Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1951
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1951
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record: 2019

General Invasion History:

Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata was described from Onomichi, Japan, on the Seto Inland Sea (Okuda 1937, cited by Radashevsky 1993). It occurs in mudflats and shallow subtidal waters from Hong Kong (Wu and Lu 2007) to southern Sakhalin Island and the southern Kuril Islands, Russia (Radashevsky 1993). Populations in the Northeast Pacific (Baja California to Puget Sound), Southwest Pacific (Australia, New Zealand), and Northeast Atlantic (Norway, Portugal, Atlantic Spain, and Greece-Turkey) are generally believed to be introduced (Read 1975; Blake and Kudenov 1978; Carlton 1979; Ramberg and Schram 1982; Cohen and Carlton 1995; Simboura et al. 2008; Cacabelos et al. 2008; Rodrigues et al. 2011; Cinar et al. 2012). Likely vectors include ballast water, possibly hull fouling, and transplants of Pacific Oysters Crassostrea gigas from Japan. Most of these oysters were the Miyagi strain, from northeastern Honshu, but the morphology of P. paucibranchiata from this region has have not been studied (James Carlton, personal communication 2014). Molecular studies of P. paucibranchiata throughout its range will be useful for understanding its taxonomy, biogeography, and invasion history.

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata was first reported from North American waters in Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbor, California (CA) in 1951 and was identified as 'Polydora (?) n. sp., by Olga Hartman, for the Los Angeles Regional Water Pollution Control Board (Blake and Woodwick 1975; Carlton 1979). It was also collected in 1951 in Newport Bay, and then in San Diego Bay in 1952 (Allen Hancock Foundation, cited by Carlton 1979). In the 1970s, P. paucibranchiata was found in Tomales Bay and Elkhorn Slough (1st record 1972), San Francisco Bay (1st record 1973), and Morro Bay and Santa Barbara Harbor (by 1975) (Blake and Woodwick 1975; Light 1977; Carlton 1979; California Academy of Sciences 2015). In San Francisco Bay, it is found in the Central, South, and San Pablo Bays, and ranges inland to the western end of Carquinez Strait (Cohen and Carlton 1995). It was found in Netarts Bay, Oregon (OR) (Stout 1976, cited by Carlton 1979), and later was collected in Humboldt Bay, CA (1st record 2000, Boyd et al. 2002); Coos Bay, OR (1st record 2010, Chapman et al. 2011); and Willapa Bay, Washington (1st record 1996, Cohen et al. 2002; Ferraro and Cole 2007). It has been reported as occurring in Puget Sound (Blake and Ruff 2007; Washington Department of Ecology 2014), but we have no information on specific locations.

In southern California, it has colonized most of the smaller bays and harbors from Santa Barbara to San Diego (Talley et al. 2000; Cohen et al. 2002; Fairey et al. 2002; Ranasinghe et al. 2005). In many of the intertidal mudflats and shallow, muddy bottoms where it was collected, it was an abundant or dominant polychaete (Blake and Woodwick 1975; Levin 1984; Ranasinghe et al. 2005). This polychaete has long-lived planktonic larvae, so ballast water is a likely vector for early occurrences in San Diego Bay and Los Angeles Harbor, where oyster plantings were limited. From Morro Bay northward, transplants of Pacific Oysters are a more possible vector. This polychaete is mostly known from tidal mudflats, but Barnard reported it from harbor pilings in Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbor (Barnard 1958). It seems that hull fouling of small boats, is a likely vector in the smaller harbors of southern California.

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

Globally, the distribution of this species complex may be underestimated due to misidentification. In Europe, Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata was first collected in the inner Oslofjord, Norway in 1962 (Ramberg and Schram 1982; Olsgard 1999). Holte (1998) reported it from the Holandsfjord (66°N), a 'pristine' fjord. Radashevsky (2012) lists it as a species occurring in the waters around Great Britain, and the United Kingdom's National Biodiversity Network lists 19 records on the west and east coasts of Scotland (NBN Gateway 2015). The fjord and offshore records seem inconsistent with this worm's preference for shallow, comparatively warm waters (Radashevsky 1993; Blake and Woodwick 1975). Records from estuaries in northeast Spain (Ria de Vigo in 1999, Cacabelos et al. 2008); Portugal (Ria de Aveiro, Rodrigues et al. 2011), and the Mediterranean, are less surprising. In the Mediterranean, P. paucibranchiata has been found on the Greek (in 2005, Simboura et al. 2008) and Turkish (in 2009, Cinar et al. 2012) sides of the Aegean Sea; the Sea of Marmara (in 2009, Cinar et al. 2012); and in the Venice Lagoon (since 2002, Erica Keppel, personal communication; Maggiore and Keppel 2007).

The earliest record of Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata from the Southwest Pacific was by Read (1975) from Wellington Harbour, South Island, New Zealand in 1971. Inglis et al. (2006e) reported this worm from Whangarei Harbour, on the North Island. In Australia, P. paucibranchiata was first reported from Botany Bay, New South Wales in 1973 (Blake and Kudenov 1978). It was subsequently found in Port Phillip and Westernport Bays, Victoria (1st record 1975, Blake and Kudenov 1978); South Australia (1st record 1979, Hutchings and Turvey 1984), and Queensland (Saenger 1988, cited by Walker 2009; Atlas of Living Australia 2015).


Description

Adults of Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata have 45-70 segments. The prostomium has a rounded anterior edge and extends back to chaetiger 3 as a caruncle. The prostomium bears four black eyes in a trapezoidal arrangement and an occipital tentacle is present. Some individuals have one ot wo lateral eyes. The palps are transparent and extend backwards for 20-40 chaetigers, about half of the body length. Chaetiger 1 has small notopodial lobes near the midline, but a bundle of notochaetae is absent, while the neuropodial lobes, with a small bundle of capillary setae, lie adjacent to the palps. Low parapodial lobes are present on chaetigers 2-4, but the lobes are rudimentary on chaetiger 5. This segment is otherwise unmodified, having the same size as adjacent segments. However, the notochaetae and neurochaetae of this segment are modified. An outer row of 12-14 curved major spines, with enlarged and bent tips is arranged in a J-shaped line, which is characteristic of the genus. They are accompanied by an equal number of simple spines, with unusual constrictions near their tips, forming an inner row. From chaetiger 7 rearward, to aboutchaetiger 28, , the segments bears up to 22 dorsal branchiae. From chaetiger 8 rearward, the neuropodial chaetae are hooded hooks, with up to 20 per bundle. The pygidium bears a small, ventral, cup-like disk, with a dorsal gap. The maximum reported length is 18 mm, and 0.5 mm wide (Russia, Radashevsky 1993; Radashevsky et al. 2020), but West Coast specimens are usually about 4-6 mm (Blake and Ruff 2007). Younger worms may retain larval melanophores on their dorsal surface, but these are absent in larger worms. Living worms have branching yellow chromatophores on the palps, but these disappear in preserved specimens. Larval development has been described for populations in the Sea of Japan (Myohara 1980) and California (Blake and Woodwick 1975). Description based on: Read 1975, Blake and Woodwick 1975, Blake and Kudenov 1978, Light 1978, Radashevsky 1993, Wilson 1999, Radashevsky and Hsieh 2000, Sato-Okoshi 2000, and Blake and Ruff 2007; Radashevsky et al. 2020).

The genus Pseudopolydora appears to be a complex of 'pseudocryptic' speciies with relatively small morphological differences. Occurences of 'P. paucibranchiata' from Norwegian fjords, deep waters, and sites remote from known vectors, appear to refer to cryptic native species (Radashevsky et al. 2021b).


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Annelida
Class:   Polychaeta
Subclass:   Palpata
Order:   Canalipalpata
Suborder:   Spionida
Family:   Spionidae
Genus:   Pseudopolydora
Species:   paucibranchiata

Synonyms

Polydora paucibranchiata (Okuda, 1937)
Polydora (Carazzia) derjugini (?) (Zachs, 1944)
Polydora ( Carazzia) orientalis (Annenkova, 1937)
Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata (Imajima & Hartman, 1964)

Potentially Misidentified Species

n. sp.
None

Pseudopolydora A
Northern Territory/Australia/Indo-Pacific (Radashevsky et al. 2020)

Pseudopolydora B
Kuwait/Arabian Gulf (Radashevsky et al.2020)

Pseudopolydora nordica
n. sp, Radashwvsky 2021b., described from nothern Norway (roms og Finnmark, Grøtsund Fjord, 69.795° N, 19.317° E, 92 m) and found from Portugal to Iceland (Radshevsky 2021b).

Pseudopolydora vexillosa
Pseudopolydora vexillosa (Radashevsky and Hsieh, 2000) from Vietnam.

Pseudopolydora antennata
Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1869) this species was described form Naples, Italy, and has been redescribed by Radashevsky (2021). It has been idienified from the Mediterreanean and Black Seas, and possibly from the Black Sea and Baltic (Radashevsky 2021b).

Pseudopolydora bassarginensis
Pseudopolydora bassarginensis (Zachs 1933) was described from the Sea of Japan. It is incompletely known, but has been reported from Willapa Bay, Washington and Coos Bay, Oregon (Cohen et al. 2002; Chapman et al. 2011).

Pseudopolydora floridensis
Pseudopolydora floridensis (Delgado-Blas, 2008) was described from Lake Worth Florida.

Pseudopolydora kempi japonica
Pseudopolydora cf. kempi is another species complex, which shows, morphological and developmental differences from P. paucibranchiata and also differences in habitat, by extending further into brackish estuaries, though overlapping with P. paucibranchiata in some areas (Southern 1921; Blake and Wodwick 1975). P. K. japonica (Imajima and Hartman 1966) is known from Pacific Russia, Japan and Korea (Radashvsky et al. 2020).

Pseudopolydora pulchra
Pseudopolydora pulchra (Carazzi 18183) was described from Naples, Italy, and is widely distibuted in the Mediterranean Sea, the North and Nowegian Seas (Radashevsky 2021b).

Pseudopolydora rosebelae
Pseudopoldora rosebelae is known only fron Brazil and the Indian River Lagoon, Florida Bogantes et al. 2021).

Ecology

General:

Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata is an estuarine spionid polychaete, which dwells in mud and mucus tubes in sediment, and in fouling communities on hard surfaces. The sexes are separate. Males and females mature at about 30-35 mm (Radashevsky et al. 2020). Eggs are laid in capsules, linked in strings attached to the interior of the tubes. Capsules in California and Japanese estuaries contained up to 35-50 eggs, with 7-10 capsules on a string. Larvae are released from the capsules at the 3-chaetiger stage, and feed in the plankton (Blake and Woodwick 1975; Myohara 1980). California larvae settle and metamorphose at about 13-17 chaetigers (Blake and Woodwick 1975), while Japanese larvae were reported to settle at 23-33 chaetigers, and a length of 1.5-2.8 mm, about 2 weeks after hatching at 23C (Myohara 1980). Blake and Woodwick (1975) do not give the development time, but indicate that the pattern of development was planktotrophic and longer than the short lecithotrophic larval period which they observed in P. kempi. The Japanese larvae matured 24-31 days after hatching, at 5-10 mm length and 45-50 chaetigers (Myohara 1980). Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata reaches a maximum size of 18 mm (Radashevsky 1993).

Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata is known from cold-temperate to subtropical estuarine-marine habitats from the tropics to cold-temperate waters. Its habitats include subtidal and intertidal soft substrates of sand or mud, where it oncstructs tubes up to 45 mm long, extending up to 10 mm above the surface (Radshevsky et al. 2020).. It is also known from salt marshes, and fouling communities in marinas and harbors (Barnard 1958; Blake and Woodwick 1975; Myohara 1980; Ferraro and Cole 2007). This polychaete does not seem to extend very far into brackish or hypersaline conditions, compared to some other spionids. We found reports over a range of about 15-37 PSU (Ferraro and Cole 2007; Simboura et al. 2010). It was found, with P. cornuta, in the polluted portions of Hong Kong (Lu and Wu 2007) and Izmir Bay, Turkey (Dagli et al. 2011; Cinar et al. 2012), and in harbors contaminated with copper (Neira et al. 2013). However, in the Oslofjord, Norway, abundance of P. paucibranchiata was negatively correlated with copper content (Olsgard 1999). Adults of P. paucibranchiata are capable of shifting between deposit-feeding detritus and surface-microalgae to suspension-feeding (phytoplankton and suspended particles). Their ciliated palps can either stretch over the sediment surface to pick up sediment particles, or wave in the current to pick up phytoplankton (Shimeta 1996). Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata can reach high abundances, and is probably important prey for fishes and benthic invertebrates.

Food:

Phytoplankton, benthic microalgae, detritus

Consumers:

Fish, crabs, shrimps

Trophic Status:

Deposit Suspension Feeder

DepSusFed

Habitats

General HabitatUnstructured BottomNone
General HabitatSalt-brackish marshNone
General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Tidal RangeLow IntertidalNone
Vertical HabitatEndobenthicNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Salinity (‰)15Field, minimum salinity for Willapa Bay sediment (Ferraro and Cole 1996)
Maximum Salinity (‰)37Typical Aegean Sea Salinity
Minimum Reproductive Temperature11Start of spawning, Peter the Great Bay (Radashevsky et al. 2020).
Minimum Duration10Laboratory, Japan, 23 C (Myohara 1980)
Maximum Duration24Laboratory, Japan, 23 C (Myohara 1980)
Minimum Length (mm)5Minimum size at maturity (Blake and Woodiwick 1975; Myohara 1980)
Maximum Length (mm)18Russia (Radashevsky 1993; Radashevsky et al. 2020)
Broad Temperature RangeNoneCold temperate-Subtropical
Broad Salinity RangeNonePolyhaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

Ecological Impacts

Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata can be abundant in soft sediments and fouling communities, and has been found in some polluted habitats in San Diego Bay (California), Izmire Bay (Turkey) and Hong Kong (Lu and Wu 2007; Dagli et al. 2011; Cinar et al. 2012; Neira et al. 2013). It may have some ability to displace native species in stressful environments, but it is not regarded as a strong 'pollution indicator' to the same extent as Polydora cornuta.

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
P023 _CDA_P023 (San Louis Rey-Escondido) 2000 Def Estab
P060 Santa Monica Bay 2000 Def Estab
P062 _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) 2000 Def Estab
P130 Humboldt Bay 2000 Def Estab
P027 _CDA_P027 (Aliso-San Onofre) 1998 Def Estab
P030 Mission Bay 1996 Def Estab
P112 _CDA_P112 (Bodega Bay) 1994 Def Estab
NEP-IV Puget Sound to Northern California 1976 Def Estab
P070 Morro Bay 1975 Def Estab
P065 _CDA_P065 (Santa Barbara Channel) 1975 Def Estab
P090 San Francisco Bay 1973 Def Estab
P080 Monterey Bay 1972 Def Estab
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 1972 Def Estab
P110 Tomales Bay 1972 Def Estab
P040 Newport Bay 1961 Def Estab
P020 San Diego Bay 1952 Def Estab
P050 San Pedro Bay 1951 Def Estab
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California 1951 Def Estab

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
756057 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-13 Morro Bay Epifaunal 08 Def 35.3644 -120.8549
756058 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-13 Port Hueneme Infaunal 01 Def 34.1538 -119.2106
756059 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-13 Port Hueneme Infaunal 03 Def 34.1537 -119.2091
756060 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-13 Port Hueneme Infaunal 14 Def 34.1491 -119.2085
756061 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-14 Port Hueneme Infaunal 16 Def 34.1486 -119.2019
756062 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-09-14 Port Hueneme Infaunal 25 Def 34.1482 -119.2038
756063 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-11-08 Port Hueneme Epifaunal 01 Def 34.1527 -119.2103
756064 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-11-08 Port Hueneme Epifaunal 07 Def 34.1477 -119.2042
756065 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-11-08 Port Hueneme Epifaunal 11 Def 34.1537 -119.2106
756066 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2000 2000-11-08 Port Hueneme Epifaunal 18 Def 34.1537 -119.2090
756067 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-07-11 Marina Del Rey Epifaunal 04 Def 33.9760 -118.4460
756068 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-08-14 Oceanside Epifaunal 05 Def 33.2058 -117.3898
756069 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-09-19 Tomales Bay Infaunal 04 Def 38.1444 -122.9006
756070 ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data 2001 2001-09-19 Tomales Bay Infaunal 06 Def 38.1511 -122.8887
756071 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-26 Ballena Island 2 Def 37.7665 -122.2851
756072 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-26 BerkeleyHarbor Def 37.8666 -122.3176
756073 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-26 BerkeleyHarbor3 Def 37.8654 -122.3124
756074 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-27 Loch Lomond Def 37.9719 -122.4838
756075 Introduced Species Study 2003 2003-08-27 Loch Lomond 2 Def 37.9717 -122.4811
756076 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-01-24 Point Loma Def 32.6660 -117.2444
756077 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-02-09 Pin Rock Def 33.4275 -118.5071
756078 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-04-14 Point Reyes Def 37.9031 -122.7259
756079 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-07 Aquatic Park Def 37.8080 -122.4216
756080 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-07 Oakland Inner Harbor - Small marinas Def 37.7847 -122.2669
756081 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-07 Port of Oakland Office Def 37.7954 -122.2804
756082 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-08 Sea Plane Lagoon Def 37.7761 -122.2998
756083 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-09 Paradise Area Def 37.9062 -122.4768
756084 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-09 Paradise Cay Def 37.9146 -122.4776
756085 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-09 Richardson Bay Def 37.8588 -122.4798
756086 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-10 Toll Plaza Def 37.8266 -122.3166
756087 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-19 Ayala Cove Def 37.8680 -122.4350
756088 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 China Basin Def 37.7780 -122.3881
756089 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-08-25 Ferry Terminal Pier Def 37.7945 -122.3917
756090 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-07 Redwood Creek - Marina Def 37.5021 -122.2130
756091 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Pier 45 Def 37.8111 -122.4196
756092 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-08 Saint Francis Yacht Harbor Def 37.8066 -122.4463
756093 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 Sea Plane Harbor Def 37.6349 -122.3848
756094 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-09 Sierra Point Marina Def 37.6740 -122.3792
756095 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-04 Berkeley Flats/Berkeley Pier Def 37.8600 -122.3256
756096 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Chevron Pier Def 37.9228 -122.4105
756097 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Point Richmond Piers Def 37.9085 -122.3913
756098 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Richmond Marina Def 37.9137 -122.3504
756099 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Santa Fe Channel - Back Def 37.9207 -122.3684
756100 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-19 Hercules Wharf Def 38.0231 -122.2928
756101 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 San Pablo Bay Pumphouse Def 38.0446 -122.4326
756102 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-11-16 Alcatraz Def 37.8253 -122.4223
756103 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-25 Private Dock Def 34.1798 -119.2297
756104 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-27 Harbor Entrance Def 34.4069 -119.6913
756105 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-07-27 SB Yacht Harbor Def 34.4045 -119.6919
756106 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-09 Dilapidated Dock Area Def 40.7291 -124.2198
756107 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-10 Tomales Bay Boat Launch Def 38.1991 -122.9220
756108 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-10 Tony's Place Def 38.1466 -122.8832
756109 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-11 SE Side of Bay Def 38.3258 -123.0410
756110 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-21 APL Terminal Def 33.7348 -118.2479
756111 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-21 Loading Dock at Bumper Pad #51 Def 33.7410 -118.2746
756112 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-22 Backside of Working Container Ship Pier Def 33.7667 -118.2774
756113 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-22 Port of Los Angeles Clock Tower Def 33.7540 -118.2697
756114 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-23 Hyundai Container Ship Dock Def 33.7628 -118.2144
756115 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-24 Near Huntington Launch Ramp Def 33.7279 -118.0786
756116 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-24 Pump-A-Head Dock Def 33.7026 -118.0542
756117 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-25 Northern Corner of Harbor Def 33.9830 -118.4465
756118 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-12 Dana Inn Marina Def 32.7671 -117.2362
756119 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Back Bay Marina Def 33.6194 -117.8933
756120 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-14 Balboa Coves Def 33.6213 -117.9364
756121 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-15 Dana Point Harbor Mouth Slip Def 33.4594 -117.6941
756122 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-09-15 Small Boat Slip Def 33.4605 -117.7020
756123 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-11-02 Monterey Private Slip Def 36.6034 -121.8905
756124 Introduced Species Study 2007 2007-12-11 Pin Rock Def 33.4275 -118.5071
756125 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-05-31 Redwood Creek - Marina Def 37.5021 -122.2130
756126 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-05-31 Redwood Creek - Shipping Def 37.5120 -122.2109
756127 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-01 Coyote Point Marina Def 37.5905 -122.3177
756128 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-02 Ballena Bay Def 37.7661 -122.2834
756129 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-12 McNears Beach Def 37.9962 -122.4556
756130 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-13 Coyote Point Def 37.5920 -122.3210
756131 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Chevron Pier Def 37.9228 -122.4105
756132 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-13 Ayala Cove Def 37.8680 -122.4350
756133 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-13 Port Sonoma/Petaluma R. Def 38.1157 -122.5026
756134 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-15 San Pablo Bay Pumphouse Def 38.0446 -122.4326
756135 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-06 Harbor Entrance Def 34.4069 -119.6913
756136 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-06 Radon Corner Def 34.4047 -119.6937
756137 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-07 Private Dock Def 34.1798 -119.2297
756138 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Back Bay Marina Def 33.6194 -117.8933
756139 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Balboa Coves Def 33.6213 -117.9364
756140 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Near Huntington Launch Ramp Def 33.7279 -118.0786
756141 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Newport Bay Harbor Entrance Def 33.5974 -117.8798
756142 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-19 Pump-A-Head Dock Def 33.7026 -118.0542
756143 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-20 Fuel Depot Def 33.7440 -118.2358
756144 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-20 Slip D-50 Def 33.7165 -118.2801
756145 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-21 Long Beach Downtown Marina - ISS Def 33.7594 -118.1866
756146 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-21 Super Mexico Pier Def 33.7708 -118.2113
756147 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-22 Marina del Rey Harbor Entrance Def 33.9702 -118.4496
756148 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-04-22 NW Corner of Harbor Def 33.9830 -118.4564
756149 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-03 America's Cup Harbor Def 32.7239 -117.2240
756150 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-03 Marine Terminal (Paco) Def 32.6584 -117.1191
756151 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-03 San Diego Bay Cruise Ship Terminal Def 32.7168 -117.1759
756152 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Dana Inn Marina Def 32.7671 -117.2362
756153 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Hilton Resort Dock Def 32.7788 -117.2127
756154 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Seaforth Def 32.7621 -117.2365
756155 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-04 Ski Islands Marina Def 32.7939 -117.2232
756156 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Dana Point Harbor Mouth Slip Def 33.4594 -117.6941
756157 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Middle Harbor Yacht Slip Def 33.2106 -117.3960
756158 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Ocean Institute Dock Def 33.4622 -117.7063
756159 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-05-05 Oceanside Commercial Fishing Dock Def 33.2057 -117.3897
756160 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-06 Tomales Bay Boat Launch Def 38.1991 -122.9220
756161 Introduced Species Study 2011 2011-06-21 Middle of the Slough Def 36.8112 -121.7793
759105 Reish 1954 1950 Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Complex Def 33.7632 -118.2526
759106 Hartman 1952a, cited in Carlton 1979 1951 Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Complex Def 33.7632 -118.2526
759107 Allan Hancock Foundation Collection record, cited in Carlton 1979 1951 Newport Bay Def 33.6092 -117.9067
759108 Carlton 1979 1952 San Diego Bay Def 32.6717 -117.1439
759109 Blake and Woodwick 1975; J. Nybakken, pers. comm. 1977, in Carlton 1979 1972 Elkhorn Slough General Location Def 36.8086 -121.7856
759110 Blake 1975; Blake and Woodwick 1975 1972 Lawson's Landing (Tomales Bay) Def 38.2314 -122.9680
759111 Blake 1975; Blake and Woodwick 1975 1972 Walker Creek Delta (Tomales Bay) Def 38.2111 -122.9317
759112 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1972 1972-05-02 India Basin Discharge Channel Def 37.7379 -122.3747
759113 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1972 1972-12-03 Corte Madera Creek Channel Def 37.9425 -122.5198
759114 Light 1977; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1973 Hunter's Point, Forbidden Anchorage Zone, S of Explosives Anchorage 12 Def 37.7375 -122.3417
759115 Light 1977; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1973 Oakland Inner Harbor Def 37.7961 -122.3178
759116 Light 1977; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1974 1974-03-04 Oakland Inner Harbor Def 37.7961 -122.3178
759117 Light 1977; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1973 Redwood City Harbor Entrance, between Channel Markers 2 and 4 Def 37.5508 -122.1944
759118 Light 1977; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1974 1974-03-05 Redwood City Harbor Entrance, between Channel Markers 2 and 4 Def 37.5508 -122.1944
759119 Light 1977; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1973 Redwood City Harbor Entrance, between Channel Markers 5 and 6 Def 37.5408 -122.1922
759120 Light 1977; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1974 1974-06-06 Redwood City Harbor Entrance, between Channel Markers 5 and 6 Def 37.5408 -122.1922
759121 Reish 1975 1973 Outer Anaheim Bay, Station I Def 33.7314 -118.0861
759122 Standing et al. 1975 1975 Bodega Harbor Def 38.3262 -123.0495
759123 Blake and Woodwick 1975 1975 Santa Barbara Harbor Def 34.4057 -119.6913
759124 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 1975 Submarine Outfall, off Point San Bruno Def 37.6653 -122.3636
759125 Ranasinghe et al. 2005 1998 Channel Islands Harbor Def 34.1636 -119.2245
759126 Ranasinghe et al. 2005 1998 Marina del Rey Def 33.9759 -118.4482
759127 Ranasinghe et al. 2005 1998 Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Def 33.7632 -118.2526
759128 Ranasinghe et al. 2005 1998 Anaheim Bay Def 33.7333 -118.0894
759129 Ranasinghe et al. 2005 1998 Newport Bay Def 33.6092 -117.9067
759130 Ranasinghe et al. 2005 1998 Dana Point Harbor Def 33.4599 -117.6981
759131 Ranasinghe et al. 2005 1998 Mission Bay Def 32.7791 -117.2288
759132 Ranasinghe et al. 2005 1998 San Diego Bay Def 32.6717 -117.1439
759133 California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database 2001 2001-08-30 San Bruno Shoal Def 37.6780 -122.3084
759134 MEC Analytical Systems, Inc. et al. 2002 (Los Angeles/Long Beach Baseline Study of 2000) 2002 Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Complex Def 33.7632 -118.2526
759135 Boyd et al. 2002 2002 Hilfiker Road Def 40.7720 -124.1960
759136 Boyd et al. 2002 2002 Mad River Slough - Samoa Blvd. Bridge Def 40.8652 -124.1505
759137 Boyd et al. 2002 2002 Mad River Slough Channel St. 9 Def 40.8347 -124.1580
759138 Boyd et al. 2002 2002 Mad River Slough Channel, St. 45 Def 40.8645 -124.1484
759139 Boyd et al. 2002 2002 Mad River Slough Channel, St. 47 Def 40.8573 -124.1429
759140 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2002 2002-08-24 Watchorn Basin Def 33.7203 -118.2764
759141 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2002 2002-08-29 King Harbor Def 33.8464 -118.3969
759142 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2002 2002-08-30 Impound Marina Def 33.7639 -118.2444
759143 Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) 2002 2002-08-30 Long Beach Downtown Marina Def 33.7581 -118.1894
759144 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2005 2005-05-23 Brisbane Lagoon, San Francisco Bay Def 37.6862 -122.3906
759145 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2005 2005-05-27 Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay Def 37.5907 -122.3180
759146 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2005 2005-05-27 Pete's Harbor, San Francisco Bay Def 37.5006 -122.2242
759147 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2005 2005-05-28 Rodeo Marina, San Pablo Bay Def 38.0391 -122.2711
759148 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Ballast Point Def 32.6861 -117.2348
759149 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Navy - Carrier Base Def 32.7062 -117.1886
759150 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Navy - Seventh St. Def 32.6699 -117.1212
759151 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-28 Shelter Island Marina Def 32.7180 -117.2255
759152 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 America's Cup Harbor Def 32.7239 -117.2240
759153 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 Bulk Carrier Terminal Def 32.6969 -117.1526
759154 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 Coronado Cays Def 32.6274 -117.1329
759155 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 Coronado Wharf Def 32.6992 -117.1684
759156 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 Derelict Graveyard Def 32.6477 -117.1269
759157 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 Glorietta Bay Def 32.6796 -117.1740
759158 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 Harbor Island Marina Def 32.7266 -117.2128
759159 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 Kelco Dock Def 32.6927 -117.1470
759160 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 Marine Terminal (Paco) Def 32.6584 -117.1191
759161 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 San Diego Bay Commercial Fishing Fleet Def 32.7109 -117.1739
759162 Maloney et al. 2007 2005 2005-06-29 Switzer Creek Def 32.7043 -117.1615
768550 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-07-24 Alamitos Bay Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Def 33.7487 -118.1136
768625 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-07-25 Cabrillo Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Def 33.7198 -118.2773
768851 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-02 Shoreline Public Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Def 33.7598 -118.1877
770081 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2018 2018-08-08 Port of LB Pier F, San Pedro Bay, California, USA Def 33.7472 -118.2130
770218 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-06 Bahia Corinthian Yacht Club, Newport Bay, California, USA Def 33.6068 -117.8855
770438 Ruiz et al., 2021b 2017 2017-08-06 Harbor Patrol Public Dock, Newport Bay, California, USA Def 33.6023 -117.8835
770755 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 38.0446 -122.1547
774998 Ruiz et al., 2022 2016 2016-09-14 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Def 37.6978 -122.1928

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