Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1960
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1960
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:

General Invasion History:

Sabaco elongatus is a marine tube-dwelling maldanid polychaete, whose native range is from the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence to Belize (Hughes and Thomas 1971; Light 1974). It has been introduced and is well-established in San Francisco Bay, California (Light 1974), and has been reported from Bodega Bay (Schneider et al. 2007) and Port Hueneme (Fairey et al. 2007).

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

Sabaco elongatus was first collected from South San Francisco Bay, California (CA) in 1960. It is well-established and widespread in subtidal soft sediments in the Bay, from Carquinez Straits and San-Pablo Bay to the Central and South Bays, over a salinity range of 7-23+ PSU. It is now one of the dominant benthic infaunal species in San Francisco Bay, especially in the South and Central Bays, where it occurs at densities of 1,000 to 5,000 m-3 (Light 1974; Cohen and Carlton 1995; Topping et al. 2004; Gillett et al. 2014). Transplants of Eastern Oysters were considered to be a likely vector of introduction (Light 1974). Ballast water transport is also possible. However, its mode of development has not been described, and some other Maldanidae (Clymenella torquata; Micromaldane spp.) are known to have benthic larvae (Mead 1897; Newell 1951; Rouse 1991), making ballast water transport less likely. Sabaco elongatus has been included in species lists for Port Hueneme (Fairey et al. 2002) and Bodega Bay, CA (Schneider et al. 2007), but no details are available.


Description

Sabaco elongatus is a marine tube-dwelling maldanid polychaete. Its body is slender and resembles a stick of bamboo, with elongated body segments and poorly defined parapodia. The body consists of 22 segments, including a fused prostomium and peristomium, another segment lacking chaetae, 19 chaetigers, and a funnel-like pygidium. The pre-anal segments have setae. The position of the animal is head-down in its tube, with the pygidium protruding (Light 1974; Lippson and Lippson 1997; California Academy of Sciences 2002).

Its head is pointed, with the prostomium forming an upward-turned prow, in a lateral view. The lateral cephalic lobes are separated from the posterior lobe by deep lateral notches. The margin of the cephalic plate has a smooth edge, with an upward-turned lip. The head is nearly semi-circular in a dorsal view. The mouth is ventral. The paired nuchal organs are broad and parallel, but do not touch the margin of the cephalic plate. The post-cephalic segment (lacking chaetae) and the first three chaetigers are completely biannulate (separated by double rings), while the next 3-4 chaetigers are incompletely biannulate. The first chaetiger is rolled up over the posterior edge of the post-cephalic, non-chaetigerous segment. The tori (bases of the parapodia) form prominent lumps in each chaetiger. The segments gradually become longer in the posterior direction. From segments 6-14 posteriorly, there are folds of tissue (epaulettes) behind the chaetae at segmental nodes. The pygidium is funnel or trumpet-like, with the dorsal lobe flared outward and separated from the ventral lobe by a deep notch (Light 1974; Lippson and Lippson 1997). San Francisco Bay specimens ranged from 62 to 215 mm, while Atlantic specimens are typically 150-300 mm and sometimes reach 450 mm (Light 1974). The color is variable, from yellow-brown, flesh-brown, pink, reddish brown, chocolate brown or dark-gray, but usually with darker colors (bluish, purplish, blackish) and an iridescent sheen anteriorly (Light 1974; California Academy of Sciences 2002). The tube is long and thick, composed of black mud and clay, often sand-encrusted (Light 1974; Lippson and Lippson 1997).


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Annelida
Class:   Polychaeta
Subclass:   Scolecida
Family:   Maldanidae
Genus:   Sabaco
Species:   elongatus

Synonyms

Asychis amphiglypta (Ehlers, 1897)
Brachioasychis americana (Hartman, 1945)
Brachioasychis colmani (Monro, 1939)
Maldane elongata (Verrill, 1873)
Maldanopsis elongata (Verrill, 1873)
Sabaco elongatus (None, None)
Asychis elongatus (None, None)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Ecology

General:

Sabaco elongatus is a marine tube-dwelling maldanid polychaete. The life history and reproduction of this polychaete has not been studied, either in its native range or in San Francisco Bay. However, in other polychaetes (Clymenella torquata; Micromaldane spp., Axiothella rubrocinta species complex) of this family, sexes are separate, and larvae are demersal, brooded in the female's tube or developed externally. The larvae begin feeding on benthic diatoms and undergo a gradual metamorphosis, thereby adopting a head-down posture, constructing a tube, and developing an adult pygidium (Mead 1897; Newell 1951; Wilson 1983; Rouse 1991).

Sabaco elongatus is a head-down deposit feeder, living in a vertical tube composed of mud, sand, and clay, up to 600 mm long, protruding from the sediment (Lippson and Lippson 1997). In San Francisco Bay, it was collected at temperatures of 11-14°C and salinities of 7-23 PSU (Light 1974). In its wide native range, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Belize, it tolerates a range of temperatures from cold-temperate to tropical. Unlike its relative Clymenella torquata, it does not occur in intertidal environments and is usually found in the deeper waters of estuaries. For instance, it is found at 11-17 m in San Francisco Bay (Light 1974) and at 7.6 to 27 m in Chesapeake Bay (Wass 1972). It occurs in fine sands mixed with silt-clay or pure silt (Wass 1972; Light 1974). This worm feeds by ingesting detritus buried in the sediment and then excreting sediment and undigested detritus on to the sediment surface (Lippson and Lippson 1971). Potential predators include fishes and crabs.

Food:

Detritus

Trophic Status:

Deposit Feeder

DepFed

Habitats

General HabitatUnstructured BottomNone
General HabitatOyster ReefNone
Salinity RangeMesohaline5-18 PSU
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Vertical HabitatEndobenthicNone


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Salinity (‰)7Field record, San Francisco Bay (Light 1974)
Maximum Salinity (‰)35Typical Atlantic marine salinity
Minimum Length (mm)62Light 1974
Maximum Length (mm)450Light 1974
Broad Temperature RangeNoneCold temperature-Warm temperate
Broad Salinity RangeNoneMesohaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

Sabaco elongatus has become one of the most abundant infaunal invertebrates in San Francisco Bay (Cohen and Carlton 1995). As a long, head-down deposit feeder, it transports sediment and detritus to the surface, potentially altering sediment qualities and transporting buried contaminants to the surface. It can also be considered a sediment stabilizer and it has obvious effects on surface microtopography and burial of surface materials as eelgrass seed or organic matter (Levin et al. 1997; Luckenbach and Orth 1999). However, to our knowledge, these impacts have not been studied for this species. They are well known for other maldanid polychaetes. 

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California 2001 Non-native Unknown
P062 _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) 2001 Non-native Unknown
NEP-IV Puget Sound to Northern California 1999 Non-native Unknown
P093 _CDA_P093 (San Pablo Bay) 1960 Non-native Established
P090 San Francisco Bay 1960 Non-native Established
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 1960 Non-native Established
P112 _CDA_P112 (Bodega Bay) Non-native Unknown

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
697083 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-12 Ferry Terminal Pier Non-native 37.7945 -122.3917
697087 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 Ferry Terminal Pier Non-native 37.7945 -122.3917
698041 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Point Richmond Piers Non-native 37.9085 -122.3913
698467 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Santa Fe Channel - Front Non-native 37.9101 -122.3644
699087 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-26 Ballena Island 3 Non-native 37.7669 -122.2870
699120 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-09 Paradise Cay Non-native 37.9146 -122.4776
699310 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 San Pablo Bay Pumphouse Non-native 38.0446 -122.4326
699311 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-15 San Pablo Bay Pumphouse Non-native 38.0446 -122.4326
699874 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-07 Redwood Creek - Marina Non-native 37.5021 -122.2130
699883 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-05-31 Redwood Creek - Marina Non-native 37.5021 -122.2130
699911 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-26 BerkeleyHarbor Non-native 37.8666 -122.3176
699923 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-07 Dumbarton Bridge Non-native 37.5070 -122.1168
699980 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-14 Port Hueneme Infaunal 25 Non-native 34.1482 -119.2038
700478 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-01 Coyote Point Marina Non-native 37.5905 -122.3177
700597 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-26 BerkeleyHarbor2 Non-native 37.8672 -122.3157
700800 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 Sea Plane Harbor Non-native 37.6349 -122.3848
700879 Berkeley and Berkeley 1960; Light 1974 1960 South San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.5457 -122.1645
701351 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Santa Fe Channel - Back Non-native 37.9207 -122.3684
701826 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Ballena Bay Non-native 37.7661 -122.2834
701863 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-26 BerkeleyHarbor3 Non-native 37.8654 -122.3124
702273 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-26 Ballena Island 2 Non-native 37.7665 -122.2851
702579 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Richmond Marina Non-native 37.9137 -122.3504
704108 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Coast Guard Island Non-native 37.7812 -122.2457
704597 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 Sierra Point Marina Non-native 37.6740 -122.3792
759163 Painter 1966b 1963 San Pablo Bay Non-native 38.0600 -122.3900
759164 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1971 1971-02-05 Richardson Bay Non-native 37.8592 -122.4722
759165 Light 1974 1971 1971-11-18 Hunter's Point (MRC Station 18.3) Non-native 37.7226 -122.3594
759166 Light 1974; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1973 1973-03-07 Redwood City Harbor Entrance, between Channel Markers 2 and 4 Non-native 37.5508 -122.1944
759167 Light 1974; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1973 Redwood City Harbor Entrance, between Channel Markers 5 and 6 Non-native 37.5408 -122.1922
759168 Light 1974; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1973 Shipping Channel, South San Francisco Bay (near Buoy 12) Non-native 37.5681 -122.2092
759169 Light 1974; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1973 Main Shipping Channel, 1 mile E of Buoy 11 Non-native 37.5797 -122.2292
759170 Light 1974; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1973 Hunter's Point, Forbidden Anchorage Zone, S of Explosives Anchorage 12 Non-native 37.7375 -122.3417
759171 Light 1974; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1973 Oakland Inner Harbor Non-native 37.7961 -122.3178
759172 Light 1974 1973 Carquinez Strait Non-native 38.0507 -122.1748
759173 Light 1974 1973 1973-08-22 Hunter's Point (MRC Station 18.1) Non-native 37.7226 -122.3594
759174 Light 1974 1973 1973-09-20 Hunter's Point (Stanford Research Institute Station HP-6) Non-native 37.7226 -122.3594
759175 Nichols and Thompson 1985a, 1985b 1985 Sand Point, Palo Alto Non-native 37.4630 -122.1011
759176 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 2001 2001-03-24 Ballena Isle Marina, Dock H Non-native 37.7650 -122.2830
759177 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 2001 2001-04-17 East of Treasure Island Non-native 37.8278 -122.3505
759178 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 2001 2001-08-01 Offshore of Candlestick Point Non-native 37.7024 -122.3505
759179 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 2001 2001-08-01 Candlestick Point, nearshore Non-native 37.7031 -122.3771
759180 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 2001 2001-08-10 Off Oakland Airport Non-native 37.7069 -122.2615
759181 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 2001 2001-08-23 NE of San Francisco International Airport, near shipping lanes Non-native 37.6585 -122.3306
759182 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 2001 2001-09-06 Near Lighted Platform E of Seaplane Harbor Non-native 37.6364 -122.3596
759183 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 2001 2001-09-06 SE of Oyster Point Non-native 37.6568 -122.3615
759184 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 2002 2002-01-10 Off Islais Creek Non-native 37.7566 -122.3503
759185 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 2002 2002-01-30 E of San Bruno Shoal Non-native 37.6470 -122.2618
759186 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 2002 2002-03-27 Off Point Richmond Shoreline Non-native 37.9130 -122.3907
759187 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 2002 2002-05-01 Channel bank off Redwood City Non-native 37.5521 -122.1772
759188 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 2003 2003-02-07 N of San Pablo Pier Non-native 37.9593 -122.4275
759189 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 2003 2003-03-07 E shore, Angel Island Non-native 37.8649 -122.4210
759190 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 2003 2003-04-08 NW of Pinole Point, N side of channel Non-native 38.0291 -122.3922
759191 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 2003 2003-04-08 NE of Pinole Point Non-native 38.0183 -122.3493
759192 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 2003 2003-07-24 Offshore of Crissy Field Non-native 37.8075 -122.4653
819174 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 San Leandro None 37.6580 -122.2217
819175 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Redwood City None 37.5574 -122.1755
819176 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Coyote Point None 37.5987 -122.3252
819177 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 None None
819178 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Corte Madera None 37.9309 -122.4819
819179 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Oyster Point None 37.6805 -122.3731
819180 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Richardson Bay None 37.8788 -122.4759
819181 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Emeryville None 37.8596 -122.3152
819182 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Ballena Isle None 37.7643 -122.2978
819706 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2013 Emeryville None 37.8602 -122.3000
819707 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2013 Corte Madera None 37.9364 -122.4833
819708 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2013 Richardson bay None 37.8737 -122.4667
819709 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2013 None None
819710 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2013 Ballena isle None 37.7578 -122.2500
819711 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2013 Oyster Point None 37.6788 -122.3667
819712 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2013 Redwood city None 37.5588 -122.2000
819713 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2013 Coyote Point None 37.5926 -122.2667
819714 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2013 San Leandro None 37.6602 -122.2167
819893 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Oyster Point None 37.6937 -122.3689
819894 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 SF marina None 37.8075 -122.4347
819895 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Hayward None 37.6485 -122.2184
819896 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Ballena Isle None 37.7583 -122.2841
819897 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 San Mateo None 37.5938 -122.3036
819898 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 San Bruno None 37.6479 -122.3662
819899 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Richmond None 37.9187 -122.3919
819900 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Albany None 37.8877 -122.3247
819901 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 San Quentin None 37.9372 -122.4787
819902 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2014 Richardson bay None 37.8715 -122.4790
820103 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Oakland None 37.7056 -122.2473
820104 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Ballena Isle None 37.7588 -122.2834
820105 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 SF marina None 37.8074 -122.4345
820106 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Richardson bay None 37.8705 -122.4797
820107 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Smithsonian None 37.8981 -122.4623
820108 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Hunters Point None 37.7088 -122.3691
820109 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Oyster Point None 37.6747 -122.3753
820110 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Union City None 37.5865 -122.1743
820111 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 Albany None 37.8879 -122.3245
820112 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2015 San Lorenzo None 37.6480 -122.2159
820333 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 SF marina None 37.8071 -122.4345
820334 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Bay Farm None 37.7237 -122.2632
820335 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Brisbane None 37.6560 -122.3697
820336 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Mission Bay None 37.7553 -122.3790
820337 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Albany None 37.8773 -122.3241
820338 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 El Cerrito None 37.8885 -122.3367
820339 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Richardson bay None 37.8669 -122.4751
820340 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Paradise Cay None 37.9044 -122.4684
820341 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Oyster Point None 37.6688 -122.3741
820342 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2018) 2016 Ballena Isle None 37.7516 -122.2878
820523 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Oracle Park None 37.7780 -122.3843
820524 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Tiburon Ferry None 37.8724 -122.4540
820525 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Point Richmond None 37.9082 -122.3941
820526 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 San Francisco Marina None 37.8076 -122.4332
820527 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Hunter's Point None 37.7058 -122.3750
820528 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Oyster Point None 37.6797 -122.3774
820529 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Richardson Bay None 37.8624 -122.4636
820530 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Albany None 37.8648 -122.3229
820531 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Oakland None 37.6977 -122.2501
820532 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Ballena Isle None 37.7637 -122.3002

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