Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1921
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1921
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record: 1951

General Invasion History:

The tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus was first described from Caen, France, on the English Channel Coast (Fauvel 1923, cited by Carlton 1979; Goulletquer et al. 2002). However, the native range of this species is unknown. Fauvel (1923; cited by Carlton 1979) hypothesized an Indian/Indonesian origin, but many authors have ruled this out. It first appeared more or less simultaneously in France, Spain, England, Australia and California (Fauvel 1923; cited by Carlton 1979). The southern coast of Australia is a more likely (though still uncertain) native region (Allen 1953; ten Hove and Weerdenburg 1978; Keough and Ross 1999). Since then it has been recorded from Hawaii, the East and Gulf coasts of the US, the Baltic Sea (Jensen and Knudsen 2005), the Mediterranean (Bianchi and Morri 1996), the Caspian Sea (Grigorovich et al. 2003), Africa (ten Hove and Weerdenburg 1978), South America (Obenat and Pezzani 1991), New Zealand (Read and Gordon 1991), Japan (Asakura 1992) and Taiwan (ten Hove and Weerdenburg 1978).

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

Ficopomatus enigmaticus was first reported from San Francisco Bay, California in 1921, when it was found building conspicuous reefs in Lake Merritt lagoon (Carlton 1979). By the 1970s, it was widespread in the Bay, occurring in the central Bay at Alameda and Berkeley, in the south Bay at Palo Alto and Foster City, and in San Pablo Bay at Corte Madera Creek, San Rafael, and San Quentin (Carlton 1979). It has been collected in brackish water in the Petaluma and Napa Rivers (Cohen and Carlton 1995; Cohen et al. 2005). In 1994, F. enigmaticus was collected in the old Salinas River Channel at Moss in the Elkhorn Slough system. It was subsequently found at several locations in Elkhorn Slough during a 1998 survey (Wasson et al. 2001).

This serpulid is established in Southern California, but its distribution is spotty. In 2000, a few specimens of Ficopomatus enigmaticus were collected in Los Angeles Habor (Cohen et al. 2002; Bastida-Zavala et al. 2008). Collections were also reported from San Diego Bay in 2000 (Bastida-Zavala et al. 2008), but these records were erroneous (Bastida-Zavala, pers. comm., 10 November 2015, cited by Pernet et al. 2016). In 2011, 86 specimens were collected on fouling plates in Newport Bay, although none were found in Los Angeles Harbor or San Diego Bay (California Department of Fish and Game 2014). In 2008 and 2015, F. enigmaticus was found in two lagoons (Arroyo Burro Creek, Mission Creek Lagoon) in Santa Barbara County. A population was found along the lower 3 km of the Los Angeles River, in the vicinity of marinas (Pernet et al. 2016). Yee et al. (2019) found unexpectedly high genetic diversity in California F. enigmaticus populations, suggesting multiple introduction.

Invasion History on the East Coast:

Ficopomatus enigmaticus was found on settling plates in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey in 1976 (Hoagland and Turner 1980) and it appears to be established there, although at low densities (Loveland and Shafto 1984). In 1979, it was collected on the Atlantic Coast of Florida, in the Banana River, Indian River Lagoon (Fofonoff, unpublished data). In 1994-1995, F. enigmaticus was found on settling plates in Chesapeake Bay in Norfolk, Virginia; Baltimore Harbor, Maryland; and the Severn River, Maryland (McCann et al. unpublished; Ruiz et al. unpublished). In 2006, a single specimen was collected in the East River, Brunswick, Georgia (USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2007).

Invasion History on the Gulf Coast:

Ficopomatus enigmaticus was found on a boat in Corpus Christi, Texas in 1951 (Hartman 1952), and was subsequently found in the same locality on riprap by Andy Cohen in 1995 (McCann and Carlton, unpublished). It was also reported from Aransas Bay, Texas in 1952 (ten Hove and Weerdenburg 1978); Galveston Bay, Texas in 2003 (Ruiz et al. unpublished data); Pascagoula River, Mississippi in 1997 (USNM 186522, U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2007); and Tampa Bay, Florida in 2002 (Ruiz et al., unpublished data).

Invasion History in Hawaii:

Ficopomatus enigmaticus was first collected in 1937 from Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (Coles et al. 1999b). Subsequently, in 1947, it was found in other Oahu locations, including the Alai Wai Canal and Kewalo Basin (ten Hove and Weerdenburg 1978; Carlton and Eldredge 2009).

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

Ficopomatus enigmaticus may be native to the southern coast of Australia, where it was first reported from Sydney in 1932 (ten Hove and Weerdenburg 1978). It also occurs in Port Phillip Bay, South Australia, and Western Australia (ten Hove and Weerdenburg 1978; Keough and Ross 1999). However, it is a relatively recent invader to New Zealand, where it was first collected in 1968, and is confined to the North Island (Read and Gordon 1991). Elsewhere in the Pacific, F. enigmaticus was collected from Kojima Bay, Japan in 1966 (Asakura 1992) and Taiwan (ten Hove and Weerdenburg 1978, no location details).

In Europe, as noted above, F. enigmaticus was first reported in 1921, from Caen, France (Fauvel 1923, cited by Carlton 1979; Goulletquer et al. 2002). It spread in a rapid, but spotty fashion throughout European estuaries, appearing most often in brackish lagoons, sometimes near thermal effluents. It was reported from docks in the Thames Estuary, London, England in 1923 (ten Hove 1978; Zibrowius and Thorp 1989); Plymouth, England in 1939 (Zibrowius and Thorp 1989); the Gulf of Cadiz, Spain in 1933 (ten Hove and Weerdenburg 1978); the Po River Delta on the Adriatic Sea in 1934 (Bianchi and Morri 1996); the Black Sea in 1929 (Gomiou et al. 2002); a lagoon in Israel in 1954 (Galil 2007); and the Lac de Tunis, Tunisia in 1969 (ten Hove and Weerdenburg 1978). In the Baltic Sea, it was found in Copenhagen Harbor in 1953, where it is confined to the vicinity of a thermal effluent (Jensen and Knudsen 2005). In 1961, it was first collected in the Caspian Sea, which it reached by shipping transport through canals (Grigorovich et al. 2003).

In 2016, F. enigmaticus was found in a degraded, landlocked, brackish marsh, Praia da Vitória Marsh, on the island of Terceira in the Azores. Since, the marsh is connected to the Atlantic only by water percolating through sand dunes, Costa et al. (2019) consider migratory birds to be likeliest vector.

Ficopomatus enigmaticus has colonized port areas on both sides of the south Atlantic, reaching the Rio de la Plata estuary, Uruguay in 1937 and Port Quequen, Argentina, in 1940 (Rioja 1943; Schwindt et al. 2001; Orensanz et al. 2002). On the other side of the Atlantic, this worm was first collected in Milnerton estuary, in Table Bay, near Cape Town, South Africa in 1951, and ranges around the tip of the continent, to Kosi Bay, on the Indian Ocean (Mead et al. 2011b).


Description

Ficopomatus enigmaticus secretes a calcareous tube, as do other serpulid polychaetes. Serpulids have a feathery crown of modified prostomial palps, called radioles (the prostomium is the first segment, projecting above the mouth). The radioles can be folded and withdrawn into the tube. One of the radioles is modified to form an operculum, which acts as a plug when the animal contracts. The peristomium (segment behind the mouth) is folded back to form a collar, which bears uniramous parapodia, with a distinctive set of collar chaetae, with spines or serrations. The collar is the first of seven thoracic chaeta-bearing segments (setigers). The subsequent segments have biramous parapodia. The dorsal branch of the parapodium is called the notopodium; the ventral is the neuropodium. Chaetae in the two branches and along the body can vary greatly in their morphology, which can be critical in the taxonomy of serpulids (Description from: Barnes 1983; ten Hove and Weerdenburg 1978; Blake and Ruff, in Carlton 2007).

The tube of F. enigmaticus is white, but often covered by a brown layer of algae. It is emicircular to circular in cross-section, and often bears irregularly placed flaring rings, indicating the previous positions of the peristome. Solitary and juvenile tubes may have faint longitudinal keels. The tubes are about 1 mm in diameter. The branchial (gill) radioles arise from paired lobes. There are about 7 (5-9) on the left and 8 (7-10) on the right, forming two semicircles on either side of the mouth. The feathery filaments of the branchiae (pinnulae) are larger towards the ends of the radioles. The operculum is shaped like an elongated funnel, with a concave distal surface and circular rows of brown inwardly curved terminal spines. The gills and operculum account for about 1/6 of the length of the worm. The peduncle of the operculum is D-shaped in cross-section. The collar (first thoracic segment) is high and not lobed, with a smooth edge. The thorax consists of 7 segments. There are two kinds of collar chaetae, thicker coarsely serrated chaetae, and hair-like (limbate). The subsequent thoracic segments bear short, rasplike chaetae, called uncinae. and limbate chaetae. The abdomen has about 60 segments (29-84, n=7, ten Hove and Weerdenburg 1978). The overall length of the worm reaches about 26 mm- the mean of a sample from New Zealand was 14.7 mm (Read and Gordon 1991; Bianchi and Morri 2001). The gills are green, brown, or white, often with the gill filaments barred. This worm may grow in colonies consisting of large masses of brown and white worm tubes. It is typically found in estuaries, particularly in brackish waters. (Description from: ten Hove and Weerdenburg 1978; Hayward and Ryland 1990; Read and Gordon 1991; Blake and Ruff, in Carlton 2007).

Styan et al. (2017) surveyed F. enigmaticus in southern Australia, a possible native region. They expected to see geographical patterns of genetic variation between populations in southeastern and southwestern Australia, a common feature of biogeography in the region. Instead, 2 clades, apparently cryptic species, had a mixed distribution in the two regions. A third clade, morphologically resembling F. uschakovi, was found in two southeastern estuaries (Styan et al. 2017). Genetic comparisons of definitely introduced populations with the cryptogenic Australian populations have not yet been made. Grosse (2021) identifed 3 clades form Majorca. Spain. One was the widespread Clae 1, and the others, Clades 4 and 5, are known only from Majorca but presumably introduced.


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Annelida
Class:   Polychaeta
Subclass:   Palpata
Order:   Canalipalpata
Suborder:   Sabellida
Family:   Serpulidae
SubFamily:   Serpulinae
Genus:   Ficopomatus
Species:   enigmaticus

Synonyms

Mercierella enigmatica (Fauvel, 1923)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Ficopomatus macrodon
Native to the Indo-Pacific

Ficopomatus miamiensis
Native FL-Atlantic Panama, introduced to Pacific in Mexico and Panama

Ficopomatus uschakovi
Native to the Indo-Pacific, introduced from Jacksonville FL to Corpus Christi TX, Venezuela, Brazil, West Africa, Pacfic Panama

Ecology

General:

The serpulid polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus feeds by extending its feathery gills to trap plankton in the water column. The plankton is then transported by cilia to the mouth. In most populations, the two sexes are separate (Tunisia- Vuillemin 1965; Argentina- Obenat and Pezzani 1994), but in at least one population (Thames estuary, England), a small percentage of hermaphroditic individuals were seen (Dixon 1981). Spawning was seasonal (June – October) in the temperate Thames estuary, apparently triggered by temperatures rising above 18C (Dixon 1981). In the Mar Chiquita, Argentina, there were double spawning seasons, November-December and April-May (Obenat and Pezzani 1994). Eggs and sperm are released into the water column, and the larvae are planktotrophic. Based on studies of gametogenesis and settlement, larval development time was estimated at 45-90 days in the Thames estuary (Dixon 1981). However, to our knowledge, the larvae have not been reared in the laboratory.

Ficopomatus enigmaticus tolerates a wide range of temperatures and salinity. At the northern limits of its range in North America and Europe, its establishment seems to be favored by thermal effluents (ten Hove 1974: Turner and Hoagland 1980; Jensen and Knudsen 2005). A temperature of 18C is apparently required for spawning (Dixon 1981). This tubeworm tolerates salinities ranging from 1 to 55 PSU, but seems especially abundant in brackish waters (ten Hove and Weerdenberg 1978), possibly because of a lack of competition. It settles and secretes a calcareous tube on surfaces such as rocks, shells, plant leaves, pilings and pontoon floats. While F. enigmaticus is widespread, reef development does not always occur. Shallow estuaries and lagoons with long retention times appear especially prone to reef formation. The reefs begin as clumps of intertwined tubes, attached to sticks, stone, shells etc., and grow over many generations of settlement. Reefs can reach 0.5 m in thickness and 7 m across (Bianchi and Morri 1996; Schwindt et al. 2001).

Food:

Phytoplankton

Trophic Status:

Suspension Feeder

SusFed

Habitats

General HabitatCoarse Woody DebrisNone
General HabitatOyster ReefNone
General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatUnstructured BottomNone
General HabitatCanalsNone
General HabitatRockyNone
General HabitatVessel HullNone
General HabitatGrass BedNone
Salinity RangeOligohaline0.5-5 PSU
Salinity RangeMesohaline5-18 PSU
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Salinity RangeHyperhaline40+ PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Tidal RangeLow IntertidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone

Life History


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Temperature (ºC)0Based on geographical range
Maximum Temperature (ºC)30Lake Timsah, Israel (Ben-Eliahu and ten Hove 2011); Lagoon of Orbetello, Italy (Bianchi and Morri 2001).
Minimum Salinity (‰)2Vuillemin 1965; Bianchi and Morri, 1996)
Maximum Salinity (‰)55Vuillemin 1965
Minimum Reproductive Temperature18Thames estuary, spawning. Settlement of larvae occurs as temperatures as low as 10 C (Dixon 1981)
Minimum Reproductive Salinity10Vuillemin 1965; Thomas and Thorp 1994
Minimum Duration30Larval period, field estimate (Dixon 1981)
Maximum Duration90Larval period, field estimate (Dixon 1981)
Maximum Length (mm)25Lagoon of Orbetello, Italy (Bianchi and Morri 2001).
Broad Temperature RangeNoneCold temperate-Subtropical
Broad Salinity RangeNoneOligohaline-Euhaline
Minimum Temperature (ºC)1Field data, Bianchi and Morri 1996; Dixon 1981;Ruiz et al. unpublished data
Maximum Temperature (ºC)30Bianchi and Morri 1996; Dixon 1981;Ruiz et al. unpublished data
Minimum Salinity (‰)1Bianchi and Morri 1996; Dixon 1981;Ruiz et al. unpublished data
Maximum Salinity (‰)55Bianchi and Morri 1996; Dixon 1981;Ruiz et al. unpublished data

General Impacts

Economic Impacts: In a number of estuaries around the world, the tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus is a major fouling organism, covering man-made surfaces with thick layers of calcareous tubes. It created fouling problems on boats, pilings and pontoons in New Zealand (Read and Gordon 1991), and frequently blocks lock gates and other structures used to control flow in estuaries (Nelson-Smith 1971; Zibrowius 1994).

Ecological Impacts: In many brackish and hypersaline areas around the world, F. enigmaticus has formed large reef-like colonies, greatly affecting estuarine habitats. These calcareous masses can be 1-3 m across, reaching to within a few centimeters of the water's surface, causing reduced circulation, increased sedimentation, increased algal growth, and affecting planktonic and benthic communities through filtering of suspended particles (Davies et al. 1989; Thomas and Thorp 1994; Cohen and Carlton 1995; Bianchi and Morri 1996; Schwindt et al. 2001; Bruschetti et al. 2008).

Herbivory- Ficopomatus enigmaticus reefs can filter significant quantities of phytoplankton and was estimated to clear the volume of the Marina del Gama (near Cape Town, South Africa) in 26 hours (Davies et al. 1989). Phytoplankton chlorophyll decreased by up to 56% near reefs in summer in the Mar Chiquita lagoon, Argentina (Bruschetti et al. 2008).

Competition- In the Lagune Orbetello, Italy, F. enigmaticus tubes outnumbered and outgrew those of another introduced serpulid (Hydroides dianthus), which produces thicker and stronger tubes, but with slower growth (Bianchi and Morri 2001).

Habitat Change- In England, F. enigmaticus forms extensive reefs in sheltered lagoons, increasing habitat for attached organisms, and shelter for mobile ones (Thomas and Thorp 1994). In the Po River Delta, Italy, it forms solid habitat for attached organisms. The tubes break down to create gravelly, carbonaceous sediments (Bianchi and Morri 1996). In California, F. enigmaticus was first noticed in Lake Merritt, San Francisco Bay, when large reefs of worm-tubes were discovered. Ecological impacts of these reefs have not been studied and abundances of the worms are now lower than in the early 20th century (Carlton 1979; Cohen and Carlton 1995). Ficopomatus reefs are also spreading in Elkhorn Slough. These reefs support higher densities of organisms than native oyster reefs, predominantly non-native species (Heiman et al. 2008). Reef-building in Mar Chiquita, Argentina, provided new habitat for the crab Cyrtograpsus angulatus (Schwindt et al. 2001). Reefs constructed by F. enigmaticus greatly increased sedimentation and decreased water circulation in the Mar Chiquita Lagoon, Argentina (Schwindt et al. 2001). Reefs had an increased frequency of epibiotic fauna compared to bare mud areas (amphipods, crabs, snails), and provided a more frequently used feeding and resting habitat for migratory shorebirds (Bruschetti et al. 2009).

Trophic Cascade- In the Mar Chiquita Lagoon, Argentina, the reefs supported increased populations of the crab Cyrtograpsus angulatus, resulting in increased predation and reduced abundance of infauna (Schwindt et a. 2001). The reefs also had increased use by resident and migratory shorebirds, but exclusion experiments did not show detectable evidence of increased mortality (Bruschetti et al. 2009).


Regional Impacts

NEP-VNorthern California to Mid Channel IslandsEcological ImpactHabitat Change
Ficopomatus enigmaticus was first noticed in Lake Merritt, San Francisco Bay, when large reefs of worm-tubes were discovered. Ecological impacts of these reefs have not been studied and the abundance of worms is now lower than in the early 20th century (Carlton 1979; Cohen and Carlton 1995). Ficopomatus reefs are also spreading in Elkhorn Slough. These reefs support higher densities of organisms than native oyster reefs, predominantly non-native species (Heiman et al. 2008).
P080Monterey BayEcological ImpactHabitat Change
Ficopomatus reefs are spreading in Elkhorn Slough. These reefs support higher densities of organisms than native oyster reefs and mudflats, predominantly favoring non-native species (Heiman et al. 2008; Heiman and Micheli 2010).
P090San Francisco BayEcological ImpactHabitat Change
Ficopomatus enigmaticus was first noticed in Lake Merritt, San Francisco Bay, when large reefs of worm-tubes were discovered. Ecological impacts of these reefs have not been studied and the abundance of worms is now lower than in the early 20th century (Carlton 1979; Cohen and Carlton 1995).
NEP-VNorthern California to Mid Channel IslandsEcological ImpactCompetition
Transplant experiments indicate that competition with Ficopomatus enigmaticus may limit growth and abundance of the introduced bryozoan Conopeum chesapeakensis at the more saline end of Carquinez Strait in the San Francisco estuary (Benicia, ~21 PSU, Newcomer et al. 2018).
P090San Francisco BayEcological ImpactCompetition
Transplant experiments indicate that competition with Ficopomatus enigmaticus may limit growth and abundance of the introduced bryozoan Conopeum chesapeakensis at the more saline end of Carquinez Strait in the San Francisco estuary (Benicia, ~21 PSU, Newcomer et al. 2018).
CACaliforniaEcological ImpactCompetition
Transplant experiments indicate that competition with Ficopomatus enigmaticus may limit growth and abundance of the introduced bryozoan Conopeum chesapeakensis at the more saline end of Carquinez Strait in the San Francisco estuary (Benicia, ~21 PSU, Newcomer et al. 2018)., Transplant experiments indicate that competition with Ficopomatus enigmaticus may limit growth and abundance of the introduced bryozoan Conopeum chesapeakensis at the more saline end of Carquinez Strait in the San Francisco estuary (Benicia, ~21 PSU, Newcomer et al. 2018).
CACaliforniaEcological ImpactHabitat Change
Ficopomatus enigmaticus was first noticed in Lake Merritt, San Francisco Bay, when large reefs of worm-tubes were discovered. Ecological impacts of these reefs have not been studied and the abundance of worms is now lower than in the early 20th century (Carlton 1979; Cohen and Carlton 1995). Ficopomatus reefs are also spreading in Elkhorn Slough. These reefs support higher densities of organisms than native oyster reefs, predominantly non-native species (Heiman et al. 2008)., Ficopomatus reefs are spreading in Elkhorn Slough. These reefs support higher densities of organisms than native oyster reefs and mudflats, predominantly favoring non-native species (Heiman et al. 2008; Heiman and Micheli 2010)., Ficopomatus enigmaticus was first noticed in Lake Merritt, San Francisco Bay, when large reefs of worm-tubes were discovered. Ecological impacts of these reefs have not been studied and the abundance of worms is now lower than in the early 20th century (Carlton 1979; Cohen and Carlton 1995).

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
P060 Santa Monica Bay 2015 Non-native Established
P020 San Diego Bay 2013 Non-native Unknown
P064 _CDA_P064 (Ventura) 2013 Non-native Established
P040 Newport Bay 2011 Non-native Established
P065 _CDA_P065 (Santa Barbara Channel) 2008 Non-native Established
P076 _CDA_P076 (Carmel) 2001 Non-native Established
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California 2000 Non-native Established
P050 San Pedro Bay 2000 Non-native Established
P080 Monterey Bay 1994 Non-native Established
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 1921 Non-native Established
P090 San Francisco Bay 1921 Non-native Established
P093 _CDA_P093 (San Pablo Bay) 1921 Non-native Established

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
697125 Wasson et al. 2001 1998 Elkhorn Slough Station 9 (Kirby Park, near boat ramp) Non-native 36.8398 -121.7435
697291 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-11-14 Cal Maritime Academy/Vallejo Non-native 38.0661 -122.2299
697950 Carlton 1979 1969 Berkeley Yacht Harbor Non-native 37.8664 -122.3150
697983 J.T. Carlton, 1974 field observations, in Carlton 1979 1974 Palo Alto Yacht Harbor Non-native 37.4584 -122.1052
698029 Wasson et al. 2001 1998 Elkhorn Slough Station 10 (Hudson's Landing, W of Elkhorn Slough) Non-native 36.8578 -121.7572
698341 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-01 Loch Lomond Marina Area Non-native 37.9720 -122.4832
698429 Wasson et al. 2001 1998 Elkhorn Slough Station 1 (North side of bridge over Old Salinas River channel; south of Moss Landing) Non-native 36.7908 -121.7906
698443 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-21 B-Dock Non-native 36.8027 -121.7851
699002 J.T. Carlton, field observations, and M. Jones, pers. comm., 1970, in Carlton 1979 1970 Corte Madera Creek, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.9426 -122.5081
699065 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-11-15 Petaluma River Turning Basin Non-native 38.2344 -122.6354
699066 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-13 Petaluma River Turning Basin Non-native 38.2344 -122.6354
699070 Carlton 1979 1970 Belvedere Lagoons, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.8787 -122.4666
699189 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-02-02 Back end of Elkhorn Slough Non-native 36.8562 -121.7550
699198 J.T. Carlton, field observations, and M. Jones, pers. comm., 1970, in Carlton 1979 1970 San Rafael Creek, San Pablo Bay Non-native 37.9720 -122.4992
699524 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-26 Point San Pablo Yacht Harbor, San Pablo Bay Non-native 37.9624 -122.4188
699777 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-19 Mare Island Strait - Marina Non-native 38.1051 -122.2667
699790 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-30 Mare Island Strait - Marina Non-native 38.1051 -122.2667
700302 Straughan 1966 1961 Berkeley Aquatic Park Lagoon, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.8567 -122.2992
700303 Carlton 1979; Cohen and Carlton 1995 1940 Berkeley Aquatic Park Lagoon, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.8567 -122.2992
700543 Carlton 1979 1970 Foster City Lagoons, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.5549 -122.2725
700574 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-28 Moore's Landing, San Francisco Bay Non-native 38.2261 -122.3076
701266 Newman 1963 1954 Alameda Naval Air Station Docks Non-native 37.7740 -122.3040
701944 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-24 Coast Guard Island Marina, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.7812 -122.2458
702158 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-24 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.6966 -122.1932
702831 D. Chivers, CASIZ, pers. comm., 1974, in Carlton 1979 1974 China Camp, San Pablo Bay Non-native 38.0092 -122.4742
702838 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS); Pernet et al. 2016 2000 2000-08-24 Island Yacht Anchorage Non-native 33.7728 -118.2478
702986 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-25 Petaluma River Turning Basin, San Pablo Bay Non-native 38.2355 -122.6382
703166 Cohen and Carlton 1995 1990 Alameda Lagoons Non-native 37.7638 -122.2618
703175 J.T. Carlton, 1971 field observations, in Carlton 1979 1971 Alameda Lagoons Non-native 37.7638 -122.2618
703457 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Back Bay Marina Non-native 33.6194 -117.8933
703551 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Balboa Coves Non-native 33.6213 -117.9364
703745 Anonymous 1921, cited in Carlton 1979 1921 Lake Merritt, Oakland, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.8025 -122.2578
703752 Anonymous 1923, cited in Carlton 1979 1923 Lake Merritt, Oakland, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.8025 -122.2578
703755 Cohen and Carlton 1995 1995 Lake Merritt, Oakland, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.8025 -122.2578
703756 Cohen and Carlton 1995 1960 Lake Merritt, Oakland, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.8025 -122.2578
703921 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-19 Rodeo Marina Non-native 38.0394 -122.2717
704478 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-29 Martinez Marina Non-native 38.0276 -122.1371
704490 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-07 Martinez Marina Non-native 38.0276 -122.1371
704495 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-28 Napa Valley Marina, San Pablo Bay Non-native 38.2200 -122.3128
704519 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-30 Napa Valley Marina Non-native 38.2198 -122.3119
704527 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-19 Napa Valley Marina Non-native 38.2198 -122.3119
704574 Cohen and Carlton 1995 1993 Petaluma River Turning Basin Non-native 38.2355 -122.6382
704698 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-10-25 Monterey Harbor Epifaunal 04 Non-native 36.6039 -121.8896
711967 Hall 1954; Carlton 1979 1947 Berkeley Aquatic Park Lagoon Non-native 37.8567 -122.2992
711974 Ruiz et al. unpublished 2000 Port of Oakland Non-native 37.8102 -122.3230
758899 Anonymous 1924, cited in Carlton 1979 1924 Lake Merritt, Oakland, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.8025 -122.2578
758900 Anonymous 1927, cited in Carlton 1979 1927 Lake Merritt, Oakland, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.8025 -122.2578
758901 ten Hove and Weerdenburg 1978 1931 Lake Merritt Non-native 37.8025 -122.2578
758902 Hartman 1934, cited in Hall 1954 1931 Lake Merritt Non-native 37.8025 -122.2578
758903 Bastida-Zavala 2008 1934 1934-07-27 Lake Merritt Non-native 37.8025 -122.2578
758904 Bastida-Zavala 2008 1937 1937-07-24 Lake Merritt Non-native 37.8025 -122.2578
758905 Straughan 1966 1964 Berkeley Aquatic Park Lagoon Non-native 37.8567 -122.2992
758906 J.T. Carlton, 1971 field observations, in Carlton 1979 1971 Alameda shoreline Non-native 37.7564 -122.2575
758907 L. Siri, pers. comm., in Carlton 1979 1979 San Quentin Non-native 37.9424 -122.4777
758908 Chapman and Dorman 1975 1966 1966-12-22 Lake Merritt Non-native 37.8025 -122.2578
758909 J. Alicea, pers. comm., in Wasson et al. 2001 1994 N side of bridge over Old Salinas River Channel, Elkhorn Slough Non-native 36.7908 -121.7906
758910 Pernet et al. 2016 2008 Arroyo Burro Creek Non-native 34.4034 -119.7432
758911 Pernet et al. 2016 2014 Los Angeles River mouth, at Golden Shore Marine Biological Preserve (Site 24) Non-native 33.7637 -118.2038
758912 Pernet et al. 2016 2015 Los Angeles River mouth, at Golden Shore Marine Biological Preserve (Site 24) Non-native 33.7637 -118.2038
758913 Pernet et al. 2016 2015 2015-09-30 Los Angeles River (lower 3 km) Non-native 33.7771 -118.2055
758914 Pernet et al. 2016 2015 2015-09-29 Leeward Bay Marina (Consolidated Slip, Port of Los Angeles) Non-native 33.7773 -118.2426
758915 Pernet et al. 2016 2015 Mission Creek Lagoon Non-native 34.4126 -119.6882
758916 Pernet et al. 2016 2015 2015-10-10 Arroyo Burro Creek Non-native 34.4034 -119.7432
758917 Chapman 1988 1941 1941-06-15 Lake Merritt Non-native 37.8025 -122.2578
758918 Heiman and Micheli 2010; Hobbs et al. 2015 2002 Elkhorn Slough (Upper) Non-native 36.8547 -121.7600
758919 A.N. Cohen, pers. comm., in Pernet et al. 2016 2001 Island Yacht Anchorage Non-native 33.7728 -118.2478
767813 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2012-09-20 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.6979 -122.1912
767845 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-16 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.9724 -122.4796
767862 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-27 Petaluma Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 38.2304 -122.6136
767869 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-13 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.8046 -122.3985
767898 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-27 Vallejo Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 38.1086 -122.2694
767944 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-28 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 38.0663 -122.2130
767959 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-28 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 38.0453 -122.1561
767966 Ruiz et al., 2015 2011 2011-09-12 Corinthian Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.8103 -122.3228
768128 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-09-04 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2130
768151 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-09-06 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.9736 -122.4802
768209 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-08-31 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 38.0663 -122.2130
768231 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-09-13 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.6962 -122.1919
768334 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-08-23 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.9723 -122.4829
770730 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770733 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770737 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770743 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770747 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770753 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770757 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770759 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770766 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770771 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770774 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0667 -122.2132
770775 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0667 -122.2132
770778 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0667 -122.2132
770783 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0667 -122.2132
770787 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0667 -122.2132
770790 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0667 -122.2132
770792 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0667 -122.2132
770796 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0667 -122.2132
770797 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0667 -122.2132
770945 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
770954 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
770961 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
770970 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
770979 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
770990 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
771003 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
771023 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
771129 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-19 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3494
771138 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7837 -122.2640
771156 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7837 -122.2640
771177 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7837 -122.2640
771196 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7837 -122.2640
771213 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7837 -122.2640
771235 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771241 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771245 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771251 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771257 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771261 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771264 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771267 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771271 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771276 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771410 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-22 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7658 -122.2850
771512 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-12 San Francisco Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8063 -122.4403
771528 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-20 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5048 -122.2574
771536 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-20 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5048 -122.2574
771541 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-20 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5048 -122.2574
771548 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-20 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5048 -122.2574
771552 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-20 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5048 -122.2574
771556 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-20 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5048 -122.2574
771560 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-20 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5048 -122.2574
771565 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-20 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5048 -122.2574
771570 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-20 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5048 -122.2574
771578 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-20 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5048 -122.2574
771634 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0453 -122.1539
771640 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0453 -122.1539
771645 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0453 -122.1539
771656 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0453 -122.1539
771660 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0453 -122.1539
771662 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0453 -122.1539
771666 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0453 -122.1539
771673 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0453 -122.1539
771676 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0453 -122.1539
771679 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0675 -122.2142
771682 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0675 -122.2142
771684 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0675 -122.2142
771686 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0675 -122.2142
771689 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0675 -122.2142
771691 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0675 -122.2142
771697 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0675 -122.2142
771703 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0675 -122.2142
771708 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0675 -122.2142
771710 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0675 -122.2142
771714 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-19 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8047 -122.2573
771722 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-19 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8047 -122.2573
771728 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-19 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8047 -122.2573
771736 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-19 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8047 -122.2573
771744 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-19 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8047 -122.2573
771753 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-19 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8047 -122.2573
771761 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-19 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8047 -122.2573
771768 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-19 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8047 -122.2573
771775 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-19 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8047 -122.2573
771782 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-19 Lake Merritt Boat House, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8047 -122.2573
772196 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-20 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6981 -122.1907
772380 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-28 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9723 -122.4818
772391 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-28 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9723 -122.4818
772404 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-28 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9723 -122.4818
772411 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-28 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9723 -122.4818
772419 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-28 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9723 -122.4818
772429 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-28 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9723 -122.4818
772442 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-28 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9723 -122.4818
772451 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-28 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9723 -122.4818
772458 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-28 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9723 -122.4818
772688 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2114
772708 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2114
772722 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2114
772741 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2114
775032 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-11 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5024 -122.2134
775033 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-11 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5024 -122.2134
775034 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-11 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5024 -122.2134
775035 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-11 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5024 -122.2134
775036 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-11 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5024 -122.2134
775037 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-11 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5024 -122.2134
775038 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-11 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5024 -122.2134
775039 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-11 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5024 -122.2134
775040 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-11 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5024 -122.2134
775041 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-11 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5024 -122.2134
775042 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-03 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0187 -121.8221
775043 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-04 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0674 -122.2131
775044 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-04 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0674 -122.2131
775045 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-04 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0674 -122.2131
775046 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-04 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0674 -122.2131
775047 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-04 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0674 -122.2131
775048 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
775050 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
775051 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
775054 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
775056 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5022 -122.2129
775057 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5022 -122.2129
775058 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5022 -122.2129
775059 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5022 -122.2129
775060 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5022 -122.2129
775061 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5022 -122.2129
775062 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5022 -122.2129
775063 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-21 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5022 -122.2129
775066 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-10 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.4096 -122.1247
775067 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-10 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.4096 -122.1247
775068 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-10 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.4096 -122.1247
775069 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-10 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.4096 -122.1247
775070 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-10 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.4096 -122.1247
775071 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-10 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.4096 -122.1247
775072 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-10 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.4096 -122.1247
775073 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-10 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.4096 -122.1247
775074 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9731 -122.4827
775075 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9731 -122.4827
775076 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9731 -122.4827
775077 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9731 -122.4827
775078 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9731 -122.4827
775079 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9731 -122.4827
775080 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0458 -122.1553
775081 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0458 -122.1553
775082 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0458 -122.1553
775083 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0458 -122.1553
775084 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0458 -122.1553
775085 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0458 -122.1553
775086 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0458 -122.1553
775087 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0458 -122.1553
775088 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0458 -122.1553
775089 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-08 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0458 -122.1553
775090 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0354 -121.8822
775091 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0354 -121.8822
775092 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0354 -121.8822
775093 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0354 -121.8822
775094 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0354 -121.8822
775095 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0354 -121.8822
775096 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0354 -121.8822
775097 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0354 -121.8822
775098 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Pittsburg Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0354 -121.8822
775099 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0204 -121.8212
775100 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0204 -121.8212
775101 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0204 -121.8212
775102 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0204 -121.8212
775103 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0204 -121.8212
775104 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0204 -121.8212
775105 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0204 -121.8212
775106 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0204 -121.8212
775107 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-09 Antioch Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0204 -121.8212
775108 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-16 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
775109 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-16 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
775110 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-16 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
775111 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-16 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
775112 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-08 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9727 -122.4816
775113 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-08 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9727 -122.4816
775114 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-08 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9727 -122.4816
775115 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-08 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9727 -122.4816
775116 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-08 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9727 -122.4816
775117 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-26 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5027 -122.2138
775118 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-26 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5027 -122.2138
775119 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-26 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5027 -122.2138
775120 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-14 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928
775121 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-14 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6978 -122.1928

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