Invasion History

First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1897
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1897
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record: 1998

General Invasion History:

Synidotea laticauda was described from San Francisco Bay, California, by Benedict in 1897 and was later found in Willapa Bay, Washington in 1987 (Chapman and Carlton 1991). However, it has not been found in other West Coast estuaries. This isopod's limited West Coast range, its taxonomic affinities with Indo-Pacific species, and its association with fouling communities are indicative of introduced status (Carlton 1979; Chapman and Carlton 1991). Synidotea laticauda was discovered on the East Coast in South Carolina, Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, and Hudson River estuary in 1998-2003, (Bushek and Boyd 2006; Elizabeth Jewett personal communication 2002; Pederson et al. 2003; South Carolina Department of Natural Resources 2007) and in European estuaries in 1975-2009, from the Guadalquivir River, Spain, to the Westerschelde Estuary, Netherlands (Mees and Fockedey 1993; Cuesta et al. 1996; Soors et al. 2010; Faasse 2012). Synidotea laticauda is possibly a junior synonym of the Northwest Pacific species S. laevidorsalis (Miers 1881), together with two species in Atlantic South America (S. marplatensis, S. brunnea) and two in Southeast Australia [(S. grisea, and S. keablei) (Chapman and Carlton 1991; Chapman and Carlton 1994)]. These synonymies have been disputed by Poore (1996), but nonetheless, biogeographical considerations support the status of S. laticauda as an introduced species on the West and East coasts of North America, and within Europe. A recent morphological and genetic identification of S. laticauda from the Yangtze estuary, China, supports the hypothesis that S. laticauda is an estuarine species of Asian origin (Liu et al. 2017).

Molecular analysis is needed to examine the taxonomic and invasion status of this species. Chapman and Carlton (1991) synonymized S. laticauda with the Northwest Pacific S. laevidorsalis. This synonymy has been questioned, and by implication, the introduced status of Synidotea laticauda/laevidorsalis in San Francisco Bay (Poore 1996). Synidotea laevidorsalis was described from 'Jatiyama Bay' (=Tateyama Bay?), Japan (Miers 1881, cited by Benedict 1897; Chapman and Carlton 1991), and ranges from Vladivostok, Russia and Hakodate, Japan to the Yangtze River estuary (Huang 1981, cited by Carlton and Chapman 1991) and Pusan, South Korea (Kang and Yun 1988). Most of the records appear to be shallow marine locations with seagrass and algae (Kang and Yun 1988) but S. laticauda was abundant on pilings and fouling plates, among brackish water fauna in the Yangtze estuary (Huang et al. 1981; Liu et al. 2017).

A consequence of Poore's argument (Poore 1996), is that many authors (e.g, Soors et al. 2010; Faasse 2012) assume that S. laticauda is native to San Francisco Bay and the West Coast, ignoring the biogeographical history of San Francisco Bay, which makes the evolution of an endemic isopod of this species group improbable (Carlton 1979; Chapman and Carlton 1991). The hypothesis of the synonymy with S. laevidorsalis and introduced status for the South American and Australian populations remains unresolved (Schram 2010; James Carlton; John Chapman, personal communications). The careful application of molecular methods, with sufficient sampling of the populations over their various ranges, may be needed to resolve the status of these nominal species (Geller et al. 2010). Synidotea laticauda has been collected and identified by morphological and molecular methods in the Yangtze estuary, China, within a probable native region (Liu et al. 2017). Further morphological and ecological studies of the S. laticauda/laevidorsalis complex are desirable. Cryptic diversity and invasions are likely within this isopod group.

North American Invasion History:

Invasion History on the West Coast:

Synidotea laticauda was described from San Francisco Bay, California, by Benedict in 1897 (Benedict 1897). Many specimens were collected from the Bay in the 'Albatross' US Fish Commission Surveys of 1912 (USNM 53123-53296, U.S. National Museum of Natural History 2015), at 7-29 m depth. It has been found throughout the bay and into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Menzies and Miller 1979; Carlton 1979). It is generally found in estuarine waters, ranging from salinities of 1 to 30 PSU, and is associated with hydroids, particularly the introduced Garveia franciscana (Menzies and Miller 1972; Carlton 1979; Cohen and Carlton 1995). Gewant and Bollens (2005) found it to be the third most abundant macro-zooplankton species in San Francisco Bay, with its highest densities in the South Bay, during October-January. In 1987, it was collected in Willapa Bay, Washington, and is assumed to be established there (Chapman and Carlton 1991).

Invasion History on the East Coast:

Synidotea laticauda was first collected in the Stono River, just outside Charleston Harbor in South Carolina, in 1998 (USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program 2007). It was later found further south in the Combahee River and Dawho Rivers (South Carolina Department of Natural Resources 2007). In 1999, it was discovered in Delaware Bay, at the Haskins Shellfish Laboratory, at the mouth of the Maurice River. In 2005, it was found over about 40 km of the bay's length on the New Jersey side, from the Cohansey River to Dennis Creek (Cape May County), at a salinity range of 22-4 PSU. Up to 29,000 animals were collected in the Maurice River in October, 2004 (Bushek and Boyd 2006). In 2002, S. laticauda was collected in Norfolk Harbor, Virginia, in the Chesapeake Bay (Elizabeth Jewett personal communication 2004, identified by Marilyn Schotte, U.S. Museum of Natural History). Later collections were made in the James River estuary, on the hulls of obsolete cargo ships in 2006 (Davidson et al. 2008); at Gloucester Point in the York River (Emmett Duffy, personal communication, 10/4/12); and off Curtis Point, Shady Side, Maryland, on the West River (12/17/14, Robert Aguilar, personal communication). In 2003, S. laticauda was collected at the mouth of the Hudson River, at the South Street Seaport in fouling communities. In 2006-2009, it was found to be common in benthic samples and on piers of the Tappan Zee Bridge (New York State Department of Transportation 2012). While East Coast collections are spotty, they do indicate that S. laticauda is widespread in mesohaline-polyhaline regions of estuaries from South Carolina to the Hudson River, New York, and can be locally abundant.

Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:

Synidotea laticauda was collected in European waters in the Gironde estuary, France, as early as 1975, but was originally misidentified as the native Idotea emarginata. It was found over a range of 1-20 PSU, but was most abundant at 3 PSU (Mees and Fockedey 1993). Later European collections were in the Guadalquivir River estuary, southern Atlantic Spain in 1991-1994 (Cuesta et al. 1996); the Scheldt estuary, Belgium in 2005 (Soors et al. 2010); and the Westerschelde estuary, the Netherlands in 2009 (Faasse 2012), all under estuarine conditions (0.4-24 PSU).


Description

Synidotea laticauda is an estuarine isopod orignially described from San Frnacisco Bay (Benedict 1897). The recent geological history of the Bay and the absence of similar species on the West Coast suggested origins elsewhere (Carlton 1979). Chapman and Carlton (1991; 1994) suggested a synonymy of S. laticauda with the Indo-Pacific S. laevidorsalis, together with several Australian and South American species, but this was strongly dispuited by Poore et al. (1993). Specimens of Synidotea laticauda have now been identified morphologically and genetically, from the Yangtze River, a likely native site. A specimen of 'S. laevidorsalis' from Korea also was genetically identified as S. laticauda (Liu et al. 2017). More widspread studies of the worldwide S. laticauda/laevidorsalis complex are desirable. However, Liu et al.'s description of the Chinese specimens and their habitat matches that of North American and European specimens, so the name S laticauda is now generally accepted (Nuño et al. 2018; Ruiz-Delgado et al. 2019).

The body outline of Synidotea laticauda is a truncated oval shape, with a strongly concave pleotelon posterior margin, a deep median groove, and a squared-off head with a shallow median indentation. The eyes are dark and bulge outward. The pleotelson is about 1/3 the body length, and only slightly longer than wide. Ovigerous females are broader than males, or non-ovigerous females. The cephalon and peraeon lack scales, tubercles, or ridges. The first 3 peraeonites have evenly rounded edges, while the borders of the other peraeonites are fairly straight. The anterior medial edge of peraeonites 2-4 have a crescent or half-moon pattern, which becomes narrower on posterior peraeonites. Peraeonite 4 is the widest part of the body. In S. laticauda, the 5th segment of Antenna 2 is long and prominent. In males, segments 1-3 bear long setae (Menzies and Miller 1972, illustration). Antenna 2 can be stretched back to pereaonite 5. The pereiopods increase in length posteriorly. Pereiopods 2-7 are longer than the body width. The maxillipedal palp consists of three segments. Pleopods 2 are modified for copulation, with the inner ramus of each modified into a needle-like stylet, the appendix masculina. Adult males reach 25 mm in length, but females are smaller, reaching 16 mm. The background color of live animals is tan, mottled with dark brown, and with a darker mid-dorsal stripe. This description is based on: Benedict 1897, Richardson 1905, Schultz 1969, Menzies and Miller 1972, Chapman and Carlton 1991, Cuesta et al. 1996, Poore 1996, Bushek and Boyd 2006, Brusca et al. 2007, Faasse 2012.

Synidotea spp. is a widely distributed genus, with many species in polar, temperate, and tropical climates, in deep and shallow waters, and in both marine and estuarine habitats (Schultz 1969; Menzies and Miller 1972). Chapman and Carlton (1991) proposed that S. laticauda in San Francisco (California) and Willapa Bays (Washington); and S. marplatensis Giambiagi, 1922 and S. brunnea Pires and Moreira, 1975 from the Atlantic coast of South America were synonyms of the Northwest Pacific S. laevidorsalis Miers 1881, and were introduced by shipping to their various habitats. Chapman and Carlton (1994) added the Australian species S. keableri and S. grisea to the list of probable synonyms of S. laevidorsalis. Most of the biometric characters that had been used to distinguish these species were size-dependent. When these measurements were plotted against body length, these nominal species clustered along a single line (Chapman and Carlton 1991; Chapman and Carlton 1994). Poore (1996) noted differences in body shape, coloration, and setae number and location between the putative species which he considered independent of body size. However, Chapman and Carlton (1991) note that setation can vary with age and time between molts. The status of these various putative species is uncertain. Molecular studies of these isopods are highly desirable to resolve their taxonomy and invasion history.


Taxonomy

Taxonomic Tree

Kingdom:   Animalia
Phylum:   Arthropoda
Subphylum:   Crustacea
Class:   Malacostraca
Subclass:   Eumalacostraca
Superorder:   Peracarida
Order:   Isopoda
Suborder:   Valvifera
Family:   Idoteidae
Genus:   Synidotea
Species:   laticauda

Synonyms

Synidotea brunnea (Pires and Moreira, 1975)
Synidotea grisea (Poore and Lew Ton, 1993)
Synidotea keablei (Poore and Lew Ton, 1993)
Synidotea marplatensis (Giambaggi, 1922)
Synidotea hirtipes laevidorsalis (Miers, 1881)
Synidotea laevidorsalis (Benedict, 1897)

Potentially Misidentified Species

Synidotea harfordi
Northeast Pacific (Baja California-Mexico), Northwest Pacific (Sea of Japan), shallow marine waters (Menzies and Miller 1972)

Ecology

General:

Male Synidotea laticauda are larger than females, with pleopods modified into stylets and the presence of an appendix masculina, which is involved in copulation. The young are brooded by the female, and development is direct (Menzies and Miller 1972; Poore 1996). Females in Delaware Bay had broods of 12 to 70 young (Boyd 2008).

Synidotea laticauda is known primarily from shallow (0-10 m) estuarine habitats, at polyhaline to oligohaline salinities. It tolerates wide ranges of temperature, 0-28C in the Delaware Bay (Bushek and Boyd 2006). In San Francisco Bay, California, it ranges from salinities of 1 to 29 PSU (Menzies and Miller 1972), and has been found at salinities within this range in Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay, the Guadalquivir estuary (Spain), and the Schelde estuary (Belgium-Netherlands) (Mees and Fockedey 1993; Cuesta et al. 1996; Soors et al. 2010; Faasse et al. 2012; Ruiz et al., unpublished data). However, they appear to be absent from completely fresh waters (Menzies and Miller 1972; Mees and Fockedey 1993; Ruiz-Delgado et al. 2019), and do not survive experimental transfers (Boyd 2008). This species is a weak osmoregulator, and is most abundant at 15-25 PSU, close to its isosmotic point, where metabolic costs of osmoregulation are least (Delgado-Ruiz etal. 2019).

Synidotea laticauda is an active swimmer, but its movements and migrations have not been described (Gewant and Bollens 2005). It is assumed to feed on the hydroid Garveia franciscana in San Francisco Bay (Menzies and Miller 1972). In Delaware Bay, S. laticauda fed on Nereid polychaetes, bryozoans, juvenile S. laticauda, dead oysters, dead S. laticauda, fish flesh, Ulva, and the leaves of Spartina alterniflora (Boyd 2008). Fishes with one or more S. laticauda in their gut contents were White Perch (Morone americana), Oyster Toadfish (Opsanus tau), White Catfish (Ameiurus catus), American Eel (Anguilla rostrata), and Atlantic Croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) (Boyd 2008). In Suisun Marsh, in the San Francisco estuary, isopods (probably mostly S. laticauda) were eaten by Tule Perch (Hysterocarpus traski), Prickly Sculpin (Cottus asper), Staghorn Sculpin (Leptocarpus armatus), Yellowfin Goby (Acanthogobius flavimanus, introduced), and Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis, introduced), but appeared to be prey of only moderate to minor importance (Feyrer et al. 2003).

Most records of the related species synonymized with S. laevidorsalis and South American and Australian species are reported from algae, seagrass, or mangrove habitats, apparently at higher salinities and more marine conditions than those of S. laticauda (Moreira 1972; Pires and Moreira 1975; Kang and Yun 1988; Poore 1996)

Food:

Polychaetes, bryozoans, isopods, algae, carrion

Consumers:

Fishes

Trophic Status:

Omnivore

Omni

Habitats

General HabitatCoarse Woody DebrisNone
General HabitatOyster ReefNone
General HabitatMarinas & DocksNone
General HabitatRockyNone
General HabitatUnstructured BottomNone
Salinity RangeOligohaline0.5-5 PSU
Salinity RangeMesohaline5-18 PSU
Salinity RangePolyhaline18-30 PSU
Salinity RangeEuhaline30-40 PSU
Tidal RangeSubtidalNone
Tidal RangeLow IntertidalNone
Vertical HabitatEpibenthicNone


Tolerances and Life History Parameters

Minimum Temperature (ºC)0Delaware Bay (Bushek and Boyd 2006)
Maximum Temperature (ºC)30Experimental, Delaware Bay (Boyd 2008)
Minimum Salinity (‰)1Field data, San Francisco Bay (Menzies and Miller 1972); 2 PSU, Guadalquivir Estuary, Spain (Ruiz-Delgado et al. 2019, lab survival)
Maximum Salinity (‰)35Experimental, Adults and juveniles (5, 11, 25 C) The upper value from field data is 29.1 in San Francisco Bay (Menzies and Miller 1972). This was the highest salinity tested in San Francisco Bay (Menzies and Miller 1972) and the Guadalquivir estuary, Spain (Ruiz-Delgado et al. 2019).
Minimum Length (mm)3.9Probably immature, Spain (Cuesta et al. 1996)
Maximum Length (mm)25.3Spain (Cuesta et al. 1996, probably male); female, 16 mm (Netherlands, Faasse 2011).
Broad Temperature RangeNoneCold temperate-Warm temperate
Broad Salinity RangeNoneOligohaline-Euhaline

General Impacts

No economic or ecological impacts have been reported for Synidotea laticauda in its introduced range. However, it may be a significant benthic predator, or food item for fishes in some locations (Menzies and Miller 1972; Boyd 2008).

Regional Distribution Map

Bioregion Region Name Year Invasion Status Population Status
NEP-IV Puget Sound to Northern California 1989 Non-native Established
P093 _CDA_P093 (San Pablo Bay) 1897 Non-native Established
P090 San Francisco Bay 1897 Non-native Established
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 1897 Non-native Established

Occurrence Map

OCC_ID Author Year Date Locality Status Latitude Longitude
756283 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-06-08 Sea Plane Lagoon Non-native 37.7761 -122.2998
756284 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-07 Dumbarton Bridge Non-native 37.5070 -122.1168
756285 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-09-07 Railroad Bridge Non-native 37.4602 -121.9750
756286 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-06 Santa Fe Channel - Back Non-native 37.9207 -122.3684
756287 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-07 Benicia Waterfront Non-native 38.0401 -122.1385
756288 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-07 Martinez Marina Non-native 38.0276 -122.1371
756289 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-07 New York Point Marina Non-native 38.0400 -121.8863
756290 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-18 Pacheco Creek Oil Pier Non-native 38.0489 -122.0903
756291 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-19 Hercules Wharf Non-native 38.0231 -122.2928
756292 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-19 Mare Island Strait - Marina Non-native 38.1051 -122.2667
756293 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-19 Mare Island Strait - Navy Non-native 38.1015 -122.2695
756294 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-19 Napa Valley Marina Non-native 38.2198 -122.3119
756295 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 Loch Lomond Marina Area Non-native 37.9720 -122.4832
756296 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 Point San Pablo Yacht Harbor Non-native 37.9643 -122.4185
756297 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 Port Sonoma/Petaluma R. Non-native 38.1157 -122.5026
756298 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-20 San Pablo Bay Pumphouse Non-native 38.0446 -122.4326
756299 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Ayala Cove Non-native 37.8680 -122.4350
756300 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-10-21 Richardson Bay Non-native 37.8588 -122.4798
756301 Introduced Species Study 2005 2005-11-14 Cal Maritime Academy/Vallejo Non-native 38.0661 -122.2299
756302 Introduced Species Study 2006 2006-08-10 Tomales Bay Boat Launch Non-native 38.1991 -122.9220
756303 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-05-31 Dumbarton Bridge Non-native 37.5070 -122.1168
756304 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-05-31 Railroad Bridge Non-native 37.4602 -121.9750
756305 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-05-31 Redwood Creek - Marina Non-native 37.5021 -122.2130
756306 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-05-31 Redwood Creek - Shipping Non-native 37.5120 -122.2109
756307 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-03 Treasure Island Non-native 37.8149 -122.3702
756308 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-11 Cal Maritime Academy/Vallejo Non-native 38.0661 -122.2299
756309 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-12 China Camp Non-native 38.0025 -122.4617
756310 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-13 Hayward Landing Non-native 37.6447 -122.1543
756311 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Chevron Pier Non-native 37.9228 -122.4105
756312 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-28 Santa Fe Channel - Front Non-native 37.9101 -122.3644
756313 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-29 Benicia Waterfront Non-native 38.0401 -122.1385
756314 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-29 Martinez Marina Non-native 38.0276 -122.1371
756315 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-30 Napa Valley Marina Non-native 38.2198 -122.3119
756316 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-06-30 Rodeo Marina Non-native 38.0394 -122.2717
756317 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-13 Port Sonoma/Petaluma R. Non-native 38.1157 -122.5026
756318 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-14 Paradise Cay Non-native 37.9146 -122.4776
756319 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-14 Point San Pablo Yacht Harbor Non-native 37.9643 -122.4185
756320 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-14 Romberg Tiburon Center Non-native 37.8906 -122.4458
756321 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-15 San Pablo Bay Pumphouse Non-native 38.0446 -122.4326
756322 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-29 Mare Island Strait - Navy Non-native 38.1015 -122.2695
756323 Introduced Species Study 2010 2010-07-29 San Mateo Bridge Non-native 37.5806 -122.2543
760660 Miller 1968; Menzies and Miller 1972 1943 1943-07-29 San Francisco Buoy # 1 (Station 79) Non-native 37.6958 -122.3395
760661 Miller 1968; Menzies and Miller 1972 1943 1943-08-05 Crissy Field Seaplane Station Buoy CF (Station 83) Non-native 37.8074 -122.4608
760662 Menzies and Miller 1972 1941 Oakland Estuary Non-native 37.7866 -122.2654
760663 Menzies and Miller 1972 1949 1949-08-02 Berkeley Yacht Harbor Non-native 37.8666 -122.3151
760664 Miller 1968; Menzies and Miller 1972 1943 1943-07-20 San Pablo Bay Lighted Buoy #10 (Station 87) Non-native 38.0392 -122.3502
760665 Miller 1968; Menzies and Miller 1972 1943 1943-07-26 Point Edith Lighted Buoy (Station 76) Non-native 38.0536 -122.0712
760666 Miller 1968; Menzies and Miller 1972 1943 1943-08-04 Carquinez Strait Restricted Area Buoy #1C (Station 82) Non-native 38.0710 -122.2475
760667 Menzies and Miller 1972 1951 1951-11-29 Near Seal Island, Suisun Bay Non-native 38.0624 -122.0382
760668 Miller 1968; Menzies and Miller 1972 1961 Sacramento-San Joaquin River Confluence near Pittsburg Non-native 38.0440 -121.8851
760669 Menzies and Miller 1972 1967 Petaluma River, 6 miles from mouth Non-native 38.1691 -122.5321
760670 Menzies and Miller 1972 1968 1968-02-06 Petaluma River, 2-3 miles from mouth Non-native 38.1356 -122.5150
760671 Chapman and Carlton 1994; Poore 1996; Graening and Rogers 2013 1993 1993-10-03 Port Sonoma Non-native 38.1156 -122.5026
760672 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-25 Port Sonoma, San Pablo Bay Non-native 38.1156 -122.5026
760673 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-27 Pete's Harbor, San Francisco Bay Non-native 37.5006 -122.2242
760674 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-28 Moore's Landing, San Francisco Bay Non-native 38.2261 -122.3076
760675 Cohen et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-28 Napa Valley Marina, San Pablo Bay Non-native 38.2200 -122.3128
760676 Cohen and Chapman 2005 2005 2005-11-27 Buoy # 12 Non-native 37.9138 -122.4443
760677 Cohen and Chapman 2005 2005 2005-11-27 Buoy # 8 Non-native 38.0309 -122.3727
760678 Cohen and Chapman 2005 2005 2005-11-27 Carquinez Buoy Non-native 38.0696 -122.2273
760679 Cohen and Chapman 2005 2005 2005-11-27 Dolphin # 11 Non-native 38.0532 -122.3293
760680 Cohen and Chapman 2005 2005 2005-11-27 Dumbarton Bridge (pylon) Non-native 37.5047 -122.1227
760681 Cohen and Chapman 2005 2005 2005-11-27 San Mateo Bridge (pylon) Non-native 37.5833 -122.2514
760682 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay West, Station 1 (Deep) Non-native 38.0125 -122.3928
760683 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay West, Station 1 (Deep) Non-native 38.0125 -122.3928
760684 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay West, Station 1 (Deep) Non-native 38.0125 -122.3928
760685 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay West, Station 1 (Deep) Non-native 38.0125 -122.3928
760686 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay West, Station 11 (16-18') Non-native 38.0169 -122.4258
760687 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay East, Station 2 (Deep) Non-native 38.0378 -122.3619
760688 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay East, Station 2 (Deep) Non-native 38.0378 -122.3619
760689 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay East, Station 2 (Deep) Non-native 38.0378 -122.3619
760690 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay East, Station 2 (Deep) Non-native 38.0378 -122.3619
760691 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay East, Station 12 (16-18') Non-native 38.0506 -122.3625
760692 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay East, Station 12 (16-18') Non-native 38.0506 -122.3625
760693 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay East, Station 12 (16-18') Non-native 38.0506 -122.3625
760694 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay East, Station 12 (16-18') Non-native 38.0506 -122.3625
760695 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Carquinez Strait, Station 13 (16-18') Non-native 38.0522 -122.1778
760696 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Carquinez Strait, Station 13 (16-18') Non-native 38.0522 -122.1778
760697 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Carquinez Strait, Station 13 (16-18') Non-native 38.0522 -122.1778
760698 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Carquinez Strait, Station 13 (16-18') Non-native 38.0522 -122.1778
760699 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Carquinez Strait, Station 13 (16-18') Non-native 38.0522 -122.1778
760700 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Suisun Bay East, Station 7 (Deep) Non-native 38.0531 -122.9481
760701 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Suisun Bay East, Station 7 (Deep) Non-native 38.0531 -122.9481
760702 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Suisun Bay East, Station 7 (Deep) Non-native 38.0531 -122.9481
760703 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Suisun Bay East, Station 7 (Deep) Non-native 38.0531 -122.9481
760704 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Carquinez Strait, Station 3 (Deep; off Commodore Jones Point) Non-native 38.0542 -122.1756
760705 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Carquinez Strait, Station 3 (Deep; off Commodore Jones Point) Non-native 38.0542 -122.1756
760706 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Carquinez Strait, Station 23 (6-8') Non-native 38.0547 -122.1744
760707 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Suisun Bay East, Station 17 (16-18') Non-native 38.1567 -121.9461
760708 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Suisun Bay East, Station 17 (16-18') Non-native 38.1567 -121.9461
760709 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Suisun Bay, near Point Edith, Station 14 (16-18') Non-native 38.0597 -122.0764
760710 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Suisun Bay, near Point Edith, Station 14 (16-18') Non-native 38.0597 -122.0764
760711 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Suisun Bay, near Point Edith, Station 14 (16-18') Non-native 38.0597 -122.0764
760712 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Suisun Bay near Ryer Island, Station 6 (Deep) Non-native 38.0603 -122.0053
760713 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Suisun Bay near Ryer Island, Station 6 (Deep) Non-native 38.0603 -122.0053
760714 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Suisun Bay near Ryer Island, Station 6 (Deep) Non-native 38.0603 -122.0053
760715 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Suisun Bay near Ryer Island, Station 6 (Deep) Non-native 38.0603 -122.0053
760716 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay West, Station 21 (6-8') Non-native 38.0889 -122.4636
760717 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay West, Station 21 (6-8') Non-native 38.0889 -122.4636
760718 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay West, Station 21 (6-8') Non-native 38.0889 -122.4636
760719 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay West, Station 21 (6-8') Non-native 38.0889 -122.4636
760720 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay West, Station 21 (6-8') Non-native 38.0889 -122.4636
760721 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay East, Station 22 (6-8') Non-native 38.0900 -122.3569
760722 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 San Pablo Bay East, Station 22 (6-8') Non-native 38.0900 -122.3569
760723 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Suisun Bay North, Station 15 (16-18') Non-native 38.1000 -122.0528
760724 Painter 1966b; Hopkins 1986 1963 Suisun Bay North, Station 15 (16-18') Non-native 38.1000 -122.0528
768036 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-08-27 Port of San Francisco Pier 31, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.8078 -122.4060
768150 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-09-06 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 37.9736 -122.4802
768208 Ruiz et al., 2015 2012 2012-08-31 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, CA, California, USA Non-native 38.0663 -122.2130
770742 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770765 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0446 -122.1547
770786 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0667 -122.2132
770794 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-14 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0667 -122.2132
770989 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
771002 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
771013 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
771022 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-25 Redwood City Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.5023 -122.2124
771034 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-19 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3494
771045 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-19 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3494
771088 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-19 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3494
771104 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-19 Richmond Marina Bay Yacht Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9129 -122.3494
771212 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-27 Oakland Yacht Club, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7837 -122.2640
771233 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771239 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771249 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771256 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-18 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9721 -122.4818
771294 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-29 Sausalito Marine Harbor, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.8612 -122.4851
771362 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-21 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6977 -122.1912
771369 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-21 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6977 -122.1912
771384 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-21 San Leandro Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.6977 -122.1912
771400 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-22 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7658 -122.2850
771409 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-22 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7658 -122.2850
771428 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2017 2017-09-22 Ballena Isle Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.7658 -122.2850
771671 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-12 Benicia Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0453 -122.1539
772403 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-28 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9723 -122.4818
772428 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-28 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9723 -122.4818
772441 Ruiz et al., 2021a 2018 2018-09-28 Loch Lomond Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 37.9723 -122.4818
775244 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-04 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0674 -122.2131
775245 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-04 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0674 -122.2131
775246 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-04 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0674 -122.2131
775248 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-04 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0674 -122.2131
775249 Ruiz et al., 2022 2014 2014-09-04 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.0674 -122.2131
775316 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-10 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.4096 -122.1247
775318 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-10 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.4096 -122.1247
775319 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-10 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.4096 -122.1247
775320 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-10 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.4096 -122.1247
775321 Ruiz et al., 2022 2015 2015-09-10 Glen Cove Marina, San Francisco Bay, California, USA Non-native 38.4096 -122.1247
819165 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 San Leandro None 37.6580 -122.2217
819166 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Redwood City None 37.5574 -122.1755
819167 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Coyote Point None 37.5987 -122.3252
819168 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 None None
819169 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Corte Madera None 37.9309 -122.4819
819170 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Oyster Point None 37.6805 -122.3731
819171 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Richardson Bay None 37.8788 -122.4759
819172 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Emeryville None 37.8596 -122.3152
819173 Ruiz GM and JB Geller (2015) 2012 Ballena Isle None 37.7643 -122.2978
820513 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Oracle Park None 37.7780 -122.3843
820514 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Tiburon Ferry None 37.8724 -122.4540
820515 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Point Richmond None 37.9082 -122.3941
820516 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 San Francisco Marina None 37.8076 -122.4332
820517 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Hunter's Point None 37.7058 -122.3750
820518 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Oyster Point None 37.6797 -122.3774
820519 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Richardson Bay None 37.8624 -122.4636
820520 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Albany None 37.8648 -122.3229
820521 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Oakland None 37.6977 -122.2501
820522 Ruiz GM, Chang AL, and JB Geller (2023) 2022 Ballena Isle None 37.7637 -122.3002

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