -122.4617
703273 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-12 China Camp Non-native 38.0025 -122.4617
703312 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-08 Yerba Buena Non-native 37.8146 -122.3712
703437 Carlton and Zullo 1969 1900 San Mateo, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.5747 -122.2942
703483 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-07 Commercial Fishing Dock Non-native 34.1696 -119.2285
703644 Cohen et al. 2005 2004 2004-05-28 Rodeo Marina, San Pablo Bay Non-native 38.0391 -122.2711
703686 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-03 SE Side of Bay Non-native 38.3258 -123.0410
703722 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-21 North Harbor/Boat Launch Non-native 36.8128 -121.7880
703908 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-19 Rodeo Marina Non-native 38.0394 -122.2717
703915 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-30 Rodeo Marina Non-native 38.0394 -122.2717
703981 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-07 Railroad Bridge Non-native 37.4602 -121.9750
704117 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Coast Guard Island Non-native 37.7812 -122.2457
704180 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Chevron Pier Non-native 37.9228 -122.4105
704184 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Chevron Pier Non-native 37.9228 -122.4105
704481 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-29 Martinez Marina Non-native 38.0276 -122.1371
704494 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-07 Martinez Marina Non-native 38.0276 -122.1371
704522 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-30 Napa Valley Marina Non-native 38.2198 -122.3119
704530 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-19 Napa Valley Marina Non-native 38.2198 -122.3119
712209 Carlton and Zullo 1969 1903 1903-10-20 Cooley Landing [East Palo Alto] Non-native 37.4769 -122.1212
712210 Carlton and Zullo 1969 1910 Redwood City (in estuary) Non-native 37.5077 -122.2139
712211 Carlton and Zullo 1969 1913 Alameda Non-native 37.7586 -122.2652
712212 Carlton and Zullo 1969 1922 1922-01-20 Oakland Mole Non-native 37.8055 -122.3325
712213 Hill and Kofoid 1927; Carlton and Zullo 1969 1922 1922-08-28 Dumbarton Bridge Non-native 37.5053 -122.1183
712214 Hill and Kofoid 1927; Carlton and Zullo 1969 1923 1923-08-01 Crockett Non-native 38.0578 -122.2194
712215 Carlton and Zullo 1969 1931 1931-09-01 Rodeo Non-native 38.0368 -122.2753
712216 Marchette 1953, cited in Carlton and Zullo 1969 and Carlton 1979 1952 Lake Merritt Non-native 37.8025 -122.2578
712217 Filice 1954; Carlton 1979 1951 Castro Creek (vicinity of) Non-native 37.9551 -122.3908
712222 Carlton and Zullo 1969 1934 Palo Alto Yacht Harbor Non-native 37.4584 -122.1052
712223 U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2002 1978 San Francisco Bay (general location) Non-native 37.8494 -122.3681
712233 Carlton 1979 1939 San Simeon Point (offshore of) Non-native 35.6292 -121.1889
712242 de Rivera et al. 2005 2003 Oneonta Slough, Tijuana Estuary Non-native 32.5677 -117.1316
757921 Henry and McLaughlin 1975 1975 San Pablo Bay Non-native 38.0600 -122.3900
757922 Henry 1958; Henry and McLaughlin 1975 1939 1939-02-25 Bay View Park, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.7102 -122.3862
757923 Rogers 1939, cited in Henry 1942 and Carlton and Zullo 1969; Rogers 1949; Henry 1959; Carlton 1979 1939 San Pablo Bay (general location) Non-native 38.0600 -122.3900
757924 Rogers 1939, cited in Henry 1942 and Carlton and Zullo 1969; Rogers 1949; Henry 1959; Carlton 1979 1939 Suisun Bay (upper reaches) Non-native 38.0694 -122.3526
757925 Carlton 1979 1939 San Francisco, near Fort Funston Non-native 37.7137 -122.5044
757926 Graham and Gay 1945 1941 Fruitvale Avenue Bridge Non-native 37.7689 -122.2296
757927 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute 1952 1943 San Francisco (general location) Non-native 37.8494 -122.3681
757928 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute 1952 1943 San Pablo (general location) Non-native 38.0600 -122.3900
757929 Filice 1954, 1958, 1959, cited in Carlton and Zullo 1969 1951 San Pablo Bay, between Point San Pablo and Point Pinole Non-native 37.9816 -122.3863
757930 Filice 1954, 1958, 1959, cited in Carlton and Zullo 1969 1951 San Pablo Bay, between Point Pinole and Point Davis Non-native 38.0271 -122.3021
757931 Filice 1958, 1959, cited in Carlton and Zullo 1969 1951 Suisun Bay, between Port Costa and Martinez Non-native 38.0306 -122.1608
757932 Filice 1958, 1959, cited in Carlton and Zullo 1969 1951 Suisun Bay, between Martinez and Port Chicago Non-native 38.0550 -122.0670
757933 Filice 1958, 1959, cited in Carlton and Zullo 1969 1951 Suisun Bay, between Port Chicago and Pittsburg Non-native 38.0420 -122.9060
757934 Carlton 1979 1960 Lake Merritt Non-native 37.8025 -122.2578
757935 Carlton 1979 1970 Lake Merritt Non-native 37.8025 -122.2578
757936 Newman 1954, 1967, cited in Carlton and Zullo 1969 1953 Salinas River (at mouth) Non-native 36.7496 -121.8050
757937 Aldrich 1961; Carlton 1979 1955 San Joaquin River at Antioch Non-native 38.0258 -121.7547
757938 Aldrich 1961; Carlton 1979 1955 San Joaquin River at Antioch Non-native 38.0258 -121.7547
757939 L. Eng, pers. comm. 1973, in Carlton 1979 1972 Delta-Mendota Canal, Milepost 40 Non-native 37.4620 -121.1706
757940 Cohen and Chapman 2005 2005 2005-11-27 Buoy #12 Non-native 37.9134 -122.4452
757941 Cohen and Chapman 2005 2005 2005-11-27 Buoy #2 (South Bay) Non-native 37.6958 -122.3414
757942 Cohen and Chapman 2005 2005 2005-11-27 Buoy #8 Non-native 38.0293 -122.3718
757943 Cohen and Chapman 2005 2005 2005-11-27 Carquinez Buoy Non-native 38.0696 -122.2273
757944 Cohen and Chapman 2005 2005 2005-11-27 Dumbarton Bridge (pylon) Non-native 37.5031 -122.1230
757945 Mills and Rees 2000 1997 Kennedy Park Boat Launch (Napa River) Non-native 38.2649 -122.2844
757946 Chapman and Dorman 1975 1971 1971-09-21 Carquinez Strait Non-native 38.0507 -122.1748
757947 Chapman and Dorman 1975 1972 1972-02-12 near Redwood City (2 mi S of San Mateo Bridge and 1 mi W of west bay shore) Non-native 37.5646 -122.2296
757948 California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection Database 2015 1941 1941-04-27 Bay View Park, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.7102 -122.3862
767800 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-15 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.9117 -122.3494
767812 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2012-09-20 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.6979 -122.1912
767833 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-14 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.5880 -122.3160
767843 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-16 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.9724 -122.4796
767854 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-13 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.6725 -122.3864
767861 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-27 Petaluma Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 38.2304 -122.6136
767868 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-13 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.8046 -122.3985
767878 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2012-09-15 Berkeley Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.8758 -122.3181
767896 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-27 Vallejo Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 38.1086 -122.2694
767904 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-21 South Beach Harbor, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.7797 -122.3871
767917 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-20 Jack London Square Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.7947 -122.2822
767929 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-22 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.7676 -122.2869
767943 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-28 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 38.0663 -122.2130
767950 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-12 Paradise Cay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.9156 -122.4769
767958 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-28 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 38.0453 -122.1561
767965 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-12 Corinthian Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.8103 -122.3228
767979 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-08-24 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.9134 -122.3523
768034 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-08-27 Port of San Francisco Pier 31, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.8078 -122.4060
768056 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-09-11 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.7676 -122.2869
768078 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-08-30 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.6633 -122.3817
768102 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-08-29 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.5877 -122.3174
768124 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-09-04 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2130
768167 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-09-05 Port of Oakland, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.7987 -122.3228
768190 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-09-07 Jack London Square Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.7940 -122.2787
768207 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-08-31 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 38.0663 -122.2130
768215 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-09-10 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 38.0346 -121.8829
768269 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-08-15 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.7656 -122.2858
768292 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-08-20 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.5877 -122.3163
768313 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-08-22 Jack London Square Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.7926 -122.2746
768330 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-08-23 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.9723 -122.4829
768351 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-08-13 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.6639 -122.3821
768372 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-08-14 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.5024 -122.2134
768395 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-08-19 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.9138 -122.3522
768415 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-08-12 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.8078 -122.4354
770728 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770732 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770736 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770741 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770746 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770751 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770756 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770758 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770764 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770769 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770772 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0667 -122.2132
770777 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0667 -122.2132
770781 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0667 -122.2132
770785 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0667 -122.2132
770789 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0667 -122.2132
770791 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0667 -122.2132
770793 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0667 -122.2132
770831 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-28 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5898 -122.3165
770852 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-28 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5898 -122.3165
770856 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-28 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5898 -122.3165
770867 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-28 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5898 -122.3165
770875 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-26 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5869 -122.3237
770881 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-26 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5869 -122.3237
770888 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-26 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5869 -122.3237
770895 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-26 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5869 -122.3237
770901 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-26 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5869 -122.3237
770909 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-26 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5869 -122.3237
770916 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-26 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5869 -122.3237
770922 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-26 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5869 -122.3237
770927 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-26 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5869 -122.3237
770937 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
770943 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
770952 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
770960 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
770968 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
770977 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
770988 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
771001 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
771012 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
771021 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
771033 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-19 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3494
771044 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-19 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3494
771054 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-19 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3494
771063 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-19 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3494
771073 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-19 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3494
771086 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-19 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3494
771097 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-19 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3494
771103 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-19 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3494
771116 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-19 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3494
771128 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-19 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3494
771137 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7837 -122.2640
771147 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7837 -122.2640
771167 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7837 -122.2640
771176 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7837 -122.2640
771189 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7837 -122.2640
771195 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7837 -122.2640
771210 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7837 -122.2640
771232 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771238 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771244 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771248 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771255 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771260 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771263 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771266 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771270 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771274 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771293 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-29 Sausalito Marine Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8612 -122.4851
771300 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-29 Sausalito Marine Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8612 -122.4851
771305 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-29 Sausalito Marine Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8612 -122.4851
771314 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-29 Sausalito Marine Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8612 -122.4851
771340 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-29 Sausalito Marine Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8612 -122.4851
771345 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-21 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6977 -122.1912
771355 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-21 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6977 -122.1912
771361 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-21 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6977 -122.1912
771368 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-21 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6977 -122.1912
771383 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-21 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6977 -122.1912
771386 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-21 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6977 -122.1912
771392 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-22 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7658 -122.2850
771399 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-22 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7658 -122.2850
771408 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-22 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7658 -122.2850
771415 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-22 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7658 -122.2850
771420 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-22 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7658 -122.2850
771427 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-22 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7658 -122.2850
771436 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-22 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7658 -122.2850
771440 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-22 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7658 -122.2850
771447 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-22 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7658 -122.2850
771454 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-12 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8063 -122.4403
771458 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-12 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8063 -122.4403
771463 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-12 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8063 -122.4403
771473 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-12 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8063 -122.4403
771487 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-12 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8063 -122.4403
771495 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-12 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8063 -122.4403
771504 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-12 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8063 -122.4403
771511 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-12 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8063 -122.4403
771521 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-12 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8063 -122.4403
771525 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-20 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5048 -122.2574
771535 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-20 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5048 -122.2574
771575 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-20 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5048 -122.2574
771633 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0453 -122.1539
771638 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0453 -122.1539
771643 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0453 -122.1539
771651 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0453 -122.1539
771658 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0453 -122.1539
771670 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0453 -122.1539
771685 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0675 -122.2142
771688 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0675 -122.2142
771694 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0675 -122.2142
771700 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0675 -122.2142
771707 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0675 -122.2142
771709 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0675 -122.2142
771742 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-19 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8047 -122.2573
771819 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-17 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8065 -122.4412
772203 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-20 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6981 -122.1907
772361 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-18 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9139 -122.3461
772402 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-28 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9723 -122.4818
772507 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-19 Sausalito Marine Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8609 -122.4855
772661 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2114
775553 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-08-14 Schneider Dock, Humboldt Bay, California, USA Non-native 40.7775 -124.1865
775554 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-08 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8078 -122.4354
775555 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-08 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8078 -122.4354
775556 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-08 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8078 -122.4354
775557 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-09 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
775558 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-09 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
775559 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-17 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6639 -122.3758
775560 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-17 Oyster Point Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6639 -122.3758
775561 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-11 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5024 -122.2134
775562 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-11 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5024 -122.2134
775563 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-11 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5024 -122.2134
775564 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-11 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5024 -122.2134
775565 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-11 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5024 -122.2134
775566 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-11 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5024 -122.2134
775567 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-11 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5024 -122.2134
775568 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-12 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7662 -122.2656
775569 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-12 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7662 -122.2656
775570 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-12 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7662 -122.2656
775571 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-12 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7662 -122.2656
775572 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-03 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0346 -121.8829
775573 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-10 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9138 -122.3522
775574 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-10 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9138 -122.3522
775575 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-10 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9138 -122.3522
775576 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-10 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9138 -122.3522
775577 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-10 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9138 -122.3522
775578 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-10 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9138 -122.3522
775579 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-04 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0674 -122.2131
775580 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-04 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0674 -122.2131
775581 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-18 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7835 -122.2630
775582 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-18 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7835 -122.2630
775583 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-18 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7835 -122.2630
775584 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-18 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7835 -122.2630
775585 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-18 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7835 -122.2630
775586 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
775587 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-15 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8066 -122.4331
775588 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-15 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8066 -122.4331
775589 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-15 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8066 -122.4331
775590 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-15 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8066 -122.4331
775591 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-14 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3492
775592 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-14 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3492
775593 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0458 -122.1553
775594 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0458 -122.1553
775595 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0458 -122.1553
775596 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0458 -122.1553
775597 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0458 -122.1553
775598 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0458 -122.1553
775599 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0458 -122.1553
775600 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0458 -122.1553
775601 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0354 -121.8822
775602 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0354 -121.8822
775603 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0354 -121.8822
775604 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0204 -121.8212
775605 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-25 Sausalito Marine Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8612 -122.4849
775606 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-25 Sausalito Marine Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8612 -122.4849
775607 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-25 Sausalito Marine Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8612 -122.4849
775608 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-16 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
775609 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-16 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
775610 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-07 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8060 -122.4428
775611 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-07 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8060 -122.4428
775612 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-26 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5027 -122.2138
775613 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-12 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9133 -122.3500
775614 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-12 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9133 -122.3500
775615 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-12 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9133 -122.3500
775616 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7831 -122.2630

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