Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 2001
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 2001
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record: 2011

General Invasion History:

Hydroides elegans is a serpulid tubeworm, originally described from Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia, which is now widely distributed in in tropical-to-warm temperate marine waters (Zibrowius 1971; ten Hove 1974; Keough, and Ross 1999; Bastida-Zavala et al. 2002). Its origin is unknown but is usually presumed to be somewhere in the Indo-Pacific. Molecular studies indicate a high degree of similarity among global populations, probably due to extensive genetic exchange from ship transport (Pettengill et al. 2007). However, much of this transport occurred before serpulids were carefully identified. The known global distribution of this tubeworm is additionally complicated by the fact that it was long confused with the northeast Atlantic species Hydroides norvegica (Zibrowius 1971). Genetic and morphological studies may clarify the distribution and origin of this tubeworm. Currently, H. elegans is considered cryptogenic in most of its North American waters (Bastida-Zavala et al. 2021), except for areas north of its established range, which have recently been colonized (e g. San Francisco Bay, Humboldt Bay, and a failed population in Woods Hole, Massachusetts). 

Hydroides elegans frequently has been considered introduced on both sides of the Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, the northeast Pacific (Mexico-California), Hawaii, Russia and Japan, and New Zealand. In most localities, it is restricted to, or concentrated in, polluted harbors (Zibrowius 1971; Carlton 1979; Bastida-Zavala 2008). Since its native range is unknown, Bastida-Zavala et al. (2017) have considered it cryptogenic in US waters. We treat it here as cryptogenic in Hawaii, Mexico, southern California, the Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico. However, there are recent range extensions, and probable introductions to Morro and San Francisco Bays (Blum et al. 2007; Needles and Wendt 2012), and a non-established occurrences in Massachusetts and Humboldt Bay (Bastida-Zavala et al. 2017). 

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

On the west coast of North America, Hydroides elegans was first reported from San Francisco Bay, at Mare Island Naval Station, on the hull of the submarine U.S.S. 'Narwhal' (in 1929, Carlton 1979). Established populations were first found in 1931 in Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbors (Zibrowius 1970, cited by Carlton 1979). In southern California, H. elegans was collected from San Diego Bay (1st record 1948) and Marina del Rey (in 1972), and is locally abundant (Carlton 1979; Bastida-Zavala 2008, Ruiz et al., unpublished data). This tubeworm was also collected in the Gulf of California at Bahia de La Paz, Mexico in 1991, where it was abundant (Bastida-Zavala 2008). The southward extent of its range in the Eastern Pacific is not known. In 2001, H. elegans was found on settling plates in Richmond Marina, San Francisco Bay (Blum et al. 2007), extending the northward range of this species in the Eastern Pacific. Live specimens have been found in ship fouling, in Vancouver, British Columbia (Sylvester et al. 2011), but are unlikely to survive that far north.

Invasion History on the East Coast:

Hydroides elegans was found on a boat in 'southern Florida' in 1951 (identified as H. norvegica, Hartman 1952). There are scattered records from Biscayne Bay and Indian River Lagoon (Walters 2001; 2004, Ruiz et al., unpublished data). In 2011, this subtropical worm was surprisingly discovered in Eel Pond, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, in November and December.  It developed extensive colonies and survived the winter of 2011–2012 (ICES Advisory Committee on the Marine Environment 2012; James T. Carlton, personal communications, 2011-2013).

Invasion History on the Gulf Coast:

Hydroides elegans (as H. norvegica) was found on the hull of a boat in Corpus Christi Bay, Texas (Hartman 1952). A specimen was collected from Safe Harbor, Key West, Florida (in 1970, USNM 45242, U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2007). This worm was collected on fouling plates in Tampa Bay in 2002 (Ruiz et al. unpublished data). In Mexican waters, H. elegans was collected in Veracruz, Mexico in 1960 and 1996, and in Campeche in 1999 (Bastida-Zavala and ten Hove 2002).

Invasion History in Hawaii:

Hydroides elegans was first collected in Pearl Harbor, Oahu in 1929 (Straughan 1969 as H. norvegica; Coles et al. 1999) and subsequently found in Kanaohe Bay (1935, Straughan 1969) and Pearl Harbor (1929, Straughan 1969, Coles et al. 1999). Hydroides elegans has usually been regarded as introduced in Hawaii (Carlton and Eldredge 2009), but this could be part of a broader Indo-Pacific distribution (Bastida-Zavala et al. 2017). 

 

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

The earliest known record of Hydroides elegans is from Italy in 1844 (as Eupomatus pectinatus Philippi, 1844), but this could represent a very early introduction (Bastida-Zavala et al. 2017). Another early record was from the Virgin Islands, in the Caribbean (Krøyer in Mörch, 1863, as H. abbreviata). In 1883, it was described as Eupomatus elegans from Port Jackson, Australia, by Haskell in 1883 (Bastida-Zavala et al. 2017). Hydroides elegans are often considered of Indo-Pacific origin, but the other early records make it difficult to assign a native region. 
 
We are treating most of the records of Hydroides elegans in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate regions as cryptogenic. It is established in the south Atlantic, in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and on the coast of Africa from Senegal (1954, Sourie 1954; Fauvel and Rullier 1957, both cited by Zibrowius 1971), Ghana, (Zibrowius 1971), Luanda, Angola (Kirkegard 1959, cited by Zibrowius 1971), and Cape Town, South Africa (Zibrowius 1971). Occurrences in Mar del Plata, Argentina probably represent an introduction (Orensanz et al. 2002). It is established in the Azores (Morton and Britton 2000). As noted above, H. elegans was discovered very early in the Mediterranean (Philippi 1844, cited by Bastida-Zavala et al. 2017), and collected in 1888 in the Bay of Naples (Lo Bianco 1893, cited by Zibrowius 1971). It now occurs in harbors throughout the Mediterranean, from France and Spain to Israel, Egypt, and Turkey (Zibrowius 1971; Cornelio and Manzoni 1999; Pancuci-Papadopoulou et al. 2005; Cinar 2006; Galil 2007; US National Museum of Natural History 2008). In England and the Netherlands, H. elegans has occurred only in thermal effluents and heated docks (ten Hove 1974: Zibrowius and Thorp 1989). 
 
Hydroides elegans is widely distributed in the Indian Ocean and West Pacific, from Mozambique, the Red Sea, and the Persian Gulf, to Indonesia, the Philippines, Australia, China, and Polynesia (Zibrowius 1971; Rajagopal et al. 1997; Keough and Ross 1999; Wang and Huang 1999; US National Museum of Natural History 2008) and may be of Indo-Pacific origin (Zibrowius 1971; Pettengill et al. 2007). However, it occurs in New Zealand (first recorded in 1952, Cranfield et al. 1998), Japan (first record 1932, Asakura 1992), and the Vladivostok area of Russia (2000, Bagaveeva and Zvyagintsev 2000; Zvyagintsev 2003), where it is confined to thermal effluents. 


Description

Hydroides elegans secretes a calcareous tube, as do other serpulid polychaetes. Serpulids have a feathery crown of modified prostomial palps, called radioles (the prostomium is the first segment, projecting above the mouth). The radioles can be folded and withdrawn into the tube. One of the radioles is modified to form an operculum, which acts as a plug when the animal contracts. The peristomium (segment behind the mouth) is folded back to form a collar, which bears uniramous parapodia, with a distinctive set of collar chaetae, with spines or serrations. The collar is the first of seven thoracic chaeta-bearing segments (chaetigers). The subsequent segments have biramous parapodia. The dorsal branch of the parapodium is called the notopodium; the ventral is the neuropodium. Chaetae in the two branches and along the body can vary greatly in their morphology, which can be critical in the taxonomy of serpulids. Description from: Barnes 1983; Bastida-Zavala and ten Hove 2002). 
 
The tube of H. elegans is white, and 1.3–2.5 mm in diameter. The tubes are fragile and variable, sometimes having transverse ridges and occasionally having longitudinal ridges, but are usually smooth. The tubes lack peristomes (flared openings). The tubes are usually flattened on the dorsal (upper) surface. The branchial (gill) crown consists of about 10 radioles each on the left and right sides of the mouth. It comprises about 1/4 of the worm's length. The operculum is roughly funnel-shaped, with 23–24 radii, each with rounded tips, a concave distal surface, and a circular row of 13–15 terminal spines, usually barbed with up to 4 spinules. The peduncle is cylindrical. The grooves between the radii are usually about 1/3 of the funnel length. The spines are longer than the radii, and T-shaped, with expanded tips, and have a single spinule at the base. The verticil (ring of distal spines) may have or lack a central tooth. The thorax consists of 7 segments. There are two kinds of collar chaetae: (1) thicker bayonet chaetae, with two teeth at their base, a reap of denticles below the teeth, and fine, saw-like denticles on the distal edge; (2) hair-like (capillary) chaetae. The subsequent thoracic segments bear short, rasp-like setae, called uncinae, and limbate chaetae. The abdomen has about 41 segments (35–57, n=5). The overall length is about 8.5 mm (5–13, n=5). The worm is yellow to light brown. (Description from Bastida-Zavala and ten Hove 2002; Cinar 2006; Ben-Eliahu and ten Hove 2011). 
 
Historically, the cosmopolitan tropical-subtropical harbor serpulid, H. elegans was frequently misidentified as H. norvegica, a Northeast Atlantic species associated with clear, cold waters, found from Norway to Morocco. Zibrowius (1971) clarified distinctions between these species. The collar chaetae in H. elegans have a saw-like row of denticles on their distal portion. Additional features distinguish the two species. Early records of H. norvegica (before the 1970s) from tropical or subtropical areas usually refer to H. elegans (Zibrowius 1971; ten Hove 1974; Bastida-Zavala and ten Hove 2002; Ben-Eliahu and ten Hove 2011). 


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Annelida
Class:   Polychaeta
Subclass:   Palpata
Order:   Canalipalpata
Suborder:   Sabellida
Family:   Serpulidae
SubFamily:   Serpulinae
Genus:   Hydroides
Species:   elegans

Synonyms

Eupomotus elegans (Haswell, 1883)
Hydroides abbreviata (Krøyer in Mörch, 1863)
Hydroides norvegica (Gunnerus, 1768)
Vermilia abbreviata (De Quatrefages, 1866)
Eupomatus pectinatus (Philippi, 1844)
Hydroides pacificus (Hartman, 1969)
Serpula vermicularis (Lakshmana Rao, 1969)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Hydroides norvegica
Northeast Atlantic species (Norway-Morocco), historically confused with H. norvegica (See text)

Ecology

General:

Life History – The serpulid polychaete Hydroides elegans feeds by extending its feathery gills and trapping plankton in the water column, which are transported by cilia to the mouth. The sexes are separate, as in most serpulid species. The larvae are planktotrophic and spend about 4-8 days in the plankton at 15–30 °C, with development being slower at low temperatures and low food levels (Qiu and Qian 1997). 
 
Ecology – Hydroides elegans tolerates salinities as low as 15 PSU, and successfully reproduces at 20 PSU (Qiu and Qian 1997) but is usually associated with marine salinities of 30-37 PSU (Bastida-Zavala and ten Hove 2002). However, in the Suez Canal, it was found in the Great Bitter Lakes and Lake Timsah, where salinities exceeded 40 PSU. To our knowledge, the temperature tolerance of H. elegans has not been studied experimentally. Hydroides elegans is comparatively tolerant of tributyltin antifouling compounds, wood preservative chemicals, low oxygen, and hydrogen sulfide, and benefits from the dense phytoplankton concentrations in polluted harbors (Udhayakumar and Karande 1996; Tarakanadha et al. 2004). It secretes a calcareous tube, often irregularly coiled, on hard surfaces such as rocks, pilings, floats, shells, corals, mangroves, and ships’ hulls. While it often forms dense aggregations on surfaces, it is not known to form reefs. The aggregations of worms appear to result from hydrodynamic processes and passive settlement, rather than by chemical cues and active swimming (Walters et al. 1999). 

Food:

Phytoplankton

Trophic Status:

Suspension Feeder

SusFed

Habitats

General HabitatCoarse Woody DebrisNone
General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatRockyNone
General HabitatVessel HullNone
General HabitatMangrovesNone
General HabitatGrass BedNone
General HabitatCanalsNone
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Tidal RangeLow IntertidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone

Life History


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Salinity (‰)15Laboratory observations, Qiu and Qian 1997
Minimum Reproductive Temperature15Laboratory observations, Qiu and Qian 1997
Maximum Reproductive Temperature30Laboratory observations, Qiu and Qian 1997
Minimum Reproductive Salinity20Laboratory observations, Qiu and Qian 1997
Minimum Duration4Larval period, 30 C, 35 ppt, high food- Qiu and Qian 1997
Maximum Duration8Larval period, 15 C, 20 ppt, low food- Qiu and Qian 1997
Maximum Length (mm)33Zibrowius 1971
Broad Temperature RangeNoneWarm temperate-Tropical
Broad Salinity RangeNonePolyhaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

Economic impacts- Hydroides elegans (mentioned as H. norvegica) is well-known as a ship-fouling organism and is the most common annelid reported on ships' hulls (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 1952; Nelson-Smith 1971). Their tubes contribute less drag than the shells of barnacles, so they may have less effect on ships' speed, but that also means that they are less likely to be dislodged by current (Nelson-Smith 1971). This polychaete was a dominant fouling organism in polluted marinas in the Aegean Sea, Turkey, but was rare in clean harbors (Kocak and Kucuksezgin 2000). H. elegans is comparatively tolerant of tributyltin antifouling compounds, wood preservative chemicals, low oxygen, and hydrogen sulfide, and benefits from the dense phytoplankton concentrations in polluted harbors (Udhayakumar and Karande 1996; Tarakanadha et al. 2004). Hydroides elegans was reported to create fouling problems in industrial water systems in Italy (Parenzan 1965, Paoletti and Sebastao 1973, cited by Zibrowius 1991). Heavy settlement of H. elegans in oyster beds in Hiroshima Bay, Japan reduced oyster settlement and caused extensive mortality (Miura and Kajihara 1984, cited by Hewitt et al. 2008). 
 
Ecological Impacts- Hydroides elegans is an abundant fouling organism in many warm-water harbors and is a probable competitor with other fouling organisms This polychaete was a dominant fouling organism in polluted marinas in the Aegean Sea, Turkey, but was rare in clean harbors (Kocak and Kucuksezgin 2000). It was also one of the dominant organisms on both fixed and moving artificial structures in Sydney Harbor, Australia (Glasby et al. 2000). Heavy settlement of H. elegans in oyster beds in Hiroshima Bay, Japan reduced oyster settlement and caused extensive mortality (Miura and Kajihara 1984, cited by Hewitt et al. 2008). Tubeworms (Hydroides spp., probably including H. elegans were dominant fouling organisms on the shells of living and dead oysters in the Mosquito Lagoon, Florida (Walters 2001; Boudreaux et al. 2006), and are likely to compete with adult oysters for food and oyster spat for space. The extensive masses of calcareous tubes created by these worms are likely to create habitat for other organisms. 


Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
P070 Morro Bay 2006 Non-native Established
P130 Humboldt Bay 2003 Non-native Established
NEP-IV Puget Sound to Northern California 2003 Non-native Unknown
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 2001 Non-native Established
P090 San Francisco Bay 2001 Non-native Established
P060 Santa Monica Bay 1972 Crypogenic Established
P056 _CDA_P056 (Los Angeles) 1953 Crypogenic Established
P020 San Diego Bay 1948 Crypogenic Established
P058 _CDA_P058 (San Pedro Channel Islands) 1941 Crypogenic Established
P040 Newport Bay 1938 Crypogenic Established
P050 San Pedro Bay 1931 Crypogenic Established
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California 1931 Crypogenic Established

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
697429 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Newport Bay Harbor Entrance Crypogenic 33.5974 -117.8798
697482 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Dana Point Epifaunal 04 Crypogenic 33.4590 -117.6991
697518 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-25 Northern Corner of Harbor Crypogenic 33.9830 -118.4465
697663 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-15 East of Bridge Crypogenic 33.4591 -117.6992
697859 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Ski Islands Marina Crypogenic 32.7939 -117.2232
698135 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-11 Marina Del Rey Epifaunal 04 Crypogenic 33.9760 -118.4460
698354 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-10 Mission Bay Epifaunal 03 Crypogenic 32.7619 -117.2357
698573 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-23 ITS Terminal Crypogenic 33.7483 -118.1973
698589 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-11 Marina Del Rey Epifaunal 02 Crypogenic 33.9828 -118.4467
698836 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Oceanside Epifaunal 04 Crypogenic 33.2087 -117.3949
698844 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-13 Guest Dock Crypogenic 33.2091 -117.3947
698871 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-15 Small Boat Slip Crypogenic 33.4605 -117.7020
698960 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Dana Inn Marina Crypogenic 32.7671 -117.2362
698987 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Dana Point Epifaunal 01 Crypogenic 33.4615 -117.7031
699077 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Oceanside Epifaunal 05 Crypogenic 33.2058 -117.3898
699171 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-11 Marina Del Rey Epifaunal 03 Crypogenic 33.9703 -118.4494
699625 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 Bulk Carrier Terminal Crypogenic 32.6969 -117.1526
699678 Cohen et al. 2002 2000 2000-08-30 Long Beach Downtown Marina Crypogenic 33.7581 -118.1894
699703 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-25 Vessel Assist Dock Crypogenic 33.9783 -118.4569
699722 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Seaforth Crypogenic 32.7621 -117.2365
699724 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Seaforth Crypogenic 32.7621 -117.2365
699959 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Oceanside Epifaunal 06 Crypogenic 33.2052 -117.3908
700117 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-13 Middle Harbor Yacht Slip Crypogenic 33.2106 -117.3960
700216 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-25 Marina del Rey Harbor Entrance Crypogenic 33.9702 -118.4496
700391 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-15 Dana Point Harbor Mouth Slip Crypogenic 33.4594 -117.6941
700392 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Dana Point Harbor Mouth Slip Crypogenic 33.4594 -117.6941
700632 Zibrowius 1971 1931 Los Angeles Harbor Crypogenic 33.7160 -118.2640
700636 MEC Analytical Systems, Inc. et al. 2002 (Los Angeles/Long Beach Baseline Study of 2000) 2000 Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Complex Crypogenic 33.7632 -118.2526
700642 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Santa Barbara Cove Crypogenic 32.7774 -117.2484
701051 Cohen et al. 2002 2000 2000-08-31 Colorado Lagoon Crypogenic 33.7711 -118.1347
701410 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-13 Oceanside Commercial Fishing Dock Crypogenic 33.2057 -117.3897
701471 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-06 Harbor Entrance Crypogenic 34.4069 -119.6913
701473 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-27 Harbor Entrance Crypogenic 34.4069 -119.6913
701894 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Ocean Institute Dock Crypogenic 33.4622 -117.7063
701899 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-15 Ocean Institute Dock Crypogenic 33.4622 -117.7063
701962 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-25 Overnight Guest Dock Crypogenic 33.9761 -118.4461
702414 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-27 Radon Corner Crypogenic 34.4047 -119.6937
702533 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-10 Mission Bay Epifaunal 01 Crypogenic 32.7791 -117.2128
702666 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-22 Yacht Haven Marina Crypogenic 33.7655 -118.2528
702723 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-11 Marina Del Rey Epifaunal 01 Crypogenic 33.9830 -118.4562
702826 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-22 LA/Long Beach Coast Guard Pier Crypogenic 33.7233 -118.2685
702893 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-25 NW Corner of Harbor Crypogenic 33.9830 -118.4564
703047 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-23 Long Beach Downtown Marina - ISS Crypogenic 33.7594 -118.1866
703498 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-13 North Corner of Harbor Crypogenic 33.2122 -117.3954
703630 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Dana Point Epifaunal 05 Crypogenic 33.4592 -117.6941
703702 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-27 Front South Crypogenic 34.4067 -119.6889
703819 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-22 Fuel Depot Crypogenic 33.7440 -118.2358
703828 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Dana Point Epifaunal 03 Crypogenic 33.4613 -117.6995
703839 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-04-26 Shelter Island Marina Crypogenic 32.7180 -117.2255
703845 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-10-10 Shelter Island Marina Crypogenic 32.7180 -117.2255
703872 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-27 SB Yacht Harbor Crypogenic 34.4045 -119.6919
704328 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-10-08 Arroyo Hondo Crypogenic 34.4603 -120.0753
712035 Berkeley and Berkeley 1941; Zibrowius 1971 1938 Newport Bay Crypogenic 33.6083 -117.9083
712037 Reish and Winter 1954 1952 Colorado Lagoon, near the tidal gates Crypogenic 33.7703 -118.1317
712038 Reish 1972 1972 Huntington Harbour Crypogenic 33.7317 -118.0864
712041 Ruiz et al. unpublished data 2000 Bait Dock, San Diego Crypogenic 32.6939 -117.2363
712045 Ruiz et al. unpublished data 2000 NAB ACU-1 Docks, San Diego Crypogenic 32.6779 -117.1616
712046 Ruiz et al. unpublished data 2000 Navy Ammo Dock, Pier Bravo, San Diego Crypogenic 32.6961 -117.2271
712047 Carlton 1979 1929 Mare Island Non-native 38.1015 -122.2695
758943 Carlton 1979 1931 Mare Island Non-native 38.1015 -122.2695
758944 Reish 1963a 1962 Alamitos Bay Crypogenic 33.7502 -118.1185
758945 Reish 1972 1972 Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Complex Crypogenic 33.7632 -118.2526
758946 Reish 1972 1972 Marina del Rey Crypogenic 33.9722 -118.4522
758947 Reish 1972 1972 Alamitos Bay Crypogenic 33.7497 -118.1172
758948 Reish 1972 1972 Newport Bay Crypogenic 33.6083 -117.9083
758949 Bastida-Zavala 2008 1941 1941-08-03 off Avalon, Santa Catalina Island Crypogenic 33.3538 -118.3037
758950 Bastida-Zavala 2008 1953 1953-10-28 10 km from Point Vicente Lighthouse Crypogenic 33.7355 -118.5230
758951 Bastida-Zavala 2008 1954 1954-05-22 11.5 km from Palos Verdes Point Crypogenic 33.7582 -118.5645
758952 Bastida-Zavala 2008 1954 1954-06-23 6.9 km from East End Light, Santa Catalina Island Crypogenic 33.2480 -118.3021
758953 Bastida-Zavala 2008 1974 San Diego [Bay] Crypogenic 32.7167 -117.2167
758954 Crippen and Reish 1969 1967 Fleitz Brothers Yacht Anchorage (Station LA 7) Crypogenic 33.7203 -118.2758
758955 Crippen and Reish 1969 1967 Norm's Landing, Boat Moorage 1 (Station LA 26) Crypogenic 33.7345 -118.2777
758956 Crippen and Reish 1969 1967 Los Angeles Harbor, in inner reaches of Slip 1 near Pier 160 (Station LA 39) Crypogenic 33.7628 -118.2662
758957 Crippen and Reish 1969 1967 Los Angeles Harbor, East Basin, Boat Moorage 53 (Station LA 54) Crypogenic 33.7662 -118.2503
758958 Reish 1971 1950 Los Angeles Harbor, Slip 1 (Station A) [= LA 39] Crypogenic 33.7623 -118.2661
758959 Reish 1971 1950 Los Angeles Harbor, Slip No. 5 at Berth 181 (Station B) Crypogenic 33.7648 -118.2634
758960 Reish 1971 1950 Cerritos Channel, eastern side of Henry Ford Bridge (Station D) Crypogenic 33.7663 -118.2393
758961 Reish 1971 1950 Lighthouse Wharf, Los Angeles Harbor Entrance (Station K) Crypogenic 33.7085 -118.2522
758962 Reish 1971 1950 Los Angeles Harbor, Berth 70 Municipal Wharf (Station N) Crypogenic 33.7243 -118.2724
758963 Reish 1971 1950 Los Angeles Harbor, Berth 147 (Station Q) [= LA 33] Crypogenic 33.7577 -118.2740
767438 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-07-23 Marina Village, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.7605 -117.2364
767506 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-08-01 Hyatt Resort Marina, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.7634 -117.2397
767552 Ruiz et al., 2015 2013 2013-08-02 The Dana Marina, Mission Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 32.7671 -117.2363
774999 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-29 Waves-Tahiti A, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9729 -118.4511
775000 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-29 Waves-Tahiti A, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9729 -118.4511
775001 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-29 Waves-Tahiti A, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9729 -118.4511
775002 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-29 Waves-Tahiti A, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9729 -118.4511
775003 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-29 Waves-Tahiti B, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9745 -118.4502
775004 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-29 Waves-Tahiti B, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9745 -118.4502
775005 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-29 Waves-Tahiti B, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9745 -118.4502
775006 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-29 Waves-Tahiti B, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9745 -118.4502
775007 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-27 Esprit Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9757 -118.4497
775008 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-27 Neptune Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9758 -118.4565
775009 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-28 Catalina Yacht Club, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9818 -118.4440
775010 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-28 Catalina Yacht Club, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9818 -118.4440
775011 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-28 Catalina Yacht Club, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9818 -118.4440
775012 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-28 Catalina Yacht Club, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9818 -118.4440
775013 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-31 Del Rey Marina-Basin D, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9807 -118.4505
775014 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-31 Del Rey Marina-Basin D, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9807 -118.4505
775015 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-31 Del Rey Marina-Basin D, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9807 -118.4505
775016 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-31 Del Rey Marina-Basin D, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9807 -118.4505
775017 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-31 Del Rey Marina-Basin D, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9807 -118.4505
775018 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-31 Del Rey Marina-Basin E, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9825 -118.4513
775019 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-31 Del Rey Marina-Basin E, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9825 -118.4513
775020 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-31 Del Rey Marina-Basin E, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9825 -118.4513
775021 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-31 Del Rey Marina-Basin E, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9825 -118.4513
775022 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-31 Del Rey Marina-Basin E, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9825 -118.4513
775023 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-30 Dolphin Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9782 -118.4529
775024 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-30 Dolphin Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9782 -118.4529
775025 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-08-01 Holiday Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9797 -118.4549
775026 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-08-01 Holiday Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9797 -118.4549
775027 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-08-01 Holiday Marina, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9797 -118.4549
775028 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-28 Santa Monica Yacht Club, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9781 -118.4455
775029 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-28 Santa Monica Yacht Club, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9781 -118.4455
775030 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-28 Santa Monica Yacht Club, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9781 -118.4455
775031 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-07-28 Santa Monica Yacht Club, Marina del Rey, California, USA Non-native 33.9781 -118.4455
775049 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
775052 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
775053 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
775055 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-24 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7839 -122.2641
775064 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-14 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3492
775065 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-17 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7679 -122.2863

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