Invasion History
First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1951First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1951
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record: 2019
General Invasion History:
Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata was described from Onomichi, Japan, on the Seto Inland Sea (Okuda 1937, cited by Radashevsky 1993). It occurs in mudflats and shallow subtidal waters from Hong Kong (Wu and Lu 2007) to southern Sakhalin Island and the southern Kuril Islands, Russia (Radashevsky 1993). Populations in the Northeast Pacific (Baja California to Puget Sound), Southwest Pacific (Australia, New Zealand), and Northeast Atlantic (Norway, Portugal, Atlantic Spain, and Greece-Turkey) are generally believed to be introduced (Read 1975; Blake and Kudenov 1978; Carlton 1979; Ramberg and Schram 1982; Cohen and Carlton 1995; Simboura et al. 2008; Cacabelos et al. 2008; Rodrigues et al. 2011; Cinar et al. 2012). Likely vectors include ballast water, possibly hull fouling, and transplants of Pacific Oysters Crassostrea gigas from Japan. Most of these oysters were the Miyagi strain, from northeastern Honshu, but the morphology of P. paucibranchiata from this region has have not been studied (James Carlton, personal communication 2014). Molecular studies of P. paucibranchiata throughout its range will be useful for understanding its taxonomy, biogeography, and invasion history.
North American Invasion History:
Invasion History on the West Coast:
Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata was first reported from North American waters in Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbor, California (CA) in 1951 and was identified as 'Polydora (?) n. sp., by Olga Hartman, for the Los Angeles Regional Water Pollution Control Board (Blake and Woodwick 1975; Carlton 1979). It was also collected in 1951 in Newport Bay, and then in San Diego Bay in 1952 (Allen Hancock Foundation, cited by Carlton 1979). In the 1970s, P. paucibranchiata was found in Tomales Bay and Elkhorn Slough (1st record 1972), San Francisco Bay (1st record 1973), and Morro Bay and Santa Barbara Harbor (by 1975) (Blake and Woodwick 1975; Light 1977; Carlton 1979; California Academy of Sciences 2015). In San Francisco Bay, it is found in the Central, South, and San Pablo Bays, and ranges inland to the western end of Carquinez Strait (Cohen and Carlton 1995). It was found in Netarts Bay, Oregon (OR) (Stout 1976, cited by Carlton 1979), and later was collected in Humboldt Bay, CA (1st record 2000, Boyd et al. 2002); Coos Bay, OR (1st record 2010, Chapman et al. 2011); and Willapa Bay, Washington (1st record 1996, Cohen et al. 2002; Ferraro and Cole 2007). It has been reported as occurring in Puget Sound (Blake and Ruff 2007; Washington Department of Ecology 2014), but we have no information on specific locations.
In southern California, it has colonized most of the smaller bays and harbors from Santa Barbara to San Diego (Talley et al. 2000; Cohen et al. 2002; Fairey et al. 2002; Ranasinghe et al. 2005). In many of the intertidal mudflats and shallow, muddy bottoms where it was collected, it was an abundant or dominant polychaete (Blake and Woodwick 1975; Levin 1984; Ranasinghe et al. 2005). This polychaete has long-lived planktonic larvae, so ballast water is a likely vector for early occurrences in San Diego Bay and Los Angeles Harbor, where oyster plantings were limited. From Morro Bay northward, transplants of Pacific Oysters are a more possible vector. This polychaete is mostly known from tidal mudflats, but Barnard reported it from harbor pilings in Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbor (Barnard 1958). It seems that hull fouling of small boats, is a likely vector in the smaller harbors of southern California.
Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:
Globally, the distribution of this species complex may be underestimated due to misidentification. In Europe, Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata was first collected in the inner Oslofjord, Norway in 1962 (Ramberg and Schram 1982; Olsgard 1999). Holte (1998) reported it from the Holandsfjord (66°N), a 'pristine' fjord. Radashevsky (2012) lists it as a species occurring in the waters around Great Britain, and the United Kingdom's National Biodiversity Network lists 19 records on the west and east coasts of Scotland (NBN Gateway 2015). The fjord and offshore records seem inconsistent with this worm's preference for shallow, comparatively warm waters (Radashevsky 1993; Blake and Woodwick 1975). Records from estuaries in northeast Spain (Ria de Vigo in 1999, Cacabelos et al. 2008); Portugal (Ria de Aveiro, Rodrigues et al. 2011), and the Mediterranean, are less surprising. In the Mediterranean, P. paucibranchiata has been found on the Greek (in 2005, Simboura et al. 2008) and Turkish (in 2009, Cinar et al. 2012) sides of the Aegean Sea; the Sea of Marmara (in 2009, Cinar et al. 2012); and in the Venice Lagoon (since 2002, Erica Keppel, personal communication; Maggiore and Keppel 2007).
The earliest record of Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata from the Southwest Pacific was by Read (1975) from Wellington Harbour, South Island, New Zealand in 1971. Inglis et al. (2006e) reported this worm from Whangarei Harbour, on the North Island. In Australia, P. paucibranchiata was first reported from Botany Bay, New South Wales in 1973 (Blake and Kudenov 1978). It was subsequently found in Port Phillip and Westernport Bays, Victoria (1st record 1975, Blake and Kudenov 1978); South Australia (1st record 1979, Hutchings and Turvey 1984), and Queensland (Saenger 1988, cited by Walker 2009; Atlas of Living Australia 2015).
Description
Adults of Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata have 45-70 segments. The prostomium has a rounded anterior edge and extends back to chaetiger 3 as a caruncle. The prostomium bears four black eyes in a trapezoidal arrangement and an occipital tentacle is present. Some individuals have one ot wo lateral eyes. The palps are transparent and extend backwards for 20-40 chaetigers, about half of the body length. Chaetiger 1 has small notopodial lobes near the midline, but a bundle of notochaetae is absent, while the neuropodial lobes, with a small bundle of capillary setae, lie adjacent to the palps. Low parapodial lobes are present on chaetigers 2-4, but the lobes are rudimentary on chaetiger 5. This segment is otherwise unmodified, having the same size as adjacent segments. However, the notochaetae and neurochaetae of this segment are modified. An outer row of 12-14 curved major spines, with enlarged and bent tips is arranged in a J-shaped line, which is characteristic of the genus. They are accompanied by an equal number of simple spines, with unusual constrictions near their tips, forming an inner row. From chaetiger 7 rearward, to aboutchaetiger 28, , the segments bears up to 22 dorsal branchiae. From chaetiger 8 rearward, the neuropodial chaetae are hooded hooks, with up to 20 per bundle. The pygidium bears a small, ventral, cup-like disk, with a dorsal gap. The maximum reported length is 18 mm, and 0.5 mm wide (Russia, Radashevsky 1993; Radashevsky et al. 2020), but West Coast specimens are usually about 4-6 mm (Blake and Ruff 2007). Younger worms may retain larval melanophores on their dorsal surface, but these are absent in larger worms. Living worms have branching yellow chromatophores on the palps, but these disappear in preserved specimens. Larval development has been described for populations in the Sea of Japan (Myohara 1980) and California (Blake and Woodwick 1975). Description based on: Read 1975, Blake and Woodwick 1975, Blake and Kudenov 1978, Light 1978, Radashevsky 1993, Wilson 1999, Radashevsky and Hsieh 2000, Sato-Okoshi 2000, and Blake and Ruff 2007; Radashevsky et al. 2020). The genus Pseudopolydora appears to be a complex of 'pseudocryptic' speciies with relatively small morphological differences. Occurences of 'P. paucibranchiata' from Norwegian fjords, deep waters, and sites remote from known vectors, appear to refer to cryptic native species (Radashevsky et al. 2021b).
Taxonomy
Taxonomic Tree
Kingdom: | Animalia | |
Phylum: | Annelida | |
Class: | Polychaeta | |
Subclass: | Palpata | |
Order: | Canalipalpata | |
Suborder: | Spionida | |
Family: | Spionidae | |
Genus: | Pseudopolydora | |
Species: | paucibranchiata |
Synonyms
Polydora (Carazzia) derjugini (?) (Zachs, 1944)
Polydora ( Carazzia) orientalis (Annenkova, 1937)
Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata (Imajima & Hartman, 1964)
Potentially Misidentified Species
None
Pseudopolydora A
Northern Territory/Australia/Indo-Pacific (Radashevsky et al. 2020)
Pseudopolydora B
Kuwait/Arabian Gulf (Radashevsky et al.2020)
Pseudopolydora nordica
n. sp, Radashwvsky 2021b., described from nothern Norway (roms og Finnmark, Grøtsund Fjord, 69.795° N, 19.317° E, 92 m) and found from Portugal to Iceland (Radshevsky 2021b).
Pseudopolydora vexillosa
Pseudopolydora vexillosa (Radashevsky and Hsieh, 2000) from Vietnam.
Pseudopolydora antennata
Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1869) this species was described form Naples, Italy, and has been redescribed by Radashevsky (2021). It has been idienified from the Mediterreanean and Black Seas, and possibly from the Black Sea and Baltic (Radashevsky 2021b).
Pseudopolydora bassarginensis
Pseudopolydora bassarginensis (Zachs 1933) was described from the Sea of Japan. It is incompletely known, but has been reported from Willapa Bay, Washington and Coos Bay, Oregon (Cohen et al. 2002; Chapman et al. 2011).
Pseudopolydora floridensis
Pseudopolydora floridensis (Delgado-Blas, 2008) was described from Lake Worth Florida.
Pseudopolydora kempi japonica
Pseudopolydora cf. kempi is another species complex, which shows, morphological and developmental differences from P. paucibranchiata and also differences in habitat, by extending further into brackish estuaries, though overlapping with P. paucibranchiata in some areas (Southern 1921; Blake and Wodwick 1975). P. K. japonica (Imajima and Hartman 1966) is known from Pacific Russia, Japan and Korea (Radashvsky et al. 2020).
Pseudopolydora pulchra
Pseudopolydora pulchra (Carazzi 18183) was described from Naples, Italy, and is widely distibuted in the Mediterranean Sea, the North and Nowegian Seas (Radashevsky 2021b).
Pseudopolydora rosebelae
Pseudopoldora rosebelae is known only fron Brazil and the Indian River Lagoon, Florida Bogantes et al. 2021).
Ecology
General:
Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata is an estuarine spionid polychaete, which dwells in mud and mucus tubes in sediment, and in fouling communities on hard surfaces. The sexes are separate. Males and females mature at about 30-35 mm (Radashevsky et al. 2020). Eggs are laid in capsules, linked in strings attached to the interior of the tubes. Capsules in California and Japanese estuaries contained up to 35-50 eggs, with 7-10 capsules on a string. Larvae are released from the capsules at the 3-chaetiger stage, and feed in the plankton (Blake and Woodwick 1975; Myohara 1980). California larvae settle and metamorphose at about 13-17 chaetigers (Blake and Woodwick 1975), while Japanese larvae were reported to settle at 23-33 chaetigers, and a length of 1.5-2.8 mm, about 2 weeks after hatching at 23C (Myohara 1980). Blake and Woodwick (1975) do not give the development time, but indicate that the pattern of development was planktotrophic and longer than the short lecithotrophic larval period which they observed in P. kempi. The Japanese larvae matured 24-31 days after hatching, at 5-10 mm length and 45-50 chaetigers (Myohara 1980). Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata reaches a maximum size of 18 mm (Radashevsky 1993).
Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata is known from cold-temperate to subtropical estuarine-marine habitats from the tropics to cold-temperate waters. Its habitats include subtidal and intertidal soft substrates of sand or mud, where it oncstructs tubes up to 45 mm long, extending up to 10 mm above the surface (Radshevsky et al. 2020).. It is also known from salt marshes, and fouling communities in marinas and harbors (Barnard 1958; Blake and Woodwick 1975; Myohara 1980; Ferraro and Cole 2007). This polychaete does not seem to extend very far into brackish or hypersaline conditions, compared to some other spionids. We found reports over a range of about 15-37 PSU (Ferraro and Cole 2007; Simboura et al. 2010). It was found, with P. cornuta, in the polluted portions of Hong Kong (Lu and Wu 2007) and Izmir Bay, Turkey (Dagli et al. 2011; Cinar et al. 2012), and in harbors contaminated with copper (Neira et al. 2013). However, in the Oslofjord, Norway, abundance of P. paucibranchiata was negatively correlated with copper content (Olsgard 1999). Adults of P. paucibranchiata are capable of shifting between deposit-feeding detritus and surface-microalgae to suspension-feeding (phytoplankton and suspended particles). Their ciliated palps can either stretch over the sediment surface to pick up sediment particles, or wave in the current to pick up phytoplankton (Shimeta 1996). Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata can reach high abundances, and is probably important prey for fishes and benthic invertebrates.
Food:
Phytoplankton, benthic microalgae, detritus
Consumers:
Fish, crabs, shrimps
Trophic Status:
Deposit Suspension Feeder
DepSusFedHabitats
General Habitat | Unstructured Bottom | None |
General Habitat | Salt-brackish marsh | None |
General Habitat | Marinas & Docks | None |
Salinity Range | Polyhaline | 18-30 PSU |
Salinity Range | Euhaline | 30-40 PSU |
Tidal Range | Subtidal | None |
Tidal Range | Low Intertidal | None |
Vertical Habitat | Endobenthic | None |
Vertical Habitat | Epibenthic | None |
Tolerances and Life History Parameters
Minimum Salinity (‰) | 15 | Field, minimum salinity for Willapa Bay sediment (Ferraro and Cole 1996) |
Maximum Salinity (‰) | 37 | Typical Aegean Sea Salinity |
Minimum Reproductive Temperature | 11 | Start of spawning, Peter the Great Bay (Radashevsky et al. 2020). |
Minimum Duration | 10 | Laboratory, Japan, 23 C (Myohara 1980) |
Maximum Duration | 24 | Laboratory, Japan, 23 C (Myohara 1980) |
Minimum Length (mm) | 5 | Minimum size at maturity (Blake and Woodiwick 1975; Myohara 1980) |
Maximum Length (mm) | 18 | Russia (Radashevsky 1993; Radashevsky et al. 2020) |
Broad Temperature Range | None | Cold temperate-Subtropical |
Broad Salinity Range | None | Polyhaline-Euhaline |
General Impacts
Ecological ImpactsPseudopolydora paucibranchiata can be abundant in soft sediments and fouling communities, and has been found in some polluted habitats in San Diego Bay (California), Izmire Bay (Turkey) and Hong Kong (Lu and Wu 2007; Dagli et al. 2011; Cinar et al. 2012; Neira et al. 2013). It may have some ability to displace native species in stressful environments, but it is not regarded as a strong 'pollution indicator' to the same extent as Polydora cornuta.
Regional Distribution Map
Bioregion | Region Name | Year | Invasion Status | Population Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
P130 | Humboldt Bay | 2000 | Non-native | Established |
P062 | _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) | 2000 | Non-native | Established |
P060 | Santa Monica Bay | 2000 | Non-native | Established |
P023 | _CDA_P023 (San Louis Rey-Escondido) | 2000 | Non-native | Established |
P027 | _CDA_P027 (Aliso-San Onofre) | 1998 | Non-native | Established |
P030 | Mission Bay | 1996 | Non-native | Established |
P112 | _CDA_P112 (Bodega Bay) | 1994 | Non-native | Established |
NEP-IV | Puget Sound to Northern California | 1976 | Non-native | Established |
P065 | _CDA_P065 (Santa Barbara Channel) | 1975 | Non-native | Established |
P070 | Morro Bay | 1975 | Non-native | Established |
P090 | San Francisco Bay | 1973 | Non-native | Established |
NEP-V | Northern California to Mid Channel Islands | 1972 | Non-native | Established |
P110 | Tomales Bay | 1972 | Non-native | Established |
P080 | Monterey Bay | 1972 | Non-native | Established |
P040 | Newport Bay | 1961 | Non-native | Established |
P020 | San Diego Bay | 1952 | Non-native | Established |
P050 | San Pedro Bay | 1951 | Non-native | Established |
NEP-VI | Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California | 1951 | Non-native | Established |
Occurrence Map
OCC_ID | Author | Year | Date | Locality | Status | Latitude | Longitude |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
756057 | ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data | 2000 | 2000-09-13 | Morro Bay Epifaunal 08 | Non-native | 35.3644 | -120.8549 |
756058 | ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data | 2000 | 2000-09-13 | Port Hueneme Infaunal 01 | Non-native | 34.1538 | -119.2106 |
756059 | ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data | 2000 | 2000-09-13 | Port Hueneme Infaunal 03 | Non-native | 34.1537 | -119.2091 |
756060 | ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data | 2000 | 2000-09-13 | Port Hueneme Infaunal 14 | Non-native | 34.1491 | -119.2085 |
756061 | ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data | 2000 | 2000-09-14 | Port Hueneme Infaunal 16 | Non-native | 34.1486 | -119.2019 |
756062 | ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data | 2000 | 2000-09-14 | Port Hueneme Infaunal 25 | Non-native | 34.1482 | -119.2038 |
756063 | ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data | 2000 | 2000-11-08 | Port Hueneme Epifaunal 01 | Non-native | 34.1527 | -119.2103 |
756064 | ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data | 2000 | 2000-11-08 | Port Hueneme Epifaunal 07 | Non-native | 34.1477 | -119.2042 |
756065 | ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data | 2000 | 2000-11-08 | Port Hueneme Epifaunal 11 | Non-native | 34.1537 | -119.2106 |
756066 | ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data | 2000 | 2000-11-08 | Port Hueneme Epifaunal 18 | Non-native | 34.1537 | -119.2090 |
756067 | ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data | 2001 | 2001-07-11 | Marina Del Rey Epifaunal 04 | Non-native | 33.9760 | -118.4460 |
756068 | ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data | 2001 | 2001-08-14 | Oceanside Epifaunal 05 | Non-native | 33.2058 | -117.3898 |
756069 | ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data | 2001 | 2001-09-19 | Tomales Bay Infaunal 04 | Non-native | 38.1444 | -122.9006 |
756070 | ISS 2000-2002 Survey Data | 2001 | 2001-09-19 | Tomales Bay Infaunal 06 | Non-native | 38.1511 | -122.8887 |
756071 | Introduced Species Study | 2003 | 2003-08-26 | Ballena Island 2 | Non-native | 37.7665 | -122.2851 |
756072 | Introduced Species Study | 2003 | 2003-08-26 | BerkeleyHarbor | Non-native | 37.8666 | -122.3176 |
756073 | Introduced Species Study | 2003 | 2003-08-26 | BerkeleyHarbor3 | Non-native | 37.8654 | -122.3124 |
756074 | Introduced Species Study | 2003 | 2003-08-27 | Loch Lomond | Non-native | 37.9719 | -122.4838 |
756075 | Introduced Species Study | 2003 | 2003-08-27 | Loch Lomond 2 | Non-native | 37.9717 | -122.4811 |
756076 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-01-24 | Point Loma | Non-native | 32.6660 | -117.2444 |
756077 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-02-09 | Pin Rock | Non-native | 33.4275 | -118.5071 |
756078 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-04-14 | Point Reyes | Non-native | 37.9031 | -122.7259 |
756079 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-06-07 | Aquatic Park | Non-native | 37.8080 | -122.4216 |
756080 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-06-07 | Oakland Inner Harbor - Small marinas | Non-native | 37.7847 | -122.2669 |
756081 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-06-07 | Port of Oakland Office | Non-native | 37.7954 | -122.2804 |
756082 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-06-08 | Sea Plane Lagoon | Non-native | 37.7761 | -122.2998 |
756083 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-06-09 | Paradise Area | Non-native | 37.9062 | -122.4768 |
756084 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-06-09 | Paradise Cay | Non-native | 37.9146 | -122.4776 |
756085 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-06-09 | Richardson Bay | Non-native | 37.8588 | -122.4798 |
756086 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-06-10 | Toll Plaza | Non-native | 37.8266 | -122.3166 |
756087 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-08-19 | Ayala Cove | Non-native | 37.8680 | -122.4350 |
756088 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-08-25 | China Basin | Non-native | 37.7780 | -122.3881 |
756089 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-08-25 | Ferry Terminal Pier | Non-native | 37.7945 | -122.3917 |
756090 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-09-07 | Redwood Creek - Marina | Non-native | 37.5021 | -122.2130 |
756091 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-09-08 | Pier 45 | Non-native | 37.8111 | -122.4196 |
756092 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-09-08 | Saint Francis Yacht Harbor | Non-native | 37.8066 | -122.4463 |
756093 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-09-09 | Sea Plane Harbor | Non-native | 37.6349 | -122.3848 |
756094 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-09-09 | Sierra Point Marina | Non-native | 37.6740 | -122.3792 |
756095 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-04 | Berkeley Flats/Berkeley Pier | Non-native | 37.8600 | -122.3256 |
756096 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-06 | Chevron Pier | Non-native | 37.9228 | -122.4105 |
756097 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-06 | Point Richmond Piers | Non-native | 37.9085 | -122.3913 |
756098 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-06 | Richmond Marina | Non-native | 37.9137 | -122.3504 |
756099 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-06 | Santa Fe Channel - Back | Non-native | 37.9207 | -122.3684 |
756100 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-19 | Hercules Wharf | Non-native | 38.0231 | -122.2928 |
756101 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-10-20 | San Pablo Bay Pumphouse | Non-native | 38.0446 | -122.4326 |
756102 | Introduced Species Study | 2005 | 2005-11-16 | Alcatraz | Non-native | 37.8253 | -122.4223 |
756103 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-07-25 | Private Dock | Non-native | 34.1798 | -119.2297 |
756104 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-07-27 | Harbor Entrance | Non-native | 34.4069 | -119.6913 |
756105 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-07-27 | SB Yacht Harbor | Non-native | 34.4045 | -119.6919 |
756106 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-08-09 | Dilapidated Dock Area | Non-native | 40.7291 | -124.2198 |
756107 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-08-10 | Tomales Bay Boat Launch | Non-native | 38.1991 | -122.9220 |
756108 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-08-10 | Tony's Place | Non-native | 38.1466 | -122.8832 |
756109 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-08-11 | SE Side of Bay | Non-native | 38.3258 | -123.0410 |
756110 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-08-21 | APL Terminal | Non-native | 33.7348 | -118.2479 |
756111 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-08-21 | Loading Dock at Bumper Pad #51 | Non-native | 33.7410 | -118.2746 |
756112 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-08-22 | Backside of Working Container Ship Pier | Non-native | 33.7667 | -118.2774 |
756113 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-08-22 | Port of Los Angeles Clock Tower | Non-native | 33.7540 | -118.2697 |
756114 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-08-23 | Hyundai Container Ship Dock | Non-native | 33.7628 | -118.2144 |
756115 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-08-24 | Near Huntington Launch Ramp | Non-native | 33.7279 | -118.0786 |
756116 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-08-24 | Pump-A-Head Dock | Non-native | 33.7026 | -118.0542 |
756117 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-08-25 | Northern Corner of Harbor | Non-native | 33.9830 | -118.4465 |
756118 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-09-12 | Dana Inn Marina | Non-native | 32.7671 | -117.2362 |
756119 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-09-14 | Back Bay Marina | Non-native | 33.6194 | -117.8933 |
756120 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-09-14 | Balboa Coves | Non-native | 33.6213 | -117.9364 |
756121 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-09-15 | Dana Point Harbor Mouth Slip | Non-native | 33.4594 | -117.6941 |
756122 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-09-15 | Small Boat Slip | Non-native | 33.4605 | -117.7020 |
756123 | Introduced Species Study | 2006 | 2006-11-02 | Monterey Private Slip | Non-native | 36.6034 | -121.8905 |
756124 | Introduced Species Study | 2007 | 2007-12-11 | Pin Rock | Non-native | 33.4275 | -118.5071 |
756125 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-05-31 | Redwood Creek - Marina | Non-native | 37.5021 | -122.2130 |
756126 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-05-31 | Redwood Creek - Shipping | Non-native | 37.5120 | -122.2109 |
756127 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-01 | Coyote Point Marina | Non-native | 37.5905 | -122.3177 |
756128 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-02 | Ballena Bay | Non-native | 37.7661 | -122.2834 |
756129 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-12 | McNears Beach | Non-native | 37.9962 | -122.4556 |
756130 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-13 | Coyote Point | Non-native | 37.5920 | -122.3210 |
756131 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-06-28 | Chevron Pier | Non-native | 37.9228 | -122.4105 |
756132 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-07-13 | Ayala Cove | Non-native | 37.8680 | -122.4350 |
756133 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-07-13 | Port Sonoma/Petaluma R. | Non-native | 38.1157 | -122.5026 |
756134 | Introduced Species Study | 2010 | 2010-07-15 | San Pablo Bay Pumphouse | Non-native | 38.0446 | -122.4326 |
756135 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-06 | Harbor Entrance | Non-native | 34.4069 | -119.6913 |
756136 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-06 | Radon Corner | Non-native | 34.4047 | -119.6937 |
756137 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-07 | Private Dock | Non-native | 34.1798 | -119.2297 |
756138 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-19 | Back Bay Marina | Non-native | 33.6194 | -117.8933 |
756139 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-19 | Balboa Coves | Non-native | 33.6213 | -117.9364 |
756140 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-19 | Near Huntington Launch Ramp | Non-native | 33.7279 | -118.0786 |
756141 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-19 | Newport Bay Harbor Entrance | Non-native | 33.5974 | -117.8798 |
756142 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-19 | Pump-A-Head Dock | Non-native | 33.7026 | -118.0542 |
756143 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-20 | Fuel Depot | Non-native | 33.7440 | -118.2358 |
756144 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-20 | Slip D-50 | Non-native | 33.7165 | -118.2801 |
756145 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-21 | Long Beach Downtown Marina - ISS | Non-native | 33.7594 | -118.1866 |
756146 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-21 | Super Mexico Pier | Non-native | 33.7708 | -118.2113 |
756147 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-22 | Marina del Rey Harbor Entrance | Non-native | 33.9702 | -118.4496 |
756148 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-04-22 | NW Corner of Harbor | Non-native | 33.9830 | -118.4564 |
756149 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-03 | America's Cup Harbor | Non-native | 32.7239 | -117.2240 |
756150 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-03 | Marine Terminal (Paco) | Non-native | 32.6584 | -117.1191 |
756151 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-03 | San Diego Bay Cruise Ship Terminal | Non-native | 32.7168 | -117.1759 |
756152 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-04 | Dana Inn Marina | Non-native | 32.7671 | -117.2362 |
756153 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-04 | Hilton Resort Dock | Non-native | 32.7788 | -117.2127 |
756154 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-04 | Seaforth | Non-native | 32.7621 | -117.2365 |
756155 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-04 | Ski Islands Marina | Non-native | 32.7939 | -117.2232 |
756156 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-05 | Dana Point Harbor Mouth Slip | Non-native | 33.4594 | -117.6941 |
756157 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-05 | Middle Harbor Yacht Slip | Non-native | 33.2106 | -117.3960 |
756158 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-05 | Ocean Institute Dock | Non-native | 33.4622 | -117.7063 |
756159 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-05-05 | Oceanside Commercial Fishing Dock | Non-native | 33.2057 | -117.3897 |
756160 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-06-06 | Tomales Bay Boat Launch | Non-native | 38.1991 | -122.9220 |
756161 | Introduced Species Study | 2011 | 2011-06-21 | Middle of the Slough | Non-native | 36.8112 | -121.7793 |
759105 | Reish 1954 | 1950 | Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Complex | Non-native | 33.7632 | -118.2526 | |
759106 | Hartman 1952a, cited in Carlton 1979 | 1951 | Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Complex | Non-native | 33.7632 | -118.2526 | |
759107 | Allan Hancock Foundation Collection record, cited in Carlton 1979 | 1951 | Newport Bay | Non-native | 33.6092 | -117.9067 | |
759108 | Carlton 1979 | 1952 | San Diego Bay | Non-native | 32.6717 | -117.1439 | |
759109 | Blake and Woodwick 1975; J. Nybakken, pers. comm. 1977, in Carlton 1979 | 1972 | Elkhorn Slough General Location | Non-native | 36.8086 | -121.7856 | |
759110 | Blake 1975; Blake and Woodwick 1975 | 1972 | Lawson's Landing (Tomales Bay) | Non-native | 38.2314 | -122.9680 | |
759111 | Blake 1975; Blake and Woodwick 1975 | 1972 | Walker Creek Delta (Tomales Bay) | Non-native | 38.2111 | -122.9317 | |
759112 | California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database | 1972 | 1972-05-02 | India Basin Discharge Channel | Non-native | 37.7379 | -122.3747 |
759113 | California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database | 1972 | 1972-12-03 | Corte Madera Creek Channel | Non-native | 37.9425 | -122.5198 |
759114 | Light 1977; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database | 1973 | Hunter's Point, Forbidden Anchorage Zone, S of Explosives Anchorage 12 | Non-native | 37.7375 | -122.3417 | |
759115 | Light 1977; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database | 1973 | Oakland Inner Harbor | Non-native | 37.7961 | -122.3178 | |
759116 | Light 1977; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database | 1974 | 1974-03-04 | Oakland Inner Harbor | Non-native | 37.7961 | -122.3178 |
759117 | Light 1977; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database | 1973 | Redwood City Harbor Entrance, between Channel Markers 2 and 4 | Non-native | 37.5508 | -122.1944 | |
759118 | Light 1977; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database | 1974 | 1974-03-05 | Redwood City Harbor Entrance, between Channel Markers 2 and 4 | Non-native | 37.5508 | -122.1944 |
759119 | Light 1977; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database | 1973 | Redwood City Harbor Entrance, between Channel Markers 5 and 6 | Non-native | 37.5408 | -122.1922 | |
759120 | Light 1977; California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database | 1974 | 1974-06-06 | Redwood City Harbor Entrance, between Channel Markers 5 and 6 | Non-native | 37.5408 | -122.1922 |
759121 | Reish 1975 | 1973 | Outer Anaheim Bay, Station I | Non-native | 33.7314 | -118.0861 | |
759122 | Standing et al. 1975 | 1975 | Bodega Harbor | Non-native | 38.3262 | -123.0495 | |
759123 | Blake and Woodwick 1975 | 1975 | Santa Barbara Harbor | Non-native | 34.4057 | -119.6913 | |
759124 | California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database | 1975 | Submarine Outfall, off Point San Bruno | Non-native | 37.6653 | -122.3636 | |
759125 | Ranasinghe et al. 2005 | 1998 | Channel Islands Harbor | Non-native | 34.1636 | -119.2245 | |
759126 | Ranasinghe et al. 2005 | 1998 | Marina del Rey | Non-native | 33.9759 | -118.4482 | |
759127 | Ranasinghe et al. 2005 | 1998 | Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor | Non-native | 33.7632 | -118.2526 | |
759128 | Ranasinghe et al. 2005 | 1998 | Anaheim Bay | Non-native | 33.7333 | -118.0894 | |
759129 | Ranasinghe et al. 2005 | 1998 | Newport Bay | Non-native | 33.6092 | -117.9067 | |
759130 | Ranasinghe et al. 2005 | 1998 | Dana Point Harbor | Non-native | 33.4599 | -117.6981 | |
759131 | Ranasinghe et al. 2005 | 1998 | Mission Bay | Non-native | 32.7791 | -117.2288 | |
759132 | Ranasinghe et al. 2005 | 1998 | San Diego Bay | Non-native | 32.6717 | -117.1439 | |
759133 | California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology Collections Database | 2001 | 2001-08-30 | San Bruno Shoal | Non-native | 37.6780 | -122.3084 |
759134 | MEC Analytical Systems, Inc. et al. 2002 (Los Angeles/Long Beach Baseline Study of 2000) | 2002 | Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Complex | Non-native | 33.7632 | -118.2526 | |
759135 | Boyd et al. 2002 | 2002 | Hilfiker Road | Non-native | 40.7720 | -124.1960 | |
759136 | Boyd et al. 2002 | 2002 | Mad River Slough - Samoa Blvd. Bridge | Non-native | 40.8652 | -124.1505 | |
759137 | Boyd et al. 2002 | 2002 | Mad River Slough Channel St. 9 | Non-native | 40.8347 | -124.1580 | |
759138 | Boyd et al. 2002 | 2002 | Mad River Slough Channel, St. 45 | Non-native | 40.8645 | -124.1484 | |
759139 | Boyd et al. 2002 | 2002 | Mad River Slough Channel, St. 47 | Non-native | 40.8573 | -124.1429 | |
759140 | Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) | 2002 | 2002-08-24 | Watchorn Basin | Non-native | 33.7203 | -118.2764 |
759141 | Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) | 2002 | 2002-08-29 | King Harbor | Non-native | 33.8464 | -118.3969 |
759142 | Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) | 2002 | 2002-08-30 | Impound Marina | Non-native | 33.7639 | -118.2444 |
759143 | Cohen et al. 2002 (So Cal Exotics RAS) | 2002 | 2002-08-30 | Long Beach Downtown Marina | Non-native | 33.7581 | -118.1894 |
759144 | Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) | 2005 | 2005-05-23 | Brisbane Lagoon, San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.6862 | -122.3906 |
759145 | Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) | 2005 | 2005-05-27 | Coyote Point Marina, San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.5907 | -122.3180 |
759146 | Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) | 2005 | 2005-05-27 | Pete's Harbor, San Francisco Bay | Non-native | 37.5006 | -122.2242 |
759147 | Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) | 2005 | 2005-05-28 | Rodeo Marina, San Pablo Bay | Non-native | 38.0391 | -122.2711 |
759148 | Maloney et al. 2007 | 2005 | 2005-06-28 | Ballast Point | Non-native | 32.6861 | -117.2348 |
759149 | Maloney et al. 2007 | 2005 | 2005-06-28 | Navy - Carrier Base | Non-native | 32.7062 | -117.1886 |
759150 | Maloney et al. 2007 | 2005 | 2005-06-28 | Navy - Seventh St. | Non-native | 32.6699 | -117.1212 |
759151 | Maloney et al. 2007 | 2005 | 2005-06-28 | Shelter Island Marina | Non-native | 32.7180 | -117.2255 |
759152 | Maloney et al. 2007 | 2005 | 2005-06-29 | America's Cup Harbor | Non-native | 32.7239 | -117.2240 |
759153 | Maloney et al. 2007 | 2005 | 2005-06-29 | Bulk Carrier Terminal | Non-native | 32.6969 | -117.1526 |
759154 | Maloney et al. 2007 | 2005 | 2005-06-29 | Coronado Cays | Non-native | 32.6274 | -117.1329 |
759155 | Maloney et al. 2007 | 2005 | 2005-06-29 | Coronado Wharf | Non-native | 32.6992 | -117.1684 |
759156 | Maloney et al. 2007 | 2005 | 2005-06-29 | Derelict Graveyard | Non-native | 32.6477 | -117.1269 |
759157 | Maloney et al. 2007 | 2005 | 2005-06-29 | Glorietta Bay | Non-native | 32.6796 | -117.1740 |
759158 | Maloney et al. 2007 | 2005 | 2005-06-29 | Harbor Island Marina | Non-native | 32.7266 | -117.2128 |
759159 | Maloney et al. 2007 | 2005 | 2005-06-29 | Kelco Dock | Non-native | 32.6927 | -117.1470 |
759160 | Maloney et al. 2007 | 2005 | 2005-06-29 | Marine Terminal (Paco) | Non-native | 32.6584 | -117.1191 |
759161 | Maloney et al. 2007 | 2005 | 2005-06-29 | San Diego Bay Commercial Fishing Fleet | Non-native | 32.7109 | -117.1739 |
759162 | Maloney et al. 2007 | 2005 | 2005-06-29 | Switzer Creek | Non-native | 32.7043 | -117.1615 |
768550 | Ruiz et al., 2021b | 2017 | 2017-07-24 | Alamitos Bay Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 33.7487 | -118.1136 |
768625 | Ruiz et al., 2021b | 2017 | 2017-07-25 | Cabrillo Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 33.7198 | -118.2773 |
768851 | Ruiz et al., 2021b | 2017 | 2017-08-02 | Shoreline Public Marina, San Pedro Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 33.7598 | -118.1877 |
770081 | Ruiz et al., 2021b | 2018 | 2018-08-08 | Port of LB Pier F, San Pedro Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 33.7472 | -118.2130 |
770218 | Ruiz et al., 2021b | 2017 | 2017-08-06 | Bahia Corinthian Yacht Club, Newport Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 33.6068 | -117.8855 |
770438 | Ruiz et al., 2021b | 2017 | 2017-08-06 | Harbor Patrol Public Dock, Newport Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 33.6023 | -117.8835 |
770755 | Ruiz et al., 2021a | 2017 | 2017-09-14 | Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 38.0446 | -122.1547 |
774998 | Ruiz et al., 2022 | 2016 | 2016-09-14 | San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA | Non-native | 37.6978 | -122.1928 |
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