Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1963
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1963
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:

General Invasion History:

Oithona davisae was described from San Francisco Bay, where it was introduced and collected probably as early as 1963. Ferrari and Orsi (1984) noted that this cyclopoid copepod had affinities to small Oithona spp. of Indo-Pacific origin such as O. brevicornis, O. wellershausi, and O. aruensis. The small size of these copepods and the occurrence of many similar species, has led to under-sampling and frequent mis-identifications of this group (Uye and Sano 1995; Temnykh and Nishida 2012). Oithona davisae is known from estuarine habitats in central and southern Japan, and southern Korea (Uye and Sano 1995; Sakaguchi et al. 2011), but the full extent of its native range is uncertain.

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

Early sampling in San Francisco Bay and elsewhere (e.g., Esterly 1924) used coarse nets and tended to under-sample Oithona species. Early records of this genus were from near Golden Gate and probably referred to native O. similis and O. nana, but a survey taken by Painter (1966, cited by Ferrari and Orsi 1984), starting in 1963, found Oithona spp. occurring in Suisun and San Pablo Bays, showing patterns of distribution and seasonal abundance similar to those of later records of O. davisae. By 1981, O. davisae reached high abundances (< 20,000 m-2 in South San Francisco Bay; Hutchinson 1981, cited by Ferrari and Orsi 1984; Ambler 1985). In San Francisco Bay, this copepod was most abundant throughout San Pablo, the Central and South Bays in July thru November and scarce during times of low temperature and heavy river flows. In recent surveys it was the most abundant copepod in the Bay (Bollens et al. 2011).

Ferrari and Orsi (1984) examined samples from several other California bays, including Humboldt and Monterey Bays, and the Agua Hedionda Lagoon, and did not find any O. davisae. Fairey et al. (2002) reported the occurrence of O. davisae in samples taken in Port Huemene, Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbors, and San Diego Harbor. No information was given on abundance or seasonal patterns. Oithona davisae was frequent in ballast water of trans-Pacific and West Coast ships entering Vancouver and Puget Sound (Levings et al. 2004; Cordell et al. 2008a; Lawrence and Cordell 2010) and so is likely to be introduced to other West Coast ports. In September 2012, O. davisae was found to comprise 95% of the copepods collected in Samish Bay, Washington, just north of Puget Sound proper, and is expected to become widespread in the Sound (Cordell and Kalata 2015).

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

Elsewhere in the World- Oithona davisae was collected and cultured in Barcelona Harbor, Spain, in 2000, apparently its first record outside the Pacific. Specimens were identified by Prof. Shuhei Nishida, of the University of Tokyo (Saiz et al. 2003). The similar species Oithona brevicornis was reported from the Black Sea for the first time in 2005 in Ukraine (Gubanova and Altukhov 2007), but later (2010) specimens, examined in more detail, were found to be O. davisae (Temnykh and Nishida 2012). In the Bay of Varna, Bulgaria O. davisae was first identified in 2009, and became a numerically dominamt in the zooplankton by 2010 (Mihneva and Stefanova 2013). Oithona brevicornis has been widely reported in the Mediterranean (Razouls et al. 2012), but it is likely that most or all of these records refer to O. davisae. Currently, O,.davoae is reported from Spain, the Aegean Sea in Italy, the Aegean Sea and Levantine Basin in Turkey (Saiz et al. 2003; Kurt et al. 2019; Pansera et al. 2021; Terb?y?k-Kurt et al. 2022); Molecular analyses indicate that the new Oithona species in the Black Sea is distinct from O. brevicornis, but the lack of O. davisae sequences in GenBank prevent a definitive genetic identification (Shiganova et al. 2015). Despite these uncertainties, O. davisae is now reported as a dominant species in Sevastopol Bay (Altukhov et al. 2014). In 2010 and 2014, Oithona davisae was identified by morphological and genetic methods from List Tidal Basin, in the Wadden Sea, Germany, the shallow barrier-island region of the North Sea (Cornils and Wend-Heckmann 2015). In 2001, O. davisae appeared in the Ibaizabal-Nerbioi River estuary, Bilbao, Spain, in Bay of Biscay, and became one of the dominant species (Uriarte et al. 2016). The extent of the range of O. davisae is not known.
Oithona davisae was collected in the Southeast Pacific, in Aisén Fjord, Chile, near the port of Chacabuco. This copepod (81 females) was found only in a single sample during a survey, which also contained the North Pacific copepods Acartia omorii and Centropages abdominalis, suggesting that these occurrences might have resulted from a single ballast water discharge, possibly from a Japanese ship (Hirakawa 1988).


Description

Oithona davisae has a shield-shaped prosome and four tapering thoracic segments. The final (5th) thoracic segment is conical and truncated, bearing very reduced P5 swimming legs (pereiopods). The urosome is slender, consisting of five segments (Ferrari and Orsi 1984). Adult females have a rostrum, which is pointed ventrally. The forehead is rounded dorsally. On the 1st urosome segment, there is a knob near the genital opening with one long and one short seta. The caudal rami have a length 3X the width, and are armed with one outward seta near the base and five seta at the tip. From the outward side inward, setae 2 and 3 are longer, with 2 being the longest. All the caudal setae are plumed and the antennules have 13 segments. The female, like other Oithonidae, often carries two symmetrical egg masses attached to the genital segment. Females range from 0.54 to 0.62 mm in size (based on 30 specimens; Ferrari and Orsi 1984). The adult male lacks a rostrum, and the forehead is somewhat squared off. The posterior-lateral edges of the cephalon are drawn into fingerlike projections. The length of the caudal rami is 2X the width, with setae like a female's. Both antennules are symmetrical and digeniculate (having two hinged joints), with 13 segments, and end in a thick subterminal projection (called an aesthete). The swimming legs (pereiopods) P1-P5 are slightly reduced in size relative to a female's. Males range from 0.47-0.53 mm in length (based on 30 specimens; Ferrari and Orsi 1984).

The copepodite and naupliar stages of this copepod have not been described. Morphology and development should be similar to that described for Oithona brevicornis by Uchima (1979).


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Arthropoda
Subphylum:   Crustacea
Class:   Maxillopoda
Subclass:   Copepoda
Order:   Cyclopoida
Family:   Oithonidae
Genus:   Oithona
Species:   davisae

Synonyms

Potentially Misidentified Species

Oithona aruensis
NW Pacific

Oithona brevicornis
Indo-Pacific, Mediterranean (cryptogenic?), Western Atlantic (cryptogenic?)

Oithona colcarva
NW Atlantic

Oithona hebes
Pan-tropical?

Oithona nana
Cosmopolitan?

Oithona similis
Cosmopolitan? Ranges from the poles to tropics, maybe a species complex?

Oithona wellershausi
NW Pacific

Ecology

General:

Planktonic cyclopoid copepods mate in the water column. Males use their modified antenules to grasp the female and transfer spermatophores to the female's genital segment. Female cyclopoids carry eggs in two symmetrical clusters under the abdomen (Barnes 1983). Eggs hatch into nauplii which go through six stages. The first stage, NI, has 3 pairs of appendages and is unsegmented - each molt has additional appendages and/or more differentiation of segments. The sixth stage (NVI) molts into a first copepodite stage (CI), with the basic form of the adult, and fully differentiated feeding structures, but with only two pairs of swimming legs and only one urosomal segment. The copepod goes through five additional molts, with increasing numbers of swimming legs, urosomal segments, and sexual differentiation. The sixth (CVI) stage is the male or female adult (Uchima 1979). In O. davisae (originally identified as O. brevicornis, Uye and Sano 1995), overall development time in the laboratory under food-rich conditions was about 15-18 days at 20-21 C (Uchima et al. 1979). Developmental rate is affected both by temperature and food level. At 16 C and high food levels, the nauplius phase of development took more than 8 days, but only 4-5 days at 28 C. Development times were slowed only at very low food levels, and did not decrease significantly with higher food levels (Almeda et al. 2010). Populations in areas with cold winters (Black Sea, Ukraine) overwinter as fertilized adult females, which produce eggs as temperatures rise above 8 C (Svetlichny et al. 2016). whi

Oithona davisae is characteristic of mesohaline to polyhaline estuarine waters. In the San Francisco estuary, it is uncommon at salinities below 12 PSU (Ferrari and Orsi 1984). Adult and juvenile cyclopoid copepods feed raptorially, seizing particles, and may be carnivorous or omnivorous, feeding on algae, ciliates, rotifers, and copepod nauplii (Barnes 1983). In experiments with natural assemblages, Oithona davisae fed primarily on aloricate ciliates and flagellates, while not significantly grazing diatoms in one experiment, but in another, grazed heavily on diatoms, when cilates and heterotrophic flagellates were scarce, suggesting seasonal variation in prey preference (Gifford et al. 2007).

Food:

Phytoplankton; Microzooplankton

Trophic Status:

Omnivore

Omni

Habitats

General HabitatUnstructured BottomNone
General HabitatSalt-brackish marshNone
Salinity RangeMesohaline5-18 PSU
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Vertical HabitatPlanktonicNone

Life History


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Temperature (ºC)9Field, Fukuyama Harbor, Japan (Uye and Sano 1995); San Pablo Bay (Bollens et al. 2011)
Maximum Temperature (ºC)28Field, Fukuyama Harbor, Japan (Uye and Sano 1995).
Minimum Salinity (‰)0.1Field, Shira-kawa, Japan (Sakaguchi et al. 2011). O. davisae was uncommon below 12 PSU in the San Francisco estuary (Ferrari and Orsi 1985). Black Sea specimens tolerated salinities as low as 3 PSU with acclimation (Svetlichny and Hubareva 2014).
Maximum Salinity (‰)40Experimental (Svetlichny and Hubareva 2014).
Minimum Reproductive Temperature8Sevastopol Bay, Crimea (Svetlichny et al. 2016), Field, 15 C, Fukuyama Harbor, Japan (Uye and Sano 1995).
Maximum Reproductive Temperature28Field, Fukuyama Harbor, Japan (Uye and Sano 1995).
Minimum Length (mm)0.5Adult Male (Ferrari and Orsi 1985)
Maximum Length (mm)0.6Adult Female (Ferrari and Orsi 1985)
Broad Temperature RangeNoneCold temperate-Warm temperate
Broad Salinity RangeNone Oligohaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

The historical increase in abundance of Oithona davisae, in San Francisco Bay proper, combined with the decrease in the abundance of larger calanoid copepods may be a consequence both of eutrophication and the modification of Bay food webs by the invasion of Corbula amurensis. Eutrophic conditions may favor flagellates and ciliates, as part of the microbial food web over diatoms (Uye and Sano 1995; Gifford et al. 2007; Bollens et al. 2011). In turn, the dominance of small oithonids, such as O. davisae and Limnotihona tetraspina may worsen feeding conditions for larval fishes (Bollens et al. 2011; Winder 2011). However, we have no specific information on the impact of Oithona davisae on larval fish feeding.


Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
P040 Newport Bay 2015 Def Estab
P050 San Pedro Bay 2001 Def Estab
P062 _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) 2000 Def Estab
P020 San Diego Bay 2000 Def Estab
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California 2000 Def Estab
P093 _CDA_P093 (San Pablo Bay) 1963 Def Estab
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 1963 Def Estab
P090 San Francisco Bay 1963 Def Estab

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
697017 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2002 2002-03-04 San Diego Bay Plankton 04 Def 32.6885 -117.1495
697018 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-03-14 San Diego Bay Plankton 04 Def 32.6885 -117.1495
697019 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-12-19 San Diego Bay Plankton 04 Def 32.6885 -117.1495
697020 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-09 San Diego Bay Plankton 04 Def 32.6885 -117.1495
697021 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-20 San Diego Bay Plankton 04 Def 32.6885 -117.1495
697022 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-06-15 San Diego Bay Plankton 04 Def 32.6885 -117.1495
697607 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2002 2002-03-04 San Diego Bay Plankton 02 Def 32.7204 -117.2180
697608 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-12-19 San Diego Bay Plankton 02 Def 32.7204 -117.2180
697610 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-09 San Diego Bay Plankton 02 Def 32.7204 -117.2180
697611 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-20 San Diego Bay Plankton 02 Def 32.7204 -117.2180
697612 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-06-15 San Diego Bay Plankton 02 Def 32.7204 -117.2180
697613 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-03-14 San Diego Bay Plankton 02 Def 32.7204 -117.2180
697631 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2002 2002-03-04 San Diego Bay Plankton 05 Def 32.6706 -117.1285
697638 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-12-19 San Diego Bay Plankton 05 Def 32.6706 -117.1285
697639 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-09 San Diego Bay Plankton 05 Def 32.6706 -117.1285
697640 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-20 San Diego Bay Plankton 05 Def 32.6706 -117.1285
697641 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-06-15 San Diego Bay Plankton 05 Def 32.6706 -117.1285
697642 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-03-14 San Diego Bay Plankton 05 Def 32.6706 -117.1285
698165 Ferrari and Orsi 1984 1981 Suisun Bay Def 38.0713 -122.0581
698192 Painter 1966a; Ferrari and Orsi 1984 1963 Suisun Bay Def 38.0713 -122.0581
698193 Ferrari and Orsi 1984 1979 Sacramento River at Light 31 (IEP Historic Zooplankton Station 56) Def 38.0495 -122.8877
699423 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-22 Port Hueneme Plankton 03 Def 34.1467 -119.2107
699756 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-22 Port Hueneme Plankton 04 Def 34.1451 -119.2118
700054 Ferrari and Orsi 1984 1980 Suisun Bay Def 38.0713 -122.0581
700258 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-06-15 San Diego Bay Plankton 01 Def 32.6932 -117.2306
700260 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2002 2002-03-04 San Diego Bay Plankton 01 Def 32.6932 -117.2306
700261 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-20 San Diego Bay Plankton 01 Def 32.6932 -117.2306
700263 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-12-19 San Diego Bay Plankton 01 Def 32.6932 -117.2306
700275 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-22 Port Hueneme Plankton 01 Def 34.1510 -119.2067
700276 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-14 Port Hueneme Plankton 01 Def 34.1510 -119.2067
700930 Ambler et al. 1985 1980 South San Francisco Bay Def 37.5457 -122.1645
700999 Ambler et al. 1985 1980 San Pablo Bay Def 38.0600 -122.3900
701975 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2002 2002-03-04 San Diego Bay Plankton 03 Def 32.7223 -117.1849
701982 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-12-19 San Diego Bay Plankton 03 Def 32.7223 -117.1849
701983 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-09 San Diego Bay Plankton 03 Def 32.7223 -117.1849
701984 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-20 San Diego Bay Plankton 03 Def 32.7223 -117.1849
701985 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-06-15 San Diego Bay Plankton 03 Def 32.7223 -117.1849
701986 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-03-14 San Diego Bay Plankton 03 Def 32.7223 -117.1849
702132 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-06-12 Port of Oakland Plankton 03 Def 37.7680 -122.2282
702136 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-03-09 Port of Oakland Plankton 03 Def 37.7680 -122.2282
702760 Ambler et al. 1985 1980 Central San Francisco Bay Def 37.8595 -122.3884
702791 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-03-09 Port of Oakland Plankton 01 Def 37.7991 -122.3286
702925 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-03-09 Port of Oakland Plankton 04 Def 37.7491 -122.2238
702929 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-06-12 Port of Oakland Plankton 04 Def 37.7491 -122.2238
702930 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-03-27 Port of Oakland Plankton 04 Def 37.7491 -122.2238
703010 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-22 Port Hueneme Plankton 02 Def 34.1489 -119.2089
703128 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2002 2002-03-04 LA Harbor Plankton 01 Def 33.7323 -118.2294
703129 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-12-18 LA Harbor Plankton 01 Def 33.7323 -118.2294
703217 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-21 LA Harbor Plankton 04 Def 33.7473 -118.2309
703331 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-21 LA Harbor Plankton 02 Def 33.7636 -118.2502
703575 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-03-14 San Diego Bay Plankton 06 Def 32.6437 -117.1236
703583 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-12-19 San Diego Bay Plankton 06 Def 32.6437 -117.1236
703584 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-09 San Diego Bay Plankton 06 Def 32.6437 -117.1236
703585 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-06-15 San Diego Bay Plankton 06 Def 32.6437 -117.1236
703586 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-20 San Diego Bay Plankton 06 Def 32.6437 -117.1236
703604 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-06-12 Port of Oakland Plankton 02 Def 37.7920 -122.2758
703608 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-03-09 Port of Oakland Plankton 02 Def 37.7920 -122.2758
704023 Ferrari and Orsi 1984 1981 San Pablo Bay Def 38.0600 -122.3900
704030 Painter 1966a; Ferrari and Orsi 1984 1963 San Pablo Bay Def 38.0600 -122.3900
704159 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2002 2002-03-04 LA Harbor Plankton 06 Def 33.7147 -118.2727
704201 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-11 LA Harbor Plankton 03 Def 33.7694 -118.2259
704205 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-21 LA Harbor Plankton 03 Def 33.7694 -118.2259
704325 Ambler et al. 1985 1980 Carquinez Strait Def 38.0507 -122.1748
718947 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-02 San Francisco Bay Plankton 01 Def 37.5360 -122.1670
718948 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-02-16 San Francisco Bay Plankton 01 Def 37.5360 -122.1670
718949 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-09-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 01 Def 37.5360 -122.1670
718950 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-06-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 01 Def 37.5360 -122.1670
718951 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-02 San Francisco Bay Plankton 02 Def 37.5830 -122.2080
718952 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-02-16 San Francisco Bay Plankton 02 Def 37.5830 -122.2080
718953 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-09-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 02 Def 37.5830 -122.2080
718954 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-06-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 02 Def 37.5830 -122.2080
718955 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-02 San Francisco Bay Plankton 03 Def 37.6800 -122.2370
718956 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-02-16 San Francisco Bay Plankton 03 Def 37.6800 -122.2370
718957 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-06-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 03 Def 37.6800 -122.2370
718958 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-09-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 03 Def 37.6800 -122.2370
718959 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-02 San Francisco Bay Plankton 04 Def 37.6050 -122.2860
718960 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-02-16 San Francisco Bay Plankton 04 Def 37.6050 -122.2860
718961 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-09-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 04 Def 37.6050 -122.2860
718962 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-06-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 04 Def 37.6050 -122.2860
718963 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-02 San Francisco Bay Plankton 05 Def 37.7890 -122.3590
718964 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-06-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 05 Def 37.7890 -122.3590
718965 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-09-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 05 Def 37.7890 -122.3590
718966 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-02 San Francisco Bay Plankton 06 Def 37.7620 -122.3050
718967 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-02-16 San Francisco Bay Plankton 06 Def 37.7620 -122.3050
718968 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-09-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 06 Def 37.7620 -122.3050
718969 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-06-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 06 Def 37.7620 -122.3050
718970 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-02 San Francisco Bay Plankton 07 Def 37.8880 -122.4240
718971 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-06-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 07 Def 37.8880 -122.4240
718972 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-09-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 07 Def 37.8880 -122.4240
718973 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-02 San Francisco Bay Plankton 08 Def 37.9240 -122.4680
718974 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-02-16 San Francisco Bay Plankton 08 Def 37.9240 -122.4680
718975 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-06-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 08 Def 37.9240 -122.4680
718976 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-09-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 08 Def 37.9240 -122.4680
718977 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-02 San Francisco Bay Plankton 09 Def 38.0700 -122.3170
718978 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-02-16 San Francisco Bay Plankton 09 Def 38.0700 -122.3170
718979 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-09-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 09 Def 38.0700 -122.3170
718980 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-06-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 09 Def 38.0700 -122.3170
718981 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-02 San Francisco Bay Plankton 10 Def 38.0530 -122.4140
718982 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-02-16 San Francisco Bay Plankton 10 Def 38.0530 -122.4140
718983 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-06-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 10 Def 38.0530 -122.4140
718984 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-09-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 10 Def 38.0530 -122.4140
718985 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-02 San Francisco Bay Plankton 11 Def 37.9980 -122.4240
718986 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-02-16 San Francisco Bay Plankton 11 Def 37.9980 -122.4240
718987 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-09-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 11 Def 37.9980 -122.4240
718988 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-06-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 11 Def 37.9980 -122.4240
718989 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-02-16 San Francisco Bay Plankton 12 Def 38.0560 -122.3000
718990 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-09-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 12 Def 38.0560 -122.3000
718991 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-06-28 San Francisco Bay Plankton 12 Def 38.0560 -122.3000
757996 Ferrari and Orsi 1984 1980 Montezuma Slough (IEP Zooplankton Station 32) Def 38.1703 -122.0208
757997 Ferrari and Orsi 1984 1982 Suisun Bay Def 38.0713 -122.0581
757998 Ambler et al. 1985 1980 Suisun Bay Def 38.0713 -122.0581
757999 Ambler et al. 1985 1980 San Joaquin River near Rio Vista Def 38.1530 -121.6866
758000 Ambler et al. 1985 1980 Golden Gate Def 37.8186 -122.4786

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